Showing papers by "National Dairy Research Institute published in 2017"
TL;DR: The current mechanisms through which gut microbiota interacts with host energy metabolism in the context of obesity are discussed and the therapeutic approaches (prebiotics/probiotics) that helped in positively altering the gut microbiota were discussed by taking experimental evidence from animal and human studies.
Abstract: In the present world scenario, obesity has almost attained the level of a pandemic and is progressing at a rapid rate. This disease is the mother of all other metabolic disorders, which apart from placing an added financial burden on the concerned patient also has a negative impact on his/her well-being and health in the society. Among the various plausible factors for the development of obesity, the role of gut microbiota is very crucial. In general, the gut of an individual is inhabited by trillions of microbes that play a significant role in host energy homeostasis by their symbiotic interactions. Dysbiosis in gut microbiota causes disequilibrium in energy homeostasis that ultimately leads to obesity. Numerous mechanisms have been reported by which gut microbiota induces obesity in experimental models. However, which microbial community is directly linked to obesity is still unknown due to the complex nature of gut microbiota. Prebiotics and probiotics are the safer and effective dietary substances available, which can therapeutically alter the gut microbiota of the host. In this review, an effort was made to discuss the current mechanisms through which gut microbiota interacts with host energy metabolism in the context of obesity. Further, the therapeutic approaches (prebiotics/probiotics) that helped in positively altering the gut microbiota were discussed by taking experimental evidence from animal and human studies. In the closing statement, the challenges and future tasks within the field were discussed.
259 citations
TL;DR: An overview of the importance of riboflavin, its absorption and metabolism in health and diseased conditions, its deficiency and its association with various health diseases, and metabolic disorders is provided.
Abstract: There has lately been a renewed interest in Riboflavin owing to insight into its recognition as an essential component of cellular biochemistry. The knowledge of the mechanisms and regulation of intestinal absorption of riboflavin and its health implications has significantly been expanded in recent years. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the importance of riboflavin, its absorption and metabolism in health and diseased conditions, its deficiency and its association with various health diseases, and metabolic disorders. Efforts have been made to review the available information in literature on the relationship between riboflavin and various clinical abnormalities. The role of riboflavin has also been dealt in the prevention of a wide array of health diseases like migraine, anemia, cancer, hyperglycemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and oxidative stress directly or indirectly. The riboflavin deficiency has profound effect on iron absorption, metabolism of tryptophan, mitochondrial dysfunction, gastrointestinal tract, brain dysfunction, and metabolism of other vitamins as well as is associated with skin disorders. Toxicological and photosensitizing properties of riboflavin make it suitable for biological use, such as virus inactivation, excellent photosensitizer, and promising adjuvant in chemo radiotherapy in cancer treatment. A number of recent studies have indicated and highlighted the cellular processes and biological effects associated with riboflavin supplementation in metabolic diseases. Overall, a deeper understanding of these emerging roles of riboflavin intake is essential to design better therapies for future.
176 citations
TL;DR: Insight is provided into the current understanding of the microbiota and its association with mammalian epigenomics as well as the interaction of pathogens and probiotics with host epigenetic machinery.
Abstract: The mammalian gastrointestinal tract harbors trillions of commensal microorganisms, collectively known as the microbiota. The microbiota is a critical source of environmental stimuli and, thus, has a tremendous impact on the health of the host. The microbes within the microbiota regulate homeostasis within the gut, and any alteration in their composition can lead to disorders that include inflammatory bowel disease, allergy, autoimmune disease, diabetes, mental disorders, and cancer. Hence, restoration of the gut flora following changes or imbalance is imperative for the host. The low-molecular-weight compounds and nutrients such as short-chain fatty acids, polyamines, polyphenols, and vitamins produced by microbial metabolism of nondigestible food components in the gut actively participate in various epigenomic mechanisms that reprogram the genome by altering the transcriptional machinery of a cell in response to environmental stimuli. These epigenetic modifications are caused by a set of highly dynamic enzymes, notably histone acetylases, deacetylases, DNA methylases, and demethylases, that are influenced by microbial metabolites and other environmental cues. Recent studies have shown that host expression of histone acetylases and histone deacetylases is important for regulating communication between the intestinal microbiota and the host cells. Histone acetylases and deacetylases influence the molecular expression of genes that affect not only physiological functions but also behavioral shifts that occur via neuroepigenetic modifications of genes. The underlying molecular mechanisms, however, have yet to be fully elucidated and thus provide a new area of research. The present review provides insights into the current understanding of the microbiota and its association with mammalian epigenomics as well as the interaction of pathogens and probiotics with host epigenetic machinery.
144 citations
TL;DR: A review of different methods of detection of adulterants in milk using techniques such as DSC, RP-HPLC, LC-GC, HPTLC, immunoassays: CE, ELISA, FAMPST, FTIR, NIR spectroscopy, PAGE, IEF, DNA-based methods and MALDI-MS that have been developed and employed for the last 25 years is presented in this article.
Abstract: Milk is a wholesome nutritious dairy product and is consumed by a majority of the population worldwide for drinking as such, as well as via dairy products. However, the practice of adulteration of milk invariably reduces its quality and may introduce hazardous substances into the dairy supply chain jeopardising consumers’ health. Various instances of adulteration of milk have been reported globally, wherein substances such as extraneous water, foreign proteins, whey proteins, melamine and urea, vegetable or animal fats, plus many minor constituents of milk fat have been added as potential adulterants in milk and milk products. This review focusses on the different methods of detection of these adulterants in milk using techniques such as DSC, RP-HPLC, LC-GC, HPTLC, immunoassays: CE, ELISA, FAMPST, FTIR, NIR spectroscopy, PAGE, IEF, DNA-based methods and MALDI-MS that have been developed and employed for the last 25 years. The combination of advanced IR spectroscopy and chemometrics provides a powerful tool for quality and authenticity analysis of milk. An electronic tongue is an easy and economic tool for the detection of caprine milk adulterations with bovine milk. Biosensors having the ability to furnish real-time signals have been developed for the detection of urea in milk. An attempt has been made to give a clear understanding of the most suitable methods for the determination of various sources of adulteration.
128 citations
TL;DR: The encapsulation of curcumin into the exosomes enhances its stability, solubility, and bioavailability and demonstrated that milk exosome act as stable oral drug delivery vehicles.
Abstract: Exosomes, the extracellular secretary nano-vesicles, act as carriers of biomolecules to the target cells. They exhibit several attributes of an efficient drug delivery system. Curcumin, despite having numerous bioactive and therapeutic properties, has limited pharmaceutical use due to its poor water solubility, stability, and low systemic bioavailability. Hence, this study aims to enhance the therapeutic potential of curcumin, a model hydrophobic drug, by its encapsulation into milk exosomes. In the present study, we investigated the stability of free curcumin and exosomal curcumin in PBS and in vitro digestive processes. Additionally, their uptake and trans-epithelial transport were studied on Caco-2 cells. Curcumin in milk exosomes had higher stability in PBS, sustained harsh digestive processes, and crossed the intestinal barrier than free curcumin. In conclusion, the encapsulation of curcumin into the exosomes enhances its stability, solubility, and bioavailability. Therefore, the present study demonstrated that milk exosomes act as stable oral drug delivery vehicles.
125 citations
TL;DR: In this review, metabolic changes with reference to negative energy balance in transition cow and its effect on health and reproduction during the later postpartum period in dairy animals are discussed besides the role of metabolic inflammation in post partum performance in Dairy animals.
Abstract: Smooth transition from pregnancy to lactation is important for high productive and reproductive performance during later postpartum period in dairy animals. On the other hand, the poor transition often leads to huge economic loss to dairy farmers due to compromised production and reproduction. Therefore, understanding the causes and consequence of metabolic changes during the transition period is very important for postpartum health management. In this review, metabolic changes with reference to negative energy balance in transition cow and its effect on health and reproduction during the later postpartum period in dairy animals are discussed besides the role of metabolic inflammation in postpartum performance in dairy animals.
120 citations
TL;DR: Shrimp waste can be utilized for chitosan production, and the chitooligomers can be used as feed additive for gut health enhancement and have potential to replace antibiotics from the feed.
Abstract: Aim The present study was performed to utilize the shrimp shell waste for chitin and chitosan production, characterization by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) technique and to evaluate the antimicrobial effects of chitosan oligomers produced by depolymerization of chitosan by nitrous acid. Materials and methods Chitosan was extracted from the shrimp shell waste by the chemical method and characterized by FT-IR. Chitooligomers were produced by depolymerising chitosan using nitrous acid, and the chitooligomers were tested for antimicrobial effect against four gut pathogenic organisms, i.e., Enterobacter aerogen (National Collection of Dairy Culture [NCDC] 106), Enterococcus faecalis (NCDC 119), Escherichia coli (NCDC 134), and Staphylococcus aureus (NCDC 109) by well diffusion method using Muller-Hinton agar. A pure culture of pathogenic organisms was collected from NCDC, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal. Results Extracted chitosan characterized by FT-IR and chitooligomers demonstrated antimicrobial effect against four gut pathogenic organisms used in this study. Zone of inhibitions (mm) were observed in E. faecalis (13±0.20), E. coli (11.5±0.4), S. aureus (10.7±0.2), and E. aerogen (10.7±0.3). E. faecalis showed larger inhibition zone as compared to all other organisms and inhibitions zones of E. aerogen and S. aureus were comparable to each other. Conclusion Shrimp waste can be utilized for chitosan production, and the chitooligomers can be used as feed additive for gut health enhancement and have potential to replace antibiotics from the feed. Along with value addition pollutant load could be reduced by waste utilization.
96 citations
Wageningen University and Research Centre1, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada2, United States Department of Agriculture3, Agharkar Research Institute4, Nanjing Agricultural University5, Korea National Open University6, AgResearch7, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic8, National Dairy Research Institute9, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University10, University of California, Santa Barbara11, Aberystwyth University12
TL;DR: There is a need to move beyond the broad generalization of anaerobic fungi as fiber-degraders, and explore the fundamental differences that underpin their ability to exist in distinct ecological niches, as well as expand information held within publicly available reference databases.
Abstract: Anaerobic fungi (phylum Neocallimastigomycota) are common inhabitants of the digestive tract of mammalian herbivores, and in the rumen, can account for up to 20% of the microbial biomass. Anaerobic fungi play a primary role in the degradation of lignocellulosic plant material. They also have a syntrophic interaction with methanogenic archaea, which increases their fiber degradation activity. To date, nine anaerobic fungal genera have been described, with further novel taxonomic groupings known to exist based on culture-independent molecular surveys. However, the true extent of their diversity may be even more extensively underestimated as anaerobic fungi continue being discovered in yet unexplored gut and non-gut environments. Additionally many studies are now known to have used primers that provide incomplete coverage of the Neocallimastigomycota. For ecological studies the internal transcribed spacer 1 region (ITS1) has been the taxonomic marker of choice, but due to various limitations the large subunit rRNA (LSU) is now being increasingly used. How the continued expansion of our knowledge regarding anaerobic fungal diversity will impact on our understanding of their biology and ecological role remains unclear; particularly as it is becoming apparent that anaerobic fungi display niche differentiation. As a consequence, there is a need to move beyond the broad generalization of anaerobic fungi as fiber-degraders, and explore the fundamental differences that underpin their ability to exist in distinct ecological niches. Application of genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics to their study in pure/mixed cultures and environmental samples will be invaluable in this process. To date the genomes and transcriptomes of several characterized anaerobic fungal isolates have been successfully generated. In contrast, the application of proteomics and metabolomics to anaerobic fungal analysis is still in its infancy. A central problem for all analyses, however, is the limited functional annotation of anaerobic fungal sequence data. There is therefore an urgent need to expand information held within publicly available reference databases. Once this challenge is overcome, along with improved sample collection and extraction, the application of these techniques will be key in furthering our understanding of the ecological role and impact of anaerobic fungi in the wide range of environments they inhabit.
93 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors evaluated the antimicrobial and antioxidant effect of essential oils on the quality of fresh chicken sausages and found that four essential oils namely, clove oil, holy basil oil, cassia oil, and thyme oil could pass sensory evaluation.
Abstract: The present study was undertaken to evaluate antimicrobial and antioxidant effect of essential oils on the quality of fresh chicken sausages. Total 15 essential oils (EOs) were screened for their antimicrobial activity; however only 9 EOs showed desired results in disc diffusion assay. It was found that four essential oils namely, clove oil (0.25%), holy basil oil (0.125%), cassia oil (0.25%) and thyme oil (0.125%) could pass sensory evaluation. Fresh chicken sausages incorporated with these EOs were vacuum packaged and stored at −18 ± 2 °C for 45 days. Control had significantly higher pH and TBARS than EO treated products and clove oil products showed least rate of increase of oxidation. Total phenolics and DPPH activity was significantly higher in treatment products than control. Treatment products showed slower rate of increase in microbial count than control and cassia oil products showed lowest microbial load at end of storage period. Regarding sensory attributes, cassia and holy basil products yielded comparably higher scores. Thus, present study indicates that all vacuum packaged frozen fresh chicken sausages were found quite acceptable even at the end of storage period of 45 days.
80 citations
TL;DR: These findings offered a base for the use of L. rhamnosus NCDC 17 for the improvement and early treatment of type 2 diabetes.
Abstract: Restoration of dysbiosed gut microbiota through probiotic may have profound effect on type 2 diabetes. In the present study, rats were fed high fat diet (HFD) for 3 weeks and injected with low dose streptozotocin to induce type 2 diabetes. Diabetic rats were then fed Lactobacillus rhamnosus NCDC 17 and L. rhamnosus GG with HFD for six weeks. L. rhamnosus NCDC 17 improved oral glucose tolerance test, biochemical parameters (fasting blood glucose, plasma insulin, glycosylated haemoglobin, free fatty acids, triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol), oxidative stress (thiobarbituric acid reactive substance and activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in blood and liver), bifidobacteria and lactobacilli in cecum, expression of glucagon like peptide-1 producing genes in cecum, and adiponection in epididymal fat, while decreased propionate proportions (%) in caecum, and expression of tumour necrosis factor-α and interlukin-6 in epididymal fat of diabetic rats as compared to diabetes control group. These findings offered a base for the use of L. rhamnosus NCDC 17 for the improvement and early treatment of type 2 diabetes.
74 citations
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that cow milk exosomes protect miRNAs against harsh digestive processes and they are able to cross the intestinal barrier to reach blood circulation for cellular function.
TL;DR: An attempt has been made to describe MPC and provide an understanding on the manufacture of MPC, mechanisms of insolubility, factors affecting solubility of MPCs and an insight into the recently evolved strategies for overcoming the challenges related to their poor heat stability andsolubility have been reviewed.
Abstract: Poor solubility of milk protein concentrates (MPCs) is a key deterrent factor in their wider applications in the food industry as compared to other protein-rich dried products such as casein, caseinates and whey protein concentrates and isolates. Apart from the processing factors, the protein content of a MPC also decides its solubility. Solubility is a pre-requisite property of MPCs on which its other functional properties are majorly depended. Further, there is a confusion about the term MPC itself in the literature. An attempt has been made to describe MPC and provide an understanding on the manufacture of MPCs. Further, mechanisms of insolubility, factors affecting solubility of MPCs and an insight into the recently evolved strategies for overcoming the challenges related to their poor heat stability and solubility have been reviewed. Potential applications of MPC to be utilized as a novel ingredient in food industry are also outlined.
TL;DR: A rapid, semi-quantitative lateral flow assay (LFA) was developed to screen the oxytetracycline antibiotics residues in milk samples and for the first time membrane components required for LFA in milk system was optimized.
TL;DR: In this paper, clove oil nanoemulsions were prepared using sodium caseinate (NaCas-5%) and pectin (0.1%) as coating material by high speed homogenization.
TL;DR: The encapsulation of siRNA in milk exosomes resists harsh digestive processes, improving intestinal permeability and payload protection and the stable delivery of exosomal AF-488 siRNA along with its transepithelial transport was confirmed by fluorescence microscopy and fluorescence intensity measurements.
Abstract: Milk is not only a composite of nutrients but emerged as a source of exosomes acting as a promising drug delivery vehicle for small interfering RNA (siRNA). siRNA is known for its immense therapeutic potential but has various physiological limitations, including stable delivery. To investigate the suitability of siRNA for physiological stability and oral delivery, we encapsulated scrambled Alexa Fluor (AF)-488 siRNA in milk whey exosomes using lipofection and evaluated stability against the digestive processes along with its uptake and transepithelial transport by intestinal epithelial cells. Milk exosomal siRNA were found resistant to different digestive juices, including saliva, gastric, bile, and pancreatic juices, in vitro and were internalized by Caco-2 cells. The stable delivery of exosomal AF-488 siRNA along with its transepithelial transport was confirmed by fluorescence microscopy and fluorescence intensity measurements. In summary, the encapsulation of siRNA in milk exosomes resists harsh digestive processes, improving intestinal permeability and payload protection.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors summarized the locally as well as scientific soil and crop management technologies used for improving use efficiency of applied nitrogenous fertilizers for food supply and discussed nitrogen cycling in soil-plant systems, various N losses pathways and most possible management options at the farm level for enhancing nitrogen use in crop production system.
Abstract: Nitrogen (N) is the most critical externally added input for any crop production system. The half of the global population directly or indirectly depends on nitrogenous fertilizers for food supply. Today, Rice, wheat, and maize are consuming more than 90% of total nitrogenous fertilizer used in cereals. Underuse of nitrogen is associated with lower crop production while overuse leads to several soil and environmental related consequences. Therefore, response to applied nitrogen and its use efficiency have to be monitored properly for obtaining the maximum potential and sustainable yield. Efficiency of applied nitrogenous fertilizers is very low due to its various losses i.e. volatilization, leaching, surface runoff and denitrification from soil-plant system. Therefore, the proper understanding of advanced soil and plant management practices which helps in enhancement of nitrogen recovery efficiency is one of the key factors to enhance crop output, decreasing cost of cultivation, and to maintain environmental quality which ultimately adds towards the goal of achieving long term sustainable production system. In this review, an attempt has been made summarize the locally as well as scientific soil and crop management technologies used for improving use efficiency of applied N. This paper also discusses nitrogen cycling in soil-plant systems, various N losses pathways, present status and most possible management options at the farm level for enhancing nitrogen use in crop production system.
TL;DR: Isomaltulose (6-O- -D-glucopyranosyl-D-fructofuranose), also known as palatinose is a natural component of honey and also produced at commercial levels from sugar cane as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Addition of sweetening agents, particularly carbohydrates has been the common approach to enhance food taste. Sucrose is an extensively used since ages. However, sucrose consumption is associated with raising health concerns in the consumers of modern world. As a result, food researchers are looking for alternative sweeteners to fulfil the consumer preference. Isomaltulose (6-O- -D-glucopyranosyl-D-fructofuranose), also known as palatinose is a natural component of honey and also produced at commercial levels from sugar cane. Isomaltulose is made up of glucose and fructose linked through -(1 6) linkage unlike -(1 2) linkage in sucrose. Compared to sucrose, isomaltulose has high stability, tooth friendly, slow digestibility and 40–50% of sweetening power. Isomaltulose has low glycemic index, long term energy source and no adverse effects on human health. It has been successfully used into various food products viz., chocolate, breakfast cereals, chewing gums and dairy products especially, ice cream and yoghurt. Isomaltulose could be used as an effective alternative to sucrose due its characteristic properties like tooth friendly, having no adverse effects on product quality and human health. However, more clinical studies are recommended to assess the safety of incorporation of isomaltulose alone and with other sweeteners in food products.
TL;DR: This study is the first to report L. plantarum mediated generation, and LC-MS/MS based characterization of 17 biofunctional soy peptides showing both antioxidant and ACE-inhibitory activities, and this strain can be further used for the preparation of soy based functional fermented foods and bioactive food supplements.
Abstract: Bioactive peptides are protein fragments which have a positive impact on the functions and conditions of living organisms. Apart from other animal and plant sources soybean is an excellent source of bioactive peptides. In recent years, fermentation has been explored as effective way for bioactive peptides generation. Hence, the present study has been carried out to evaluate an indigenous Lactobacillus plantarum strain C2 (LP C2) for fermentation and peptides generation in soy milk. Peptides were further tested for important biofunctionalities (antioxidative and antihypertensive) and characterized by LC-MS/MS. Besides its excellent log count increases, protein hydrolysis and α–galactosidase activities, LP C2 reduced soy oligosaccharides (sucrose, raffinose and stachyose) in a strain specific manner. Following fractionation, the 10 kDa fraction not only showed the highest peptide content in comparison to 3 kDa and 5 kDa, but also exhibited the highest antioxidant activity. Conversely, no significant differences were observed in ACE-inhibitory activities of all three fractions of peptides. Moreover, we are the first to report L. plantarum mediated generation, and LC-MS/MS based characterization of 17 biofunctional soy peptides showing both antioxidant and ACE-inhibitory activities. Thus, this strain can be further used for the preparation of soy based functional fermented foods and bioactive food supplements.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors report a quantitative risk assessment for the Hongshiyan landslide dam considering both engineering and non-engineering risk mitigation measures, which is divided into three stages according to the implementation of two engineering measures: construction of a diversion channel and excavation of a branch drainage tunnel.
Abstract: An Ms 6.5 earthquake shocked the Ludian County, Yunnan Province, China, on 3 August 2014 and triggered the Hongshiyan landslide dam. The dam, with a height of 83 m and a lake capacity of 260 × 106 m3, threatened more than 10,000 people. A unique feature of this landslide dam was that it formed between a man-made dam and a hydropower plant. An existing drainage tunnel connecting the lake and the hydropower plant became a natural drainage conduit for the landslide dam, which played an important role in the mitigation of the landslide dam risks. This paper reports a quantitative risk assessment for the Hongshiyan landslide dam considering both engineering and non-engineering risk mitigation measures. The risk assessment is divided into three stages according to the implementation of two engineering measures: construction of a diversion channel and excavation of a branch drainage tunnel. The dam breaching hydrographs, flood zones, population at risk, and likely fatalities in each of the three stages are analysed. The optimum evacuation strategy in each stage is also studied based on the principle of minimum total consequence. It is found that the diversion channel decreases the dam breaching peak discharge and the associated risks significantly. The branch drainage tunnel prevent the landslide dam from overtopping failure in non-flooded period; however, the landslide dam may fail by overtopping in a future flood if the inflow rate is larger than the outflow rate through the drainage tunnels, resulting in serious losses of lives and properties. The dam breaching risks in all the three stages could be largely reduced by the optimal evacuation decision, which shows that timely evacuation is vital to save life and properties. The study provides a scientific basis for decision making in landslide dam risk management.
TL;DR: Hanging drop is an efficient method for 3D culturing of primary sheep and buffalo hepatocytes and maintains the liver transcript markers more or less similar to the fresh hepatocytes of the Sheep and buffalo for ten and six days, respectively.
Abstract: Livestock, having close resemblance to humans, could be a better source of primary hepatocytes than rodents. Herein, we successfully developed three-dimensional (3D) culturing system for primary sheep and buffalo hepatocytes. The 3D-structures of sheep hepatocytes were formed on the fifth-day and maintained until the tenth-day on polyHEMA-coated plates and in hanging drops with William’s E media (HDW). Between the cultured and fresh cells, we observed a similar expression of GAPDH, HNF4α, ALB, CYP1A1, CK8 and CK18. Interestingly, a statistically significant increase was noted in the TAT, CPS, AFP, AAT, GSP and PCNA expression. In buffalo hepatocytes culture, 3D-like structures were formed on the third-day and maintained until the sixth-day on polyHEMA and HDW. The expression of HNF4α, GSP, CPS, AFP, AAT, PCNA and CK18 was similar between cultured and fresh cells. Further, a statistically significant increase in the TAT and CK8 expression, and a decrease in the GAPDH, CYP1A1 and ALB expression were noted. Among the culture systems, HDW maintained the liver transcript markers more or less similar to the fresh hepatocytes of the sheep and buffalo for ten and six days, respectively. Taken together, hanging drop is an efficient method for 3D culturing of primary sheep and buffalo hepatocytes.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors highlighted the state of climate change induced social vulnerability of the districts of Arunachal Pradesh by using the Integrated Vulnerability Assessment Approach and IPCC's definition of vulnerability.
TL;DR: In vitro assays showed that L. reuteri strains, as viable or heat-killed forms, are adherent to Caco-2 cells and are highly antagonistic to pathogens tested in which surface associated proteins play an important role.
Abstract: Adhesion ability of probiotics is the key factor that decides their colonization in the gastrointestinal tract and potential to inhibit pathogens. Therefore, adhesion ability can be considered as a key determinant for probiotic efficacy. Presents study documents the antagonistic activity of viable/untreated, Lithium chloride (LiCl) treated or heat-killed forms of eight probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri strains on the adhesion characteristics of selected pathogens. All strains investigated were able to adhere to Caco-2 cells. L. reuteri strains tested were able to inhibit and displace (P < 0.05) the adhesion of Escherichia coli ATCC25922, Salmonella typhi NCDC113, Listeria monocytogenes ATCC53135 and Enterococcus faecalis NCDC115. The probiotic strain L. reuteri LR6 showed the strongest adhesion and pathogen inhibition ability among the eight L. reuteri strains tested. In addition, the abilities to inhibit and to displace adhered pathogens depended on both the probiotic and the pathogen strains tested suggesting the involvement of various mechanisms. The adhesion and antagonistic potential of the probiotic strains were significantly decreased upon exposure to 5M LiCl, showing that surface molecules, proteinaceous in nature, are involved. The heat-killed forms of the probiotic L. reuteri strains also inhibited the attachment of selected pathogens to Caco-2 cells. In conclusion, in vitro assays showed that L. reuteri strains, as viable or heat-killed forms, are adherent to Caco-2 cells and are highly antagonistic to pathogens tested in which surface associated proteins play an important role.
TL;DR: The review discusses the changes occurring in nutritive quality of milk proteins under the influence of various processing operations.
Abstract: Milk is an essential source of nutritionally excellent quality protein in human, particularly in vegan diet. Before consumption, milk is invariably processed depending upon final product requirement. This processing may alter the nutritive value of protein in a significant manner. The processing operations like thermal treatment, chemical treatment, biochemical processing, physical treatments, nonconventional treatments, etc. may exert positive or negative influence on nutritional quality of milk proteins. On one side, processing enhances the nutritive and therapeutic values of protein while on other side intermediate or end products generated during protein reactions may cause toxicity and/or antigenicity upon consumption at elevated level. The review discusses the changes occurring in nutritive quality of milk proteins under the influence of various processing operations.
TL;DR: Results indicated that daily administration of antioxidative peptide PEP prevents body weight gain, uterine weight loss, and atrophy of endometrial lumen and demonstrated that PEP exhibits antiosteopenic effects via enhancement of antioxidant activity and reduction of bone-resorbing cytokines expression.
TL;DR: The physicochemical, thermal, pasting and microstructural properties of commercial angustifolia starch were analyzed in this article, showing that the starch granules were polyhedral to round in shape, and were similar to corn starch in appearance.
TL;DR: Evaluated antimicrobial and antioxidant effect of essential oils on the quality of fresh chicken sausages revealed that clove oil products had significantly lower TBARS but higher total phenolic content and DPPH activity followed by cassia oil, thyme oil and holybasil oil products.
Abstract: The present study was undertaken to evaluate antimicrobial and antioxidant effect of essential oils on the quality of fresh (raw, ready to cook) chicken sausages. Several preliminary trials were carried out to optimize the level of four essential oils viz., clove oil, holybasil oil, thyme oil and cassia oil and these essential oils were incorporated at 0.25, 0.125, 0.25 and 0.125%, respectively in fresh chicken sausages. Quality evaluation and detailed storage stability studies were carried out for fresh chicken sausages for 20 days at refrigeration temperature (4 ± 1 °C). Refrigerated storage studies revealed that TBARS of control was significantly higher than treatment products whereas, total phenolics and DPPH activity was significantly lower in control. Among treatments, clove oil products had significantly lower TBARS but higher total phenolic content and DPPH activity followed by cassia oil, thyme oil and holybasil oil products. Microbial count of essential oil incorporated products were significantly lower than control and remained well below the permissible limit of fresh meat products (log107 cfu/g). Cassia oil products were observed with better anti-microbial characteristics than clove oil products at 0.25% level of incorporation, whereas, thyme oil products were better than holy basil oil products at 0.125% level. Storage studies revealed that clove oil (0.25%), holy basil oil (0.125%), cassia oil (0.25%) and thyme oil (0.125%) incorporated aerobically packaged and refrigerated fresh chicken sausages had approx. 4–5, 2–3, 5–6 and 2–3 days longer shelf life than control, respectively.
TL;DR: The findings revealed that the probiotic strains improved the intestinal barrier function through TLR2 and TLR4 mediated mechanism and suggest that the cell surface properties may influence the anti-Salmonella efficacy of probiotics.
Abstract: A total of 35 strains of putative probiotic Lactobacilli of Indian gut origin were screened for antimicrobial activity against Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhi Ty2 (S. Typhi Ty2) and Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhimurium LT2 (S. Typhimurium LT2). Eleven strains exhibiting moderate to a high antagonistic activity were further analysed for their cell surface properties and adhesion interference activity against Salmonella infection on HT-29 cells. Lactobacillus strains MTCC 5690, LrhS3, Lp9, Lp4 and Lr120 turned out to be the most effective against inhibition of Salmonella attachment and invasion as they possessed good cell surface properties. However, the capability to influence the transcriptional expression level of barrier function components (MUC2, tight junction proteins) in S. Typhi Ty2 treated HT-29 varied with strains. Besides, most of the putative probiotic strains under investigation suppressed the relative expression of TLR4 gene under the same treatment conditions. The findings revealed that the probiotic strains improved the intestinal barrier function through TLR2 and TLR4 mediated mechanism. Furthermore, our observations suggest that the cell surface properties may influence the anti-Salmonella efficacy of probiotics, by manipulating the attachment and cross talk between probiotic bacteria and gut epithelial cells.
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of solid-state fermentation (SSF) on the functional properties of a black-eyed pea flour sample was evaluated, and it was shown that SSF significantly decreased the bulk density of the sample, while significant improvement was observed in other functional properties.
Abstract: Solid-state fermentation (SSF) represents a technological alternative feature for a great variety of legumes and cereals to improve their functional and nutritional properties. Iron and zinc deficiencies are major health concerns as a public health problem. Therefore, the present investigation was carried out to assess the consequences of SSF on functional properties and in vitro bioavailability of minerals through Caco-2 cells. Fungal strain Aspergillus oryzae (generally recognized as safe) was used for SSF. The effect of SSF on the functional properties (bulk density, water- and oil-binding capacities, emulsion activity and stability, and foaming capacity and stability) of a black-eyed pea flour sample was evaluated. SSF significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the bulk density of black-eyed pea flour; however, significant (P < 0.05) improvement was observed in other functional properties. An unfermented flour sample showed significantly (P < 0.05) decreased iron and zinc bioavailability and digestibility com...
TL;DR: The study illustrates that evolutionary engineering is an efficient strategy to obtain a superior biofuel yeast strain, which efficiently ferments four-fold concentrated cheese whey, to reduce energy consumption and to develop an osmotolerant yeast strain with high lactose utilization.
TL;DR: This review analyzed the available retrospective studies on the effects of clinical mastitis on reproductive function and explained the possible mechanisms by which mastitis affects reproduction in dairy animals.
Abstract: The reproductive performance of dairy animals is influenced by several factors, and accumulating lines of evidence indicate that mastitis is one of the determinants. Most of the published information relating mastitis with reproduction has evolved based on retrospective approach rather than controlled clinical studies. The complex nature of both mastitis and reproduction could be a limiting factor for understanding their relationship in detail. In this review, we analyzed the available retrospective studies on the effects of clinical mastitis on reproductive function and explained the possible mechanisms by which mastitis affects reproduction in dairy animals.