Showing papers by "Northern Illinois University published in 1997"
TL;DR: The CALIC obtains higher lossless compression of continuous-tone images than other lossless image coding techniques in the literature and can afford a large number of modeling contexts without suffering from the context dilution problem of insufficient counting statistics as in the latter approach.
Abstract: We propose a context-based, adaptive, lossless image codec (CALIC). The codec obtains higher lossless compression of continuous-tone images than other lossless image coding techniques in the literature. This high coding efficiency is accomplished with relatively low time and space complexities. The CALIC puts heavy emphasis on image data modeling. A unique feature of the CALIC is the use of a large number of modeling contexts (states) to condition a nonlinear predictor and adapt the predictor to varying source statistics. The nonlinear predictor can correct itself via an error feedback mechanism by learning from its mistakes under a given context in the past. In this learning process, the CALIC estimates only the expectation of prediction errors conditioned on a large number of different contexts rather than estimating a large number of conditional error probabilities. The former estimation technique can afford a large number of modeling contexts without suffering from the context dilution problem of insufficient counting statistics as in the latter approach, nor from excessive memory use. The low time and space complexities are also attributed to efficient techniques for forming and quantizing modeling contexts.
1,099 citations
TL;DR: In this article, two field studies were undertaken to investigate the relationship between job security, job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and withdrawal cognitions, and the results from these studies provided strong support for the proposition that job satisfaction and organizational commitment mediate the effects of job security on withdrawal cognition.
Abstract: Two field studies were undertaken to investigate the nature of the relationships between job security, job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and withdrawal cognitions. Study 1 was conducted in an organization immediately following its acquisition by another company (N=137). Study 2 was conducted in an organization that had experienced a number of layoffs and expected more in the future (N=188). Covariance structure analysis was used to test for direct, complete mediating, and partial mediating effects. Study 2 was used to cross-validate the findings from study 1. Results from both studies provide strong support for the proposition that job satisfaction and organizational commitment mediate the effects of job security on withdrawal cognitions. The two studies diverge when explicating the nature of the relations between job security, satisfaction, and commitment. Study 1 suggests job satisfaction completely mediates the effects of job security on commitment. Study 2 suggests that both satisfaction and commitment mediate the relationship between job security and withdrawal cognitions. Contextual differences that may have contributed to these findings are discussed. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
385 citations
TL;DR: The link between organizational configurations and performance has become a central and somewhat controversial focus of research in the strategic management literature as discussed by the authors, and statistically aggregated studies have shown that organizational configurations are correlated with performance.
Abstract: The link between organizational configurations and performance has become a central and somewhat controversial focus of research in the strategic management literature. We statistically aggregated ...
353 citations
TL;DR: Ahl is the first gene causing late-onset, non-syndromic hearing loss that has been reported in the mouse, and it is reported that this gene is a recessive, primarily single-gene trait.
338 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a simple control scheme is proposed that allows an induction motor to run a wind turbine at its maximum power coefficient, using a standard V/Hz converter and controlling the frequency to achieve the desired power at a given turbine speed.
Abstract: To optimize the power in a wind turbine, the speed of the turbine should be able to vary with the wind speed. A simple control scheme is proposed that will allow an induction motor to run a turbine at its maximum power coefficient. The control uses a standard V/Hz converter and controls the frequency to achieve the desired power at a given turbine speed.
317 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a rare surface freezing phenomenon is observed in normal alkanes, using x-ray and surface tension measurements, and an ordered monolayer forms on the surface of the liquid alkane at temperatures up to 3 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C above the bulk freezing temperature.
Abstract: A rare surface freezing phenomenon is observed in molten normal alkanes, using x-ray and surface tension measurements. An ordered monolayer forms on the surface of the liquid alkane at temperatures up to 3 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C above the bulk freezing temperature ${\mathrm{T}}_{\mathrm{f}}$. The structure of the monolayer was studied in detail for a wide range of molecular lengths and temperatures. The single layer formed persists down to ${\mathrm{T}}_{\mathrm{f}}$. The rare surface phase exists only for carbon numbers of 16\ensuremath{\leqslant}n\ensuremath{\leqslant}50. The molecules in the layer are hexagonally packed and show three distinct ordered phases: two rotator phases, with molecules oriented vertically (16\ensuremath{\leqslant}n\ensuremath{\leqslant}30) and tilted towards nearest neighbors (3044) and one crystalline phase with molecules tilted towards next-nearest neighbors (n\ensuremath{\geqslant}44). The temperature dependence of the surface tension and the range of existence vs carbon number are satisfactorily accounted for within a simple theory based on surface energy considerations.
313 citations
TL;DR: The experimental results clearly indicate that the optimal routeing procedure generates significantly shorter routes than heuristic methods, and the shape of the warehouse and the location of the pick‐up/drop‐off point can affect the picking efficiency.
Abstract: Order picking, the assembly of a customer’s order from items in storage, is an essential link in the supply chain and is the major cost component of warehousing. The critical issue is to simultaneously reduce the cost and increase the speed of the order picking activity. The main objectives are to: evaluate various routeing policies in a random storage environment; evaluate the impact of warehouse shape and pick‐up/drop‐off location; and examine the interaction of the routeing policies, warehouse shape, and pick‐up/drop‐off location under different pick list sizes. The experimental results clearly indicate that the optimal routeing procedure generates significantly shorter routes than heuristic methods. The composite and largest gap routeing policies are, however, significantly better than simpler heuristic procedures. Further testing, in addition, indicates that the shape of the warehouse and the location of the pick‐up/drop‐off point can affect the picking efficiency.
280 citations
TL;DR: This paper provides counterfeit watermarking schemes that can be performed on a watermarked image to allow multiple claims of rightful ownerships, and proposed non-invertible water marking schemes in this paper.
Abstract: Digital watermarks have been proposed in recent literature as the means for copyright protection of multimedia data. In this paper we address the capability of invisible watermarking schemes to resolve copyright ownerships. We will show that rightful ownerships cannot be resolved by current watermarking schemes alone. In addition, in the absence of standardization of watermarking procedures, anyone can claim ownership of any watermarked image. Specifically, we provide counterfeit watermarking schemes that can be performed on a watermarked image to allow multiple claims of rightful ownerships. We also proposed non-invertible watermarking schemes in this paper and discuss in general the usefulness of digital watermarks in identifying the rightful copyright owners. The results, coupled with the recent attacks on some image watermarks, further imply that we have to carefully re-think our approaches to invisible watermarking of images, and re- evaluate the promises, applications and limitations of such digital means of copyright protection.
270 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a model that suggests that integration between marketing and research and development (R&D), managerial controls, and relational norms influences new product success, and the model is used to predict new product sales.
Abstract: The authors present a model that suggests that integration between marketing and research and development (R&D), managerial controls, and relational norms influences new product success. The model ...
240 citations
TL;DR: The elicitation and reduction of fear were indexed with fear-potentiated startle and corticosterone release and induction of the immediate-early gene c-fos as a marker of neural activity in male Sprague-Dawley rats.
238 citations
TL;DR: This paper reports on the development, validity, and reliability of a self-report instrument designed to assess a respondent's perspective of pain resulting from relational violations and work toward relational forgiveness based on a framework proposed by Hargrave (1994a).
Abstract: This paper reports on the development, validity, and reliability of a self-report instrument designed to assess a respondent's perspective of pain resulting from relational violations and work toward relational forgiveness based on a framework proposed by Hargrave (1994a). Presented here is the five-stage procedure used in the development of the Interpersonal Relationship Resolution Scale. Construct validity and reliability were determined from an initial sample of 164 subjects. Concurrent validity of the scale was supported by another sample of 35 respondents who took the Interpersonal Relationship Resolution Scale, the Personal Authority in the Family System Questionnaire, the Relational Ethics Scale, the Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientation-Behavior scale, and the Burns Depression Checklist. Finally, a predictive validity study of the scale was performed with a clinical and nonclinical sample of 98 volunteers. Data are presented that support the validity and reliability of the instrument, as well as the final version of the scale.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors evaluated the factor structure and psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II; Beck, Steer, & Brown, 1996) in the nonclinical sample of 230 young adults.
Abstract: The present study evaluated the factor structure and psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II; Beck, Steer, & Brown, 1996) in the nonclinical sample of 230 young adults. The BDI-II is a revised version of the BDI-IA. We evaluated the fit of three alternative models to the sample data, using confirmatory factor analysis. Results provided support for the fit of the oblique three-factor model. The BDI-II and factor scales had satisfactory coefficient alpha indices. We obtained gender differences on the BDI-II item, total, and factor scale scores. We examined the relations of the BDI-II with demographic variables and with other self-report measures of social desirability, anxiety, depression, stress, and self-esteem. We also examined the issue of whether specific self-report measures of anxiety and depression assess separate or different constructs. We discuss the limitations of the present study.
TL;DR: Results indicate that ventral mPFC is not essential for the inhibition of fear under a variety of circumstances.
Abstract: The authors investigated the role of medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in the inhibition of conditioned fear in rats using both Pavlovian extinction and conditioned inhibition paradigms. In Experiment 1, lesions of ventral mPFC did not interfere with conditioned inhibition of the fear-potentiated startle response. In Experiment 2, lesions made after acquisition of fear conditioning did not retard extinction of fear to a visual conditioned stimulus (CS) and did not impair "reinstatement" of fear after unsignaled presentations of the unconditioned stimulus. In Experiment 3, lesions made before fear conditioning did not retard extinction of fear-potentiated startle or freezing to an auditory CS. In both Experiments 2 and 3, extinction of fear to contextual cues was also unaffected by the lesions. These results indicate that ventral mPFC is not essential for the inhibition of fear under a variety of circumstances.
TL;DR: The research needed for the evaluation, selection and development of methodologies in a changing environment is discussed and the research needed to provide the information scholars and practitioners will need is analyzed.
Abstract: Changes in organizational structures, competitive environments, technologies and economies are altering the types and complexity of computer-based information systems. For methodologies, tools and techniques to evolve to meet these changing needs, research to assess current system development practices would be expected. However, there is little evidence that the evaluation of methodologies and improvement of the systems development process are keeping pace with technological and organizational changes. This paper analyses existing research on system development methodologies and discusses the research needed to provide the information scholars and practitioners will need for the evaluation, selection and development of methodologies in a changing environment.
01 Jan 1997
TL;DR: Hydrolytic pathways in nucleic acid reactions are apparently more diverse than was previously thought, and the hairpin ribozyme falls into a mechanistically distinct class from the Tetrahymena and the hammerhead ribozymes.
TL;DR: Trust is the expectation by one person, group, or firm of ethically justifiable behavior - that is, morally correct decisions and actions based upon ethical principles of analysis - on the part of the other person or group in a joint endeavor or economic exchange as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: INTRODUCTION Partnerships or alliances between suppliers and buyers are increasing in frequency and importance. Much evidence supports this statement. Lorange and Roos provide numerous examples of successful alliances in both Europe and the United States and suggest that strategic alliances will be the general business trend in the 1990s and beyond.[1] Blodgett demonstrates how partnerships can develop advantages to both parties involved in the relationship.[2] Scheuing argues that buyer-supplier partnering is the wave of the future.[3] Burt and Doyle provide examples of how partnering increases competitive advantages for both the supplier and the buyer.[4] Hendrick and Ellram conducted a major research study on the topic and concluded that supplier partnerships will continue to be an enduring major strategic purchasing initiative.[5] Why is attention to buyer-supplier alliances or partnerships increasing? Evidence indicates that alliances or partnerships increase a firm's competitive posture,[6] have an important role in reducing cycle time,[7] and enhance quality improvement efforts.[8] Regardless of the reasons given for partnering, many purchasing experts believe that partnering is a trend that will continue into the next century.[9] Because supplier-buyer alliances or partnerships are becoming more important, several studies have analyzed these relationships. Trust is inevitably mentioned as an important variable in the development and maintenance of relationships. For instance, Ellram determined the average ratings of factors leading to ineffective partnerships. Lack of trust was ranked by the buyers as the third highest out of 19 factors, while the supplier ranked lack of trust as the fourth highest factor.[10] Based on a series of studies, trust is seen as a critical component in buyer-supplier relationships.[11] The research on supplier-buyer relationships clearly indicates that trust is important, but is seldom addressed specifically. Accordingly, this article focuses on trust in buyer-supplier relationships. First, a definition of trust based on the current literature is presented. Second, practicing purchasing managers indicate what behaviors demonstrate trust and what behaviors erode trust. Third, the definition and list of behaviors is then compared. Fourth, the origins of trust are addressed. Specifically, the role of identity, image, and reputation is reviewed. Next, six managerial and research issues or questions about trust in buyer-supplier relationships are presented. And finally, managers' perspectives on these six issues are presented. A LITERATURE-BASED DEFINITION OF TRUST Although trust is frequently mentioned in discussions about buyer-supplier relationships, it is seldom defined. As one researcher stated, "Nobody probably understands what is meant by the word trust."[12] To better understand and discuss a concept, it must first be defined. Several researchers have made tentative attempt to define trust. Ring and VanDeVen state that two views on trust can be found in management and sociology literature: (a) a business view based on confidence or risk in the predictability of one's expectations, and (b) a view based on confidence in another's goodwill.[13] In the risk-based view of trust, parties hedge against uncertain states of nature, adverse selection, and ethical hazard through formal contractual means such as guarantees, insurance mechanisms, and laws. The second view of trust emphasizes faith in the moral integrity of others' goodwill. Hosmer thoroughly analyzed the definition of trust as it is used from various approaches in organizational theory and philosophy. He concludes that: Trust is the expectation by one person, group, or firm of ethically justifiable behavior - that is, morally correct decisions and actions based upon ethical principles of analysis - on the part of the other person, group or firm in a joint endeavor or economic exchange. …
TL;DR: It is concluded that support for AA/EO is generally viewed as fair and has positive attitudinal consequences.
Abstract: Do gender and race-ethnicity moderate people's reactions to perceptions that their organization supports affirmative action/equal opportunity (AA/EO)? This study compared relationships between perceptions of support for AA/EO, distributive and procedural justice, career development opportunities, and work attitudes in 4 groups of federal employees: White men (n = 4,919), White women (n = 1,622), Blacks/Hispanics (n = 492), and Asians (n = 195). Surprisingly, White men did not associate support for AA/EO with a loss in career development opportunities, organizational injustice, or negative work attitudes. For women and racial-ethnic minorities, support for AA/EO was positively linked to perceptions of organizational justice and increased career development opportunities. As predicted, Blacks/Hispanics had more positive reactions than other employee groups. We conclude that support for AA/EO is generally viewed as fair and has positive attitudinal consequences.
TL;DR: In this article, a static enclosure (closed chamber) technique supplemented by soil gas concentration profiles and field incubations was used to simulate methanotrophic oxidation of methane at a northeastern Illinois landfill with pumped gas recovery.
Abstract: Rates and controlling variables for methanotrophic oxidation of methane at a northeastern Illinois landfill with pumped gas recovery were examined in a field study from June to December 1995. Cover materials consisted of a simple clay-topsoil sequence without geomembranes. Through use of a static enclosure (closed chamber) technique supplemented by soil gas concentration profiles and field incubations, the study concentrated on proximal (near gas recovery well) and distal (between well) sites established in 1994. A personal computer-based three-dimensional finite−difference model was also developed which includes both gaseous mass transfer (CH4, CO2, O2) and microbial CH4 oxidation. Mass transfer is modeled through a modified chemical potential gradient within a cubic network of nodes; a strict mass balance for each gas is maintained through successive timesteps. Methane-oxidizing conditions with no net CH4 emissions to the atmosphere persisted into full winter conditions in December, 1995. Rates of CH4 o...
TL;DR: The authors investigated predictors of research productivity and science-related career goals in a sample of 267 doctoral students (representing a response rate of 5S%) from 15 randomly selected APA-accredited counseling psychology doctoral programs.
Abstract: This cross-sectional study investigated predictors of research productivity and science-related career goals in a sample of 267 doctoral students (representing a response rate of 5S%) from 15 randomly selected APA-accredited counseling psychology doctoral programs. A structural equation modeling procedure revealed that career goals and research productivity could be predicted by Holland personality type, perceptions of the research training environment, interest in research, and research self-efficacy. Students' gender and year in the doctoral program also contributed to this causal model as additional predictor variables, providing a very good fit to the data The present findings contribute to theories of research training by presenting a comprehensive examination of the major factors previously investigated in the literature as predictors of research productivity and science-related career goals within the context of a structural equation model
TL;DR: In this article, the eigenvectors of a symmetric matrix can be chosen to form an orthogonal set with respect to the identity and to the matrix itself, and the same can be said of the symmetric definite quadratic pencil.
TL;DR: A secondary path modeling technique for active noise control systems is developed for both on-line and off-line modeling with faster convergence and higher modeling accuracy.
Abstract: A secondary path modeling technique for active noise control systems is developed for both on-line and off-line modeling with faster convergence and higher modeling accuracy. The optimum delay for the adaptive prediction error filter to reduce the interference in system modeling is equal to the length of the impulse response of the secondary path being modeled.
TL;DR: The risk for 1 or more recurrences can be meaningfully predicted at the time of the initial febrile seizure with a combination of the 4 factors identified in this study.
Abstract: Objectives: To define the risk and identify predictors of single and multiple recurrent febrile seizures. Methods: Children (n=428) with first febrile seizures were prospectively identified and followed for 2 or more years. Parents were interviewed soon after their children's first febrile seizure and were called every 3 months to ascertain recurrent febrile seizures. Medical records of first and recurrent seizures were reviewed for additional information. Results: A total of 136 children (31.8%) experienced recurrent seizures: 73(17.1%) had only 1 recurrence, 38(8.9%) had 2 recurrences, and 25(5.8%) had 3 or more recurrences. Young age at onset, a history of febrile seizures in a first-degree relative, low degree of fever while in the emergency department, and a brief duration between the onset of fever and the initial seizure were strong independent predictors of recurrent febrile seizures. With these 4 factors combined, it is possible to define groups of children having very high and very low probabilities of having any recurrences (>70% vs 60% vs Conclusions: In children who have had a first febrile seizure, recurrences are common. The risk for 1 or more recurrences can be meaningfully predicted at the time of the initial febrile seizure with a combination of the 4 factors identified in this study. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1997;151:371-378
TL;DR: In this paper, negative and statistically significant announcement effects are associated with bank loan-loss reserve (LLR) announcements over the 1985-1990 period, indicating a link between the asset quality characteristics of money-center and regional bank loan portfolios.
11 May 1997
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used a Rayleigh probability distribution to determine the number of hours of a particular wind speed which occur in a given year, and then used the aerodynamic power generated at a given average wind speed to calculate the total energy generated during the year.
Abstract: To optimize the operation of a wind turbine, variable turbine speeds are desirable. To determine the advantages of a variable-speed turbine, the annualized energy production of the turbine needs to be considered. This is done by using a Rayleigh probability distribution to determine the number of hours of a particular wind speed which occur in a given year. This distribution is used with the aerodynamic power generated at a given average wind speed to determine the total energy generated during the year. The total energy for fixed- and variable-speed turbine control are compared. The variable-speed turbines show improved energy production over constant-speed systems.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors test the relationship of deep sea benthic foraminiferal assemblage composition to the surface ocean productivity gradient in the low latitude Atlantic Ocean using 81 surface sediment samples from a water depth range between 2800 and 3500 m.
TL;DR: The available human data strongly suggest that seizures do not beget seizures and that epilepsy in humans is usually not a progressive disorder.
Abstract: For more than a century, epilepsy was characterized as a chronic disease, with little chance of remission or cure. It was also considered a progressive disease in which seizures led to more seizures. Experimental work in animals provided additional support for the notion that seizures could beget se
TL;DR: The authors show that the retelling of familiar stories has at least three functions: (a) fostering group rapport, (b) ratifying group membership, and (c) conveying group values.
Abstract: Consideration of twice-told tales, of narrative events built around stories already familiar to the participants, offers a special perspective on conversational storytelling, because it emphasizes aspects of narration which lie beyond information exchange, problem-solving etc. This article seeks to show that the retelling of familiar stories has at least three functions: (a) fostering group rapport, (b) ratifying group membership, and (c) conveying group values. It is shown that familiar stories exhibit characteristic structures, conditions on tellability, and participation rights. Such stories are prefaced so as to justify their retelling on the basis of the opportunity they offer for co-narration, and this in turn allows participants to modulate rapport and demonstrate group membership. (Discourse analysis, conversation, storytelling, narrative, co-narration)
TL;DR: The results suggest that PLOC and PSOC-Efficacy scores may reflect distress and response style as well as beliefs about parenting, and appear to reflect a different dimension of efficacy than that assessed by other self-report measures.
Abstract: Examined the convergent and discriminant validity of the Parent Attribution Test (PAT; Bugental, Blue, & Cruzcosa, 1989), the Parental Locus of Control Scale (PLOC; Campis, Lyman, & Prentice-Dunn, 1986), and the Parenting Sense of Competence-Efficacy Scale (PSOC-Eficacy; Johnston & Mash, 1989) in 3 samples of community mothers. In the 1st 2 samples, mothers also completed measures of negative affect and social desirability. In the 3rd sample, the PAT and PSOC-Efficacy scales were administered with measures of adult attachment style and child behavior problems. There was weak support for the convergent validity of the measures. Moreover, the discriminant validity of the measures was not adequately demonstrated. Our results suggest that PLOC and PSOC-Efficacy scores may reflect distress and response style as well as belief about parenting. Scores on the PAT, although less influenced by response style and distress, appear to reflect a different dimension of efficacy than that assessed by other self-report me...
TL;DR: This paper investigated a person-climate fit model in order to explain the effect of organizational politics on work attitudes and developed a unique index of compatibility based on the congruence between preferences for political influence processes and those processes perceived to be prevalent in the employment context.
Abstract: Summary This study investigated a person-climate fit model in order to explain the effect of organizational politics on work attitudes. A unique index of compatibility was developed based on the congruence between preferences for political influence processes and those processes perceived to be prevalent in the employment context. A survey of 138 non academic employees of a large public university, representing a variety of jobs, demonstrated that political influence compatibility was clearly related to a wide range of work attitudes (e.g. satisfaction with co-workers, trust in management, evaluation of self). Directions for future research investigating PIC and potential applications of political influence compatibility in human resource management are discussed. (C 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.