Showing papers by "Hofstra University published in 1991"
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors developed reliable measures of attitudes toward and beliefs about obese persons, and examined their relationship and found that the attitude score was most consistently and strongly correlated with the belief score (BAOP).
Abstract: The purpose of this research was to develop reliable measures of attitudes toward and beliefs about obese persons, and to examine their relationship. The Attitudes Toward Obese Persons Scale (ATOP) consists of 20 Likert-type items and has an alpha reliability range of .80 to .84. The Beliefs About Obese Persons Scale (BAOP) consists of eight items and has an alpha reliability range of .65 to .82. Both scales and a questionnaire were administered to 514 members of the National Association to Advance Fat Acceptance (NAAFA), 52 graduate students, and 72 undergraduate students. The multiple correlations were .41 for the NAAFA sample, .53 for the graduate students, and .41 for the undergraduate students, all significant at the .001 level. The attitude score (ATOP) was most consistently and strongly correlated with the belief score (BAOP). Factor analysis yielded a simple factor structure with three highly interpretable factors: Different Personality, Social Difficulties, and Self-Esteem, accounting for 23%, 11%, and 8% of the variance respectively.
337 citations
TL;DR: Results indicated that the experimental manipulations differentially influenced ratings of desire and topographical components of smoking behavior.
162 citations
TL;DR: The authors examines an emerging elderly age-subcultural segment, referred to as the new-age elderly, who perceive themselves as younger in age and outlook, they feel more self-confident and in control of their lives, and they are less concerned with the accumulation of possessions and more involved in seeking novel experiences, personal challenges, and new adventures.
160 citations
01 Jan 1991
145 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors focused on the particular processes by which organizational newcomers acquire information from their peers and found that information acquisition is affected by type of organization entered, newcomer-peer work interactions, and newcomer occupation and experience level, but not by organizational size.
Abstract: Two studies focused on the particular processes by which organizational newcomers acquire information from their peers. Analysis of semistructured interviews with 30 nonsupervisory professional new hires at one organization and of questionnaires completed by 73 new hires from a variety of organizations and occupational groups indicated the types of information newcomers acquire from peers, the channels through which they acquire it, and the relationship between type and channel. Results also suggested that information acquisition is affected by type of organization entered, newcomer-peer work interactions, and newcomer occupation and experience level, but not by organizational size. Directions for future research on organizational entry processes and implications for practitioners are discussed.
134 citations
TL;DR: This paper used a theoretical perspective on stress to review and organize the largely descriptive empirical literature on homeless women and found that more is known about the risk factors for homelessness among women than about the mediating factors that may lessen the impact of their stressful circumstances.
Abstract: This article uses a theoretical perspective on stress to review and organize the largely descriptive empirical literature on homeless women. From this perspective, homelessness is considered as a highly stressful circumstance, and the sources and mediators of homelessness are examined. The article suggests that more is known about the risk factors for homelessness among women than about the mediating factors that may lessen the impact of their stressful circumstances.
123 citations
TL;DR: A child might be considered to have a behavioral disorder if behavioral excesses, deficits, and/or situatio... as discussed by the authors, where behavioral disorders are conceptualized from the perspective of resistance to intervention.
Abstract: Behavior disorders are conceptualized from the perspective of resistance to intervention. A child might be considered to have a behavioral disorder if behavioral excesses, deficits, and/or situatio...
120 citations
Book•
02 Jan 1991TL;DR: Digital Signal Processing gives representative coverage of advanced topics (orthogonal expansions, optimal filters, and two-dimensional DSP), and advanced aspects of familiar topics (fast transforms beyond the FFT, non-uniform sampling and quantization) in this new text.
Abstract: Designed for graduate students and signal processing practitioners with an introductory background in DSP, this new text gives representative coverage of advanced topics (orthogonal expansions, optimal filters, and two-dimensional DSP), and advanced aspects of familiar topics (fast transforms beyond the FFT, non-uniform sampling and quantization). Providing a self-contained blending of DSP theory, applications to speech and image processing, and state-of-the-art DSP hardware, "Digital Signal Processing" includes: introductory DSP concepts summarized in five appendixes; DSP filter algorithms - e.g.subband and median filters; least squares, optimal, and adaptive filters spectral estimation and deconvolution; speech and image processing applications; and DSP hardware realizations.
99 citations
TL;DR: Both the WALK and RUN tests are satisfactory predictors of VO2max in 30 to 39-year-old females, and Repeated measure ANOVA revealed significant mean differences between the criterion cycle ergometer VO2 max versus A/R and XTP.
Abstract: Thirty-eight female subjects (M ± SD = 33 ± 3.0 years) had VO2max measured on the cycle ergometer (M ± SD = 37.3± 6.4 ml·kg−1·min−1) and on the treadmill (M ± SD = 41.3 + 6.6 ml·kg−1·min−1). VO2max was estimated for each subject from heart rate (HR) at submaximal workloads on the cycle ergometer using the Astrand-Rhyming nomogram (A/R) and the extrapolation method (XTP). VO2max was also estimated from three field tests: 1.5-mile run (RUN) (independent variable [IV] = time), mile walk (WALK) (IV = time, age, HR, gender, body weight), and the Queens College Step Test (ST) (IV = HR during 5–20 s recovery). Repeated measure ANOVA revealed significant mean differences between the criterion cycle ergometer VO2max versus A/R and XTP (20 and 12% overestimation). The WALK, RUN, and ST VO2max values were not significantly different from the criterion treadmill VO2max. The correlation between criterion VO2max and VO2max estimated from the WALK and RUN were r = .73 (SEE = 4.57 ml·kg−1·min−1) and r = .79 (SEE...
84 citations
TL;DR: Antecedent exercise has successfully reduced aggression, out-of-seat behavior, self-stimulation, and self-injury among disturbed children and developmentally disabled persons as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Aggression among developmentally disabled persons can be a major factor prohibiting movement to less restrictive environments. The refinement of effective aggression reduction techniques is therefore essential. Antecedent exercise has successfully reduced aggression, out-of-seat behavior, self-stimulation, and self-injury among disturbed children (Yell, 1988) and developmentally disabled persons (Bachman & Fuqua, 1983; Bachman & Sluyter, 1988; Baumeister & MacLean, 1984; Kern, Koegel, & Dunlap, 1984; Kern, Koegel, Dyer, Blew, & Fenton, 1982; McGimsey & Favell, 1988; Mendell & MacDonald, 1990; Watters & Watters, 1980). The Boston Higashi School has autistic children vigorously exercise as they believe this reduces maladaptive behavior (Quill, Gurry, & Larkin, 1989). Only two studies did not obtain positive effects with antecedent exercise (Gordon, Handleman, & Harris, 1986; Larson & Miltenberger, 1989). Gordon et al.'s (1986) results may be explained by the extremely brief exercise periods (3 min). Thus evidence clearly indicates that antecedent exercise is an effective decelerative treatment. Effective techniques are necessary but insufficient conditions for appropriate treatment. Treatments should be socially valid and acceptable, functionally based (Carr, Robinson, Taylor, & Carlson, in press), and able to be implemented with treatment integrity (Gresham, 1989).
73 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined whether anxiety is differentially related to the Sense of Coherence (SOC) subscales and found that individuals scoring high on SOC would perceive social support to be more readily available than individuals scoring low on SOC.
TL;DR: In this article, social competence and achievement differences among 331 popular, controversial, neglected, or rejected adolescents in Grades 6-10 were investigated using a relatively well established sociometric classification procedure (Coie, Dodge, & Coppotelli, Developmental Psychology, 18: 557-570, 1982).
TL;DR: The group's ability to be self-organizing, by opening to turbulence and functioning at its boundaries, and by experimenting, self-referencing, and repairing boundaries is discussed as a crucial factor in group effectiveness amid such conditions.
Abstract: In living systems that are experiencing highly turbulent conditions, dissipative self-organization sometimes takes place and results in greater viability. The potential applications of the paradigm of dissipative self-organization to the study of change dynamics in small groups are explored. A certain type of change in groups is likened to change in dissipative structures found in the physical world, and group effectiveness amid complex and turbulent environments is seen to require the key elements of dissipative self-organization: an ongoing tolerance for error and for deviation from an established order, a breaking of existing system relationships so that new ones may emerge, a reflective, self-referencing mode, and a creative process of boundary reparation and movement into new configurations. Lewin's model of change in social systems is extended here through the application of the self-organization paradigm. Instead of utilizing Lewin's formulation of a discrete movement through phases, the emphasis i...
TL;DR: A sweeping change in trademark law has created benefits and pitfalls for marketing decision makers; recent court decisions on trademarks have had similar impact as discussed by the authors, and marketing managers should become better decision makers.
Abstract: A sweeping change in trademark law has created benefits and pitfalls for marketing decision makers; recent court decisions on trademarks have had similar impact. Marketing managers should become fa...
01 Jan 1991
TL;DR: In this paper, 40 countries were clustered into six groups within each of which standardization could be attempted, and discriminant analysis provided validation for the appropriateness of this six cluster solution.
Abstract: This article outlines one possible approach that companies can use to identify candidate countries for standardized international advertising campaigns. By clustering countries based on their similarity economically, culturally, and in their media availability and usage, marketers can identify those in which similar campaigns may be successful. In this paper, 40 countries were clustered into six groups within each of which standardization could be attempted. Discriminant analysis provided validation for the appropriateness of this six cluster solution. The implications of these results are discussed and directions for future research based on this approach are suggested.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the role of gender and supervision in instruction and the importance of gender in making supervision meaningful, i.e., making supervision meaningful, pp. 134-139.
Abstract: (1991). Gender and supervision. Theory Into Practice: Vol. 30, Instructional Leadership: Making Supervision Meaningful, pp. 134-139.
Book•
18 Jul 1991TL;DR: In this paper, the concepts of "omnis cellula e cellula" and mechanisms of assembly were introduced. And the evidence for directed assembly -the ciliophor evidence for direct assembly -were discussed.
Abstract: Part 1 The concepts: "omnis cellula e cellula" - mechanisms of assembly. Part 2 The evidence: evidence for directed assembly - the ciliophor evidence for directed assembly - the metazoa. Part 3 The consequences: evolutionary aspects of directed assembly speculations.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: A "transitional stage" is described in which adolescents, driven by a variety of developmental needs influenced by external forces such as peers and family, experiment with sexual behaviors, which results in the adolescent's ability to achieve "relational" sexual intimacy.
Abstract: This paper proposes a perspective for understanding the development of adolescent sexual intimacy. A "transitional stage" is described in which adolescents, driven by a variety of developmental needs influenced by external forces such as peers and family, experiment with sexual behaviors. The completion of the transitional stage results in the adolescent's ability to achieve "relational" sexual intimacy, which is also described. The problems and implications for counseling associated with the biophysiological and family dynamic influences on the development of adolescent sexual intimacy are discussed.
TL;DR: In this paper, a salesperson typology based on organizational commitment, job involvement, effort, performance, and turnover propensity was developed for four salesperson categories. But the typology was not validated using a national sample of 235 industrial salespeople.
Abstract: Varying levels of organizational commitment and job involvement generate a salesperson typology which is empirically assessed. Ten hypotheses are tested using a national sample of 235 industrial salespeople. Eight of the hypotheses are supported Significant differences in salesperson effort, performance and turnover propensities are identified for four salesperson categories.
TL;DR: It is shown that for p > 2, J(p) ⊃ {0, p − 1, p(p − 1), p2 − 1} is harmonic, and it is conjectured that the set of harmonic primes is infinite.
01 Jan 1991
TL;DR: The word “pathography” first caught my attention not in its clinical context, but in a review by Joyce Carol Oates of David Roberts’s recent biography of Jean Stafford.
Abstract: The word “pathography” first caught my attention not in its clinical context, in which it simply refers to writing about illness, such as case histories, but in a review by Joyce Carol Oates of David Roberts’s recent biography of Jean Stafford. There Oates adapted the clinical term to denote—and to denigrate—what she described as “hagiography’s diminished and often prurient twin, [whose] motifs are dysfunction and disaster, illnesses and pratfalls, failed marriages and failed careers, alcoholism and breakdowns and outrageous conduct” (3). According to Oates—not entirely a disinterested party, since, as a famous writer, she is sure to be a biographer’s subject eventually—we are in the midst of an outbreak of diseased biography that dwells obsessively on its subjects’ (psycho)pathology.
TL;DR: For 168 students, pornography was ranked sixth of seven sources by 101 women and fourth by 67 men as discussed by the authors, but pornography was not a significant source for certain topics, while friends provided more information.
Abstract: For 168 students pornography was ranked sixth of seven sources by 101 women and fourth by 67 men. Friends provided more information, but pornography was a significant source for certain topics.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the importance of meeting called/attended by US business people in the course of their duties in the light of: time spent, productiveness or otherwise, theoretical and actual productiveness, functional group differences, comparison of male and female attitudes, comparative weakness of finance groups in achieving productive meetings, the need for training to inculcate meeting skills, the cost in wasted money of ineffective meetings.
Abstract: Meetings called/attended by US business people in the course of their duties are examined in the light of: time spent, productiveness or otherwise, theoretical and actual productiveness, functional group differences, comparison of male and female attitudes, comparative weakness of finance groups in achieving productive meetings, the need for training to inculcate meeting skills, the cost in wasted money of ineffective meetings, the correlation between managing meetings and personal advancement/self‐perception, the need for subordinates, not just managers, to learn meeting skills. The implications of these factors are seen to be that meetings are important to any organisation; managed effectively, they increase productivity and, managed poorly, they cost American business a fortune.
TL;DR: This paper examined the multidisciplinary trends in modern society that have given rise to the notion of the interconnectedness of the universe and called for this trend to expand into Western forms of psychotherapy by acknowledging the existence of a final integrative stage of development--that of global awareness.
Abstract: This paper provides the reader with a discussion of several multidisciplinary trends in modern society which leads to a questioning of the basic theoretical orientations that underlie many of the c...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present an Expository and Narrative Text: Balancing Young Children's Reading Experiences, which is used to balance young children's reading experiences.
Abstract: (1991). Expository and Narrative Text: Balancing Young Children's Reading Experiences. Childhood Education: Vol. 67, No. 4, pp. 211-214.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explore the relationships among environmental planning and design, social interaction, and media development, and examine the connections between these connections through the vehicle of Zoning laws, through which design and planning decisions are implemented.
Abstract: This essay explores the relationships among environmental planning and design, social interaction, and media development. Interaction in a public place and the need and form of the most basic type of communication—face-to-face interpersonal communication - has been altered by media consumption. Architecture and design, media technologies, and patterns of social interaction influence each other in complex ways. Zoning laws, through which design and planning decisions are implemented, serve as the vehicle for examining these connections.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors suggest that VCs become more involved in the administrative component of the new venture organization (NVO) through either direct involvement or through the recruiting of key personnel.
Abstract: On the basis of preliminary interview and survey data, evidence suggests that venture capitalists (VCs) are less involved with their affiliated new venture organizations than may be necessary for long term survival. The dual core model of innovation that emphasizes the need of a technical and administrative core for continued innovation is used as the foundation of this perspective. In the post investment relationship between the venture capitalist and the new venture, it is expected that the new venture has a well developed technical core. However, the administrative needs are often ignored by the new venture entrepreneurs. Therefore, it is recommended that VCs become more involved in the administrative component of the new venture organization (NVO) through either direct involvement or through the recruiting of key personnel. As the NVO moves through its life cycle the addition of an administrative component to its technical core provides for continued innovation necessary for long term survival and growth.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focus on the timing of the declaration of Chapter XI prior to financial insolvency, and propose a model to predict the likelihood of a company re-emerging from bankruptcy as a revitalized organization.
Abstract: This paper focuses on the timing, i.e. delay or accelerate, of the declaration of Chapter XI prior to financial insolvency. Chapter XI can be declared by firms who believe that the firm can emerge from bankruptcy protection as a re-vitalized organization. The timing of its selection is proposed to be a function of the level of environmental adversity and organizational attributes, especially slack resources. Recent developments in the bankruptcy code and its usage by firms, suggest the increasing use of managerial prerogative in the selection of Chapter XI prior to financial insolvency. Chapter XI protection can allow firms the necessary time for effective reorganization if managerial intervention is exercised. As a result of a more precise timing of selection and a proactive reorganization, there will be a higher probability of re-emerging from bankruptcy as a revitalized organization.
TL;DR: In this article, a study was conducted to investigate redundancies between interviewer judgments and applicant paper credentials, and the incremental contribution of interviewer judgments to the prediction of selection decisions and future performance.
Abstract: A study was conducted to investigate possible redundancies between interviewer judgments and applicant paper credentials, and the incremental contribution of interviewer judgments to the prediction of selection decisions and future performance. The motivation and oral communication of college applicants were assessed in a face-to-face interview and on the basis of paper credentials. Interviewer judgments provided unique information about applicants and were significantly related to grade point average (GPA). No evidence was found, however, that interviewer judgments contribute incremental variance to the prediction of admissions decisions or to GPA.