Showing papers by "Griffith University published in 1987"
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the relationship between a number of corporate characteristics and specific types of social responsibility disclosures, based on an extensive sample of U.S. corporate annual reports.
Abstract: Since the mid-1970s a number of studies have investigated the nature and frequency of corporate social responsibility disclosures, their patterns and trends, and their general relationships to corporate size and profitability. This study seeks to extend our knowledge of the relationship between a number of corporate characteristics and specific types of social responsibility disclosures, based on an extensive sample of U.S. corporate annual reports. Corporate size and industry category are found to correlate with certain types of disclosures while the existence of a corporate social responsibility committee appears to correlate with one particular type of disclosure.
1,138 citations
TL;DR: Four ant exclusion experiments in three field sites demonstrated that predation and parasitism of J. evagoras are so intense that individuals deprived of their attendant ants are unlikely to survive.
Abstract: The larvae and pupae of the Australian lycaenid butterfly, Jalmenus evagoras associate mutualistically with ants in the genus Iridomyrmex. Four ant exclusion experiments in three field sites demonstrated that predation and parasitism of J. evagoras are so intense that individuals deprived of their attendant ants are unlikely to survive. Larvae and pupae of J. evagoras aggregate, and the mean number of attendant ants per individual increases with larval age and decreases with group size. Field observations showed that young larvae could gain more attendant ants per individual by joining the average size group of about 4 larvae than by foraging alone. Aggregation behaviour is influenced by ant attendance: young larvae and pupating fifth instars aggregated significantly more often on plants with ants than on plants where ants had been excluded. In return for tending and protecting the larvae, ants were rewarded by food secretions that can amount to as much as 409 mg dry biomass from a single host plant containing 62 larvae and pupae of J. evagoras over a 24 h period. Larval development in the laboratory lasted approximately a month, and larvae that were tended by ants developed almost 5 days faster than larvae that were not tended. However, tended individuals, particularly females, pupated at a significantly lower weight than their untended counterparts, and the adults that eclosed from these pupae were also lighter and smaller. On average, pupae that were tended by ants lost 25% more weight than untended pupae, and in contrast with larvae, they took longer to eclose than pupae that were not tended. These experimental results are discussed in terms of costs and benefits of association for both partners, and of aggregation for the lycaenids.
163 citations
TL;DR: The prospects for increased participatory approaches in health arenas has to recognise the persistence of some long-standing impediments, and depends upon how such issues as the sharing of knowledge and skills, information access, challenges to power and practics paradigms are being recognised and resolved in specific contexts.
123 citations
TL;DR: The data suggest that the extent of posttraumatic intracellular cerebral acidosis in the authors' model of experimental head injury is not directly related to the severity of functional neurological deficit.
Abstract: Application of both phosphorus (31P) and proton (1H) magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to the study of brain metabolism permits the noninvasive measurement of intracellular pH and brain lactate level. We have used water-suppression 1H MRS with novel lactate-editing techniques, together with 31P MRS, to characterize sequential changes in brain lactate level and pH in vivo over an 8-h period following fluid-percussion brain injury of graded severity in the rat. A transient fall in intracellular pH (from 7.09 +/- 0.07 at baseline to 6.88 +/- 0.09 at 40 min postinjury) occurred in animals subjected to moderate- (1.5-2.2 atm) and high- (2.5-3.3 atm) but not low-level (0.1-1.2 atm) injury; intracellular pH returned to baseline by 90 min postinjury. Transient elevations in brain lactate level were observed that temporally paralleled and were significantly correlated with the pH changes for all injury levels (r = 0.93, p less than 0.001). Postinjury alterations in intracellular brain pH and lactate level were identical in magnitude in animals subjected to either moderate or high-level injury. However, animals subjected to moderate injury had a moderate chronic neurological deficit that persisted up to 4 weeks postinjury, whereas animals subjected to a high level of injury showed greater histopathological damage and a more severe chronic neurological deficit. These data suggest that the extent of posttraumatic intracellular cerebral acidosis in our model of experimental head injury is not directly related to the severity of functional neurological deficit.
118 citations
TL;DR: Characteristics of coral colonies which determine the impact of human trampling on coral reef communities occurring as a result of tourists ‘reef walking’ are investigated; resistance or vulnerability to physical damage; survival after damage; and recovery after damage.
111 citations
TL;DR: Using meteorological records (1957-1984) in Australia, formal definitions are proposed of four types of dust event: dust storms, blowing dust, dust whirls, and dust haze.
Abstract: Using meteorological records (1957–1984) in Australia, formal definitions are proposed of four types of dust event: dust storms, blowing dust, dust whirls, and dust haze. Australia-wide maps of the extent of these four dust event types are presented.
110 citations
TL;DR: Sapphirine-cordierite-quartz and spinel-cramerite-spinel-cementitequartz are found in the Labwor Hills, Uganda as discussed by the authors, where they are interpreted as pseudomorphs after osumilite.
Abstract: Sapphirine-cordierite-quartz and spinel-cordierite-quartz form relic assemblages of probable Archaean age in Fe-rich aluminous metapelites from Labwor Hills, Uganda, and reflect an unusually high temperature metamorphism (∼1,000° C) at pressures in the vicinity of 7–9 kbars and a(O2) near the magnetite-hematite buffer. Subsequent reaction textures include the replacement of spinel and cordierite by sillimanite and hypersthene and formation of sapphirine-hypersthene-K-feldspar-quartz symplectites which are interpreted as pseudomorphs after osumilite. A petrogenetic grid appropriate to these assemblages suggests these reaction textures may be due to cooling at constant or increasing pressure and constant a(O2), or decreasing a(O2) at constant temperature and pressure. The former interpretation is supported by the coexistence of ilmenohematite and magnetite during the development of the reaction textures, and by the comparatively low Al2O3-contents of secondary hypersthene. This pressure-temperature path implies that: (1) metamorphism occurred at deep levels within normal thickness crust, probably less than 40–45 km thick, due to an extreme thermal perturbation induced either by emplacement of mantle-derived magmas or by thinning of the subcontinental lithosphere in an extensional tectonic regime, (2) the excavation and surface exposure of the granulites is due to a subsequent, postgranulite facies metamorphism, crustal thickening most probably involving their incorporation into an allochthonous upper crustal thrust sheet during the formation of the Mozambique foldbelt.
93 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that the cytosolic phosphorylation potential controls the contractile function of the heart and that cytosolsolic free ADP is important in the control of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylations.
Abstract: The purpose of the present investigation was to study the relation between energy metabolism and contractile function in the isovolumic guinea pig heart. 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy...
90 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, two frequency and amplitude-modulated pulses are described that can accomplish a 90 and 180° plane rotation in the presence of large B, field inhomogeneities.
89 citations
TL;DR: Evidence has been provided that these phenomena collectively play a key role in meeting the different types of energy requirement in the cytoplasm of divergent cell types, with the wide selection of isozymes in this system offering the potential for increased flexibility and control in this important area of metabolism.
Abstract: A survey of the existing data on the interactions of glycolytic enzymes with the cellular structure in mammalian tissues has substantiated the occurrence of an extensive degree of such associations in all tissues and during all stages of development. Furthermore, a considerable specificity was evident between the individual multiple forms of the enzymes in relation to these associations. In reviewing these data, a model has been developed which proposes that the glycolytic sequence is best described as consisting of a number of segments in vivo, each segment formed by a cluster of isozymes, many of which can interact with the actin containing filaments of the cytomatrix. The novel features of this segmentation and compartmentation have been described, and evidence has been provided that these phenomena collectively play a key role in meeting the different types of energy requirement in the cytoplasm of divergent cell types, with the wide selection of isozymes in this system offering the potential for increased flexibility and control in this important area of metabolism.
86 citations
TL;DR: Dimethylselenoxide (DMSeO) forms three structurally resolvable intercalates with kaolinite (d(001) = 10.95, 11.26, and 11.38 A) as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Dimethylselenoxide (DMSeO) forms three structurally resolvable intercalates with kaolinite (d(001) = 10.95, 11.26, and 11.38 A). The 11.26-A kaolinite: DMSeO intercalate is structurally analogous to the 3-D ordered kaolinite: DMSO intercalate (d(001) = 11.22 A). Infrared and solid-state 77Se nuclear magnetic resonance data indicate that all DMSeO molecules are equivalent in the structure and, therefore, that the 11.26-A kaolinite: DMSeO intercalate structure is C-face centered. Structural model refinement from X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) data further support this conclusion (Pl, a = 5.195(2), b = 8.990(4), c = 11.946(5) A, α = 91.33(2)°, β = 109.39(2)°, γ = 89.77(2)°). The kaolinite: DMSO intercalate structure was subsequently re-refined from the XRD profile in C-face centered Pl. The derived orientation of the DMSO and DMSeO molecules with respect to the basal plane of their respective intercalates is in agreement with polarized infrared measurements of the angles with ab of S=O (40.3°) and Se=O (38.8°) for the 11.26-A intercalate. The locations of the organic molecules also agree with observed infrared band splittings and perturbations. Interatomic distances calculated from the band shifts agree with those for the XRD derived structures. The 11.38-A kaolinite: DMSeO intercalate is closely related to the 11.26-A intercalate, the main differences being a 2-fold disorder in the orientation of the DMSeO molecule and less penetration of the kaolinite ditrigonal cavity by that molecule. The 10.95-A kaolinite: DMSeO intercalate, displaying disorder parallel to [110], was obtained from the 11.26- or 11.38-A intercalates by removal of some DMSeO.
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TL;DR: In this paper, a review of 20 past survey procedures shows that the surveys can be categorized into four types: random sampling, sampling by land-use category, receptor-oriented sampling, and sourceoriented sampling.
TL;DR: Sediment to water partition coefficients have been measured for fourteen alkylbenzene and polyaromatic hydrocarbons together with their HPLC capacity factors, and it is suggested that this mildly polar phase mimics better the sorption onto sediment than either octanol or octadecylsilane phases.
TL;DR: Adiabatic 180° inversion rf pulses can be converted to 180° refocusing pulses by inverting the effective field midway during the pulse to retain insensitivity to large variations in the rf field strength and act over a reasonable spectral width.
Abstract: Adiabatic 180 degrees inversion rf pulses can be converted to 180 degrees refocusing pulses by inverting the effective field midway during the pulse. Suitable pulses retain insensitivity to large variations in the rf field strength and act over a reasonable spectral width. Such pulses may find application in studies utilizing surface coils.
TL;DR: This paper reviewed the empirical work in this field, evaluates the goal hierarchy model and the political economy of old age literature as bases for explaining differences in retirement adjustment, and proposes a theoretical framework for future research which brings these two perspectives together.
Abstract: Difficulty in adjusting to retirement has consistently emerged as a problem for approximately a third of retirees. A body of research has converged on a description of the poor adjuster as one in poor health, with inadequate income, a negative pre-retirement attitude, but with an increased likelihood of adaptation over time. Findings relating to other factors such as socio-economic status, occupation, activity, career fulfilment, job satisfaction and work commitment are far less conclusive, with interpretation hampered by a failure to control for the more well established correlates of retirement adjustment. This paper reviews the empirical work in this field, evaluates the goal hierarchy model and the political economy of old age literature as bases for explaining differences in retirement adjustment, and proposes a theoretical framework for future research which brings these two perspectives together.
TL;DR: In this article, the forerunners of the present-day ethical rulings of the Institute of Chartered Accountants in Australia and the Australian Society of Accountants from the earlies professional Australian accounting bodies of the 1880s and 1890s are traced.
Abstract: This paper traces the forerunners of the present-day ethical rulings of the Institute of Chartered Accountants in Australia and the Australian Society of Accountants from the earlies professional Australian accounting bodies of the 1880s and 1890s. Various codes of ethics, articles, and memoranda of association, by-laws, charters, and professional publications are reviewed. Key Australian ethical issues are identified and their orientation over time considered. There is an early orientation towards overseas viewpoints and the issue of advertising is identified as a key impetus for ethical code development. The profession's self-interest is identified as an underlying rationale. This is presented as an historical case study of the development of accounting ethics with a view to identifying factors influencing change over time.
TL;DR: In this article, seven different classes of inhomogeneous Euler-Bernoulli beams with continuous density and flexural rigidity functions are found that are analytically solvable and that are isospectral with a homogeneous beam in the clamped-clamped configuration.
Abstract: Isospectral systems are those that have exactly the same free-vibration frequency spectrum with respect to a given boundary condition configuration. In this paper, seven different classes of inhomogeneous Euler-Bernoulli beams with continuous density and flexural rigidity functions are found that are analytically solvable and that are isospectral with a homogeneous beam in the clamped-clamped configuration. Of these exact solutions, one class is isospectral with the homogeneous case in all ten distinct configurations obtainable from clamped, sliding and two antiresonant end conditions, whereas another class is isospectral in the six configurations with clamped, hinged or free end conditions. A connection with inverse problems is discussed.
TL;DR: The cytosolic phosphorylation potential showed a high, positive correlation with contractile function at flow rates below 7.2 ml/min/g, which suggested that mitochondrial respiration was oxygen-limited and that the heart was ischemic.
TL;DR: The results indicate that it is the respondent's assessment of the adequacy of his or her social contact, rather than the amount of social contact per se, that is a critical determinant of well-being in old age.
Abstract: This article explores the relationship between two dimensions of social interaction and well-being, controlling for the key antecedent variables of health and income. The two dimensions of interaction relate to the quantity and adequacy of social contact. Using more comprehensive indicators of social interaction than are generally available, the results indicate that it is the respondent's assessment of the adequacy of his or her social contact, rather than the amount of social contact per se, that is a critical determinant of well-being in old age.
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that artificial +b/3 stacking faults into well-crystallized kaolinite by interca- lating and removing hydrazine had no observable effect on the solid-state 29Si nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum.
Abstract: The introduction of artificial +b/3 stacking faults into well-crystallized kaolinite by interca- lating and removing hydrazine had no observable effect on the solid-state 29Si nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of kaolinite. Also, the introduction of such stacking faults did not alter the hydroxyl-stretching region of the infrared spectrum, implying no change in the hydrogen bonding between the displaced layers. Calculations of Si...H distances and Si-O...H angles from reported structures for kaolinite indicated that the resolution of the two Si chemical environments was due to differences in hydrogen- bonding at the surface of the silicate sheet.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined some of these aspects with reference to recorded hydrologic data for a catchment of 375km2 in eastern Australia and concluded with a selected modelling procedure that can represent the relationship between rainfall and runoff in a simple and effective way.
TL;DR: The bioaccumulation of Aroclors 1242, 1254, and 1260 from sediments by the polychaete and from water by the mullet was measured in aquarium experiments and followed by clearance investigations, and an expression was developed for KB assuming that uptake occurred from interstitial water.
TL;DR: The results of a transmission electron microscope study of the hydrothermal alteration products formed by perovskite and two titantate-based "synroc" formulations are reported in this article.
Abstract: The results of a transmission electron microscope study of the hydrothermal alteration products formed by perovskite and two titantate-based “synroc” formulations are reported. It was found that perovskite, the host phase for strontium-90, dissolved at combined temperatures and pressures greater than 110°C and 180 kPa. Dissolution of perovskite was accompanied by an epitaxial crystallization of the titanium dioxide polymorphs, brookite and anatase. Hollandite, which incorporates cesium-137, dissolved more slowly than perovskite, with only minor TiO2 crystallization. Intergrowths of zirconolite and zirkelite, the principal actinide-containing phases, were highly resistant to hydrothermal treatments, maintaining their integrity under all experimental conditions.
TL;DR: It is concluded that seasonal changes in the behaviour of spanner crabs could affect the number caught by baited tangle nets and may influence the sex ratio in catches.
Abstract: The behaviour of 16 adult (8 male and 8 female) spanner crabs (Ranina ranina), collected off southern Queensland, Australia, was monitored continuously in captivity by closed-circuit television for fifteen months from September 1982. Spanner crabs spent most of the time buried in the substrate, emerging mainly only when food became available. They remained emerged for twice as long on feeding days as on days without food. Females responded significantly faster than males to the presence of food. Response was slowest in October and November. There was no correlation between temperature and response time. The average feeding time was 2.0 min (SE=0.12), with no significant difference between males and females. Crabs without food were aggressive towards crabs with food, which sometimes led to fighting and wounding. These interactions also could result in food being transferred from one individual to another. When males interacted, food was transferred more often than when either females, or males and females interacted. Around moulting, male crabs did not feed for 52 d (SE=9.0) and females for 22 d (SE=2.2). This habit would reduce the frequency with which newly moulted crabs are caught in the baited tangle nets used by commercial fishermen. In mating interactions, copulation was always initiated by the males. Males dug up other crabs but, apparently unable to distinguish the sex of these individuals, attempted copulation with either sex. The majority of copulations occurred between midday and midnight and in the period August to December. The frequency of copulations with a female increased 10 d before she extruded eggs, after which it dropped to zero for the following 41 to 50 d. Eggs were carried for 39 to 44 d in the period September to November. The females remained emerged for long periods before extruding their eggs, but the period shortened immediately afterwards. This behaviour would lead to low catchability of ovigerous females. Because females respond more rapidly than males to a food stimulus, they may be more catchable in baited nets than are males. It is concluded that seasonal changes in the behaviour of spanner crabs could affect the number caught by baited tangle nets and may influence the sex ratio in catches.
01 Oct 1987
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a survey of the history of men: Historians, masculinity and masculinism, and discuss the role of men in history and men in men's history.
Abstract: (1987). ‘Mundane’ men: Historians, masculinity and masculinism. Historical Studies: Vol. 22, No. 89, pp. 617-628.
TL;DR: Results establish that EPF activity is due to molecules similar to those isolated from the placental extracts, and the availability of the preparative protocol and antibodies should hasten the biochemical definition of the EPF phenomenon.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue for the systematic development and integration of student research skills in postgraduate programs, arguing that there has been little educational research and development in post-graduate education.
Abstract: This paper argues for the systematic development and integration of student research skills in postgraduate programmes. Case studies from Griffith University, arising from action research projects with university teachers, illustrate five different strategies: (1) The review of a postgraduate programme, identifying student problems and a gap between institutional expectations and students' needs; (2) the workshop model for developing skills in dissertation research and writing; (3) the focus on two key problem areas in the process of writing a thesis; (4) the design, implementation and evaluation of a course on “Problems and Methods in Research” for the beginning researcher in the social sciences as an alternative model and supplement to the single-supervisor model in postgraduate education; and (5) student metacognition and learning to do research through eliciting some changing personal constructs of research effectiveness. There has been little educational research and development in postgraduate education. This paper explores some of the issues and problems identified at Griffith University and elsewhere. Our methods may be adapted by other universities to their particular educational contexts.
TL;DR: Four of the techniques proposed for in vivo volume‐selected NMR spectroscopy have been compared using a simple phantom with a large background water signal which was outside the region of interest.
Abstract: Four of the techniques proposed for in vivo volume‐selected NMR spectroscopy have been compared using a simple phantom with a large background water signal which was outside the region of interest. The methods VSE, SPACE, SPARS, and DIGGER all use pulsed field gradients for spatial encoding and were tested with a symmetric and an asymmetric phantom. SPACE was used to obtain volume‐selected H NMR spectra of a human leg, demonstrating excellent discrimination between bone marrow and muscle. © 1987 Academic Press, Inc.