Showing papers by "Ohio State University published in 1984"
TL;DR: In this paper, data from 58 strategic business units (SBUs) reveal that greater marketing/sales experience, greater willingness to take risk, and greater tolerance for ambiguity on the part of the SBU general manager contribute to effectiveness in the case of "build" SBUs but hamper it when "harvest" them.
Abstract: Data from 58 strategic business units (SBUs) reveal that greater marketing/sales experience, greater willingness to take risk, and greater tolerance for ambiguity on the part of the SBU general manager contribute to effectiveness in the case of “build” SBUs but hamper it in the case of “harvest” SBUs.
1,445 citations
01 Dec 1984
1,160 citations
TL;DR: The effectiveness of advertising messages is widely believed to be moderated by audience involvement as mentioned in this paper, which allocates increasing attentional capacity to a message source, as needed for analysis of the message by increasingly abstract and qualitatively distinct representations.
Abstract: The effectiveness of advertising messages is widely believed to be moderated by audience involvement. In this paper, psychological theories of attention and levels of processing are used to establish a framework that can accommodate the major consumer behavior theories of audience involvement. Four levels of involvement are identified (in order from low to high) as preattention, focal attention, comprehension, and elaboration. These levels allocate increasing attentional capacity to a message source, as needed for analysis of the message by increasingly abstract—and qualitatively distinct—representational systems. Lower levels use relatively little capacity and extract information needed to determine whether higher levels will be invoked. The higher levels require greater capacity and result in increasingly durable cognitive and attitudinal effects.
1,060 citations
TL;DR: From longitudinal data from 129 nursing department employees, organizational commitment was found to be antecedent to job satisfaction rather than an outcome of it, and several other variables were causally related to satisfaction but not commitment as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: From longitudinal data from 129 nursing department employees, organizational commitment was found to be antecedent to job satisfaction rather than an outcome of it Furthermore, several other variables were found to be causally related to satisfaction but not commitment Implications of unsubstantiated assumptions regarding causes of commitment are discussed
1,027 citations
TL;DR: Blood was drawn twice from 75 first‐year medical students, with a baseline sample taken one month before their final examinations and a stress sample drawn on the first day of final examinations to address the effects of a naturally occurring stressor on components of the immune response.
Abstract: This study addressed the effects of a naturally occurring stressor on components of the immune response. Blood was drawn twice from 75 first-year medical students, with a baseline sample taken one month before their final examinations and a stress sample drawn on the first day of final examinations. Median splits on scores from the Holmes--Rahe Social Readjustment Rating Scale and the UCLA Loneliness Scale produced a 2 X 2 X 2 repeated measures ANOVA when combined with the trials variable. Natural killer (NK) cell activity declined significantly from the first to the second sample. High scorers on stressful life events and loneliness had significantly lower levels of NK activity. Total plasma IgA increased significantly from the first to second sample, while plasma IgG and IgM, C-reactive protein, and salivary IgA did not change significantly.
796 citations
TL;DR: It is proved that for any fixed planar graph H, every planar graphs with sufficiently large tree-width has a minor isomorphic to H.
786 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compared the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and Southern Oscillations (SO) from the standpoint of their association with Northern Hemisphere winter mean distributions of sea-level pressure (SLP) and 500 mb height.
Abstract: The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and Southern Oscillation (SO) are compared from the standpoint of their association with Northern Hemisphere winter mean distributions of sea-level pressure (SLP) and 500 mb height. The NAO and SO are associated with significant SLP differences over much of the hemisphere except for Siberia and western North America. Significant SLP and 500 mb height differences occur in the NAO over the Atlantic Ocean and near Baja California, while in the SO they occur over the Pacific Ocean, India and the western Atlantic. Only over the latter region do large pressure and height variations consistently occur in the extremes of both oscillations; these are also associated with winter temperature variability over the southeastern United States. For example, during winter 1982–83, when the two oscillations simultaneously reached extremes, the NAO was associated with record December warmth east of the Mississippi River, but during January and February the SO dominated the heigh...
669 citations
TL;DR: The clinical assessment of patients with DC can accurately predict the probability of surviving or dying in 1 year, and the most powerful predictor of prognosis was the left intraventricular conduction delay.
Abstract: This study was designed to determine prognostic risk indicators of nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy (DC). Sixty-nine patients were studied. Each patient underwent physical examination (including a history), electrocardiography, echocardiography, cardiac catheterization, 24-hour monitoring and endomyocardial biopsy. The mortality rate at 1 year was 35% (24 deaths). Univariate analysis revealed that the most powerful predictor of prognosis was the left intraventricular conduction delay (p = 0.003). The pulmonary capillary wedge pressure was also predictive of mortality (p = 0.005). Other significant factors, in order of importance, were ventricular arrhythmias (p = 0.007), mean right atrial pressure (p = 0.008), angiographic ejection fraction (p = 0.03), atrial fibrillation or flutter (p = 0.01) and the presence of an S3 gallop (p = 0.05). Factors such as duration of symptoms, presence of mitral regurgitation, end-diastolic diameter, myocardial cell size and percent fibrosis in the biopsy and treatment with vasodilators, antiarrhythmic and anticoagulant drugs were not significant predictors. Multivariate analysis was used to determine which combination of factors could most accurately predict survival and death. The most important factors were left conduction delay, ventricular arrhythmias and mean right atrial pressure. An equation was derived that can be applied to the prognosis of patients with DC. Thus, the clinical assessment of patients with DC can accurately predict the probability of surviving or dying in 1 year.
529 citations
TL;DR: No difference in neurological recovery of motor function or pinprick and light touch sensation was observed between the two treatment groups six weeks and six months after injury, and early case fatality was greater in the high-dose protocol.
Abstract: A multicenter double-blind randomized trial was conducted to examine the efficacy of a high dose of methylprednisolone (1,000-mg bolus and daily thereafter for ten days) compared with a standard dose (100-mg bolus and daily thereafter for ten days) in 330 patients with acute spinal cord injury. No difference in neurological recovery of motor function or pinprick and light touch sensation was observed between the two treatment groups six weeks and six months after injury. The lack of a treatment effect was independent of the severity of the initial lesion or the time from injury to starting treatment. Although not statistically significant, early case fatality was greater in the high-dose protocol (relative risk of 3.1 and 1.9, ≤ 14 and 15 to 28 days after injury, respectively) but not from 29 to 210 days after injury. Wound infections of both trauma and operative sites were more prevalent in the high-dose regimen (relative risk of 3.6). (JAMA1984;251:45-52)
515 citations
TL;DR: This article found that superiors of business units with higher environmental uncertainty will use a more subjective performance appraisal approach whereas superiors of businesses with lower environmental uncertainty use a formula-based performance evaluation approach, and that a stronger fit between environmental uncertainty and performance evaluation style would be associated with higher business unit performance.
Abstract: Rooted in contingency theory, this study puts forth propositions stating (1) that superiors of business units which face higher environmental uncertainty will use a more subjective performance appraisal approach whereas superiors of business units which face lower environmental uncertainty will use a more formula-based performance evaluation approach, and (2) that a stronger fit between environmental uncertainty and performance evaluation style would be associated with higher business unit performance. Findings from 58 business units in eight Fortune 500 firms provide strong support to both sets of these propositions.
485 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of variable porosity and inertial forces on convective flow and heat transfer in porous media were analyzed and a numerical scheme for the solution of the governing equations was proposed to investigate the variable-porosity effects on the velocity and temperature fields inside the porous medium.
Abstract: The present work analyses the effects of variable porosity and inertial forces on convective flow and heat transfer in porous media. Specific attention is given to forced convection in packed beds in the vicinity of an impermeable boundary. After establishing the governing equations, a thorough investigation of the channelling effect and its influence on flow and heat transfer through variable-porosity media is presented. Based on some analytical considerations, a numerical scheme for the solution of the governing equations is proposed to investigate the variable-porosity effects on the velocity and temperature fields inside the porous medium. The method of matched asymptotic expansions is used to show the qualitative aspects of variable porosity in producing the channelling effect. These qualitative features are also confirmed by the numerical solution. The qualitative effects of the controlling parameters on flow and heat transfer in variable-porosity media are discussed at length. The variable-porosity effects are shown to be significant for most cases. For the same conditions as the perturbation solution, the numerical results are in excellent agreement with the perturbation analysis. The numerical results are also in very good agreement with the available experimental data of previous studies.
TL;DR: The results of this study suggest that the relationships between leader reward and punishment behaviors and subordinates' performance are relatively free of moderating effects.
TL;DR: A number of apparently viable definitions and models have been advanced; Harvey has provided an analysis of most, and proposed a middle ground as mentioned in this paper. But these works do clearly lie mostly unattended by professionals.
TL;DR: In this paper, a sequence of events involved in sliding wear is outlined, where the plastic deformation changes the near-surface microstructure in ways which make the material unstable to local shear.
TL;DR: In this article, survey data from a random sample of 8,500 employees were examined to determine whether persons who report perceived organizational wrongdoing differ from other employees as to their beliefs about o...
Abstract: Survey data from a random sample of 8,500 employees were examined to determine whether persons who report perceived organizational wrongdoing differ from other employees as to their beliefs about o...
TL;DR: The authors examined the ex-dividend day returns of several taxable and non-taxable distributions and found that preferred dividends are taxed at a lower rate than capital gains, non-Taxable stock dividends and splits are priced on ex-Dividend days as if they are fully taxable; and non Taxable Cash distributions are priced as if investors recetve a tax rebate with them.
TL;DR: Patients who scored above the median on loneliness had significantly higher urinary cortisol levels and had significantly lower levels of natural killer cell activity, as well as a poorer T‐lymphocyte response to phytohemagglutinin.
Abstract: This study examined the associations among loneliness, stressful life events, urinary cortisol levels, and immunocompetency. Blood and urine were obtained from 33 psychiatric inpatients on the day after admission, at which time the patients completed the UCLA Loneliness Scale, the Psychiatric Epidemiology Research Interview Life Events Scale (PERI), and the MMPI. Patients who scored above the median on loneliness had significantly higher urinary cortisol levels. The high loneliness group also had significantly lower levels of natural killer cell activity, as well as a poorer T-lymphocyte response to phytohemagglutinin. The high loneliness subjects descibed themselves as more distressed than the low loneliness group on the MMPI. There were no consistent significant effects on either the immunologic measures or the MMPI associated with the PERI.
TL;DR: Tyack, D. 1970 "Onward Christian soldiers: Religion in the American common school." Pp. 212-55 in P. Nash (ed.), History and Education.
Abstract: Tyack, D. 1966 "The 'Kingdom of God' and the common school: Protestant ministers and the educational awakening in the West." Harvard Educational Review 36:447-69. 1970 "Onward Christian soldiers: Religion in the American common school." Pp. 212-55 in P. Nash (ed.), History and Education. New York: Random House. 1974 The One Best System. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. U.S. Bureau of the Census 1976 Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970, Bicentennial Edition, Parts I and II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1974 Current Population Reports, Series P-25, No. 519. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis 1973 Long Term Economic Growth, 1860-1970. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
TL;DR: In this article, reycled Cretaceous and Cenozoic marine microfossils have been recovered from samples of the Pliocene Sinus Formation, collected from outcrops in the Reedy, Beardmore, and Ferrar glacier areas of the Transantarctic Mountains between lat 77° and 86°S.
Abstract: Recycled Cretaceous and Cenozoic marine microfossils have been recovered from samples of the Pliocene Sinus Formation. Samples were collected from outcrops in the Reedy, Beardmore, and Ferrar glacier areas of the Transantarctic Mountains between lat 77° and 86°S. The glaciogene sediments contained diatoms, foraminifera, calcareous nannoplankton, silicoflagellates, radiolarians, sponge spicules, palynomorphs, and ostracodes of Late Cretaceous, Paleocene, Eocene, late Oligocene, late Miocene, and Pliocene age. This suggests the presence of open marine basins on the East Antarctic craton during late Mesozoic and Cenozoic time. The apparent absence of early Oligocene and early through middle and earliest late Miocene assemblages suggests either that marine regression exposed the basin floors or that ice filled the basins during these times. The high-elevation setting of Sirius Formation outcrops suggests one of two hypotheses for their origin: (1) They are in situ Pliocene glaciomarine deposits that were uplifted 1,750–2,500 m with the Transantarctic Mountains to their present elevation; (2) the Sirius Formation deposits are a mixture of derived sediments stripped from sub-ice intracratonic basins and subsequently redeposited by ice flowing up the inland slope of the Transantarctic Mountains. We favor the second hypothesis, with transport to sites sometime within the past 3 m.y.
TL;DR: Carboncentered radicals can form bonds with electron-rich or electron-deficient alkenes, allenes, and acetylenes, as well as construct hindered carbon-carbon bonds, which contribute to the importance of such reactions in organic synthesis.
Abstract: Organic chemists have begun to use intra- and intermolecular free-radical addition reactions to develop useful synthetic transformations. Carboncentered radicals can form bonds with electron-rich or electron-deficient alkenes, allenes, and acetylenes. Radical addition reactions can also be used to construct hindered carbon-carbon bonds. These characteristics, as well as the large number of functional groups that tolerate free-radical conditions contribute to the importance of such reactions in organic synthesis.
TL;DR: It is shown that it is quite possible for a parallel branch-and-bound algorithm using n to take more time than one using n, and it is also possible to achieve speed-ups that are in excess of the ratio.
Abstract: We consider the effects of parallelizing branch-and-bound algorithms by expanding several live nodes simultaneously. It is shown that it is quite possible for a parallel branch-and-bound algorithm using n2processors to take more time than one using n1processors, even though n1
TL;DR: In this article, a generalization in terms of weighted averages is proposed, where there exist at most m points xi and positive weights oi summing to 1 so that \' aifj(Xi) = I”fi dt for j = 1, 2,..., m.
TL;DR: This paper formulates one of the best new methods for determining the Jacobian in a general N-degree-of freedom manipulator.
Abstract: This paper discucsses and compares six different methods for calculating the Jacobian for a general N-degree-of freedom manipulator. We enumerate the computational efficiency of each in terms of the total number of multiplications, addi tions/subtractions, and trigonometric functions required as well as in terms of the number of matrix-vector operations needed. We also give the execution times on a PDP-11/70 minicomputer for determining the Jacobian for an example seven-degree-of-freedom manipulator. This paper formulates one of the best new methods for determining the Jacobian.
TL;DR: The authors conducted a content analysis of the 15 currently most widely used ESL textbooks (according to a compilation of textbook lists from 27 ESL centers) to examine how sexism is manifested in ESL textbooks and with what consequences.
Abstract: This article examines the problem of sexism in ESL materials-how sexism is manifested in ESL textbooks and with what consequences. Following a review of research on the relationship between language and sexism, a recent content analysis of the 15 currently most widely used ESL textbooks (according to a compilation of textbook lists from 27 ESL centers) is described. The study focused on the categories of omission in text and illustrations, firstness, occupational visibility in text and illustrations, nouns, masculine generic constructions, and adjectives. The findings are then summarized and analyzed, and the two least sexist textbooks and the main problem areas in the others are discussed. The term sexism, which has been with us now for more than a decade, has become a household word (Graham 1975). It is probably most readily associated with economic issues, such as equal pay for equal work. The role played by language in maintaining and strengthening sexist values, however, is less widely understood or acknowledged. This is probably because linguistic sexism is much more deeply rooted and far more subtle than other forms of sexism. Indeed, language is such an involuntary function and so intimately intertwined with culture that it is often quite difficult to stand back and take an objective look at one's own language. Language itself is essentially a neutral vehicle of communication which can be used to convey a wide range of attitudes and values. However, all speakers tend to use and create language which is flattering and useful to themselves. Those with enough power, authority, and influence can standardize usage. The creation of dictionaries helped to speed up the process of standardization. Since dictionary writers were male and the social system was a patriarchy preceding, as well as during, the time of standardization, English received a strong infusion of male-as-norm elements (Miller and Swift 1976). Thus, certain sexist usages of English, which are by no means obligatory, were accepted as normal and standard. What are some of the specific ways in which sexist attitudes are conveyed through the language in textbooks? A review of the
TL;DR: Snow accumulation measured during 1982-1983 on the Quelccaya ice cap, Peru, was 70 percent of the average from 1975 through 1983, a substantial decrease in association with the last five El Ni�o-Southern Oscillation occurrences in the equatorial Pacific.
Abstract: Snow accumulation measured during 1982-1983 on the Quelccaya ice cap, Peru, was 70 percent of the average from 1975 through 1983. Inspection of 19 years (1964 through 1983) of accumulation measured near the summit of Quelccaya reveals a substantial decrease (∼30 percent) in association with the last five El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) occurrences in the equatorial Pacific. The ENSO phenomenon is now recognized as a global event arising from large-scale interactions between the ocean and the atmosphere. Understanding this extreme event, with the goal of prediction, requires a record of past occurrences. The Quelccaya ice cap, which contains 1500 years of annually accumulated ice layers, may provide a long and detailed record of the most extreme ENSO events.
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of pressure upon bed voidage at minimum fluidization and expanded bed height were analyzed for several types of particles, including coal, char and Ballotini.
TL;DR: The selective nature of the seed predators, the relative patchiness of predation intensity in space, suggest that postdispersal seed predation can play a role in determining the distribution and/or abundance of old-field herbs.
Abstract: In a pair of experiments conducted in old-field habitats in southwestern Michigan (USA), we examined rates of seed loss to post-dispersal predators (ants and rodents). Seeds from 4-6 species of "biennial" plants were tested over a range of seed densities and habitat types. We found that seed removal was significantly higher in vegetated habitats than in areas of disturbed soil (both simulated small-animal diggings and a plowed field). In the undisturbed vegetation, seed losses ranged from 1-20% of seeds removed/day.An exclosure experiment demonstrated that ants and rodents foraged selectively for seeds of the six plant species tested. Rodents (Peromyscus maniculatus) fed preferentially on species producing large seeds (predominantly Tragopogon dubius). Ants (Myrmica lobicornus) foraged on smaller seeds, although their foraging preferences were not based strictly on seed size.Seed density had only a minor effect on predation rate over the range of densities tested. Predators, instead appeared to treat each experimental group of seeds as a single prey patch. Consequently, predation intensity was quite variable over distances of <20 m within a relatively homogeneous section of habitat.These field experiments provide initial estimates of seed losses to post-dispersal predators in old-field habitats. Rates of seed loss were generally less than those reported from desert or semi-arid habitats. However, for some old-field species, seed losses averaged an appreciable 10-20% day. The selective nature of the seed predators, plusthe relative patchiness of predation intensity in space, suggest that postdispersal seed predation can play a role in determining the distribution and/or abundance of old-field herbs.