Steel Authority of India

About: Steel Authority of India is a based out in . It is known for research contribution in the topics: Microstructure & Ultimate tensile strength. The organization has 797 authors who have published 661 publications receiving 9958 citations. The organization is also known as: SAIL.

Metallurgical investigation into the causes of premature failure of high-carbon steel wire rods during hot rolling

Abstract: Wire rods of high-carbon steel, in sizes ranging between 5.5 and 14 mm, are normally produced from continuously cast billets by hot rolling in a wire rod mill. These wire rods are usually supplied to wire drawing plants in either the hot rolled or the controlled-cooled condition. The microstructure of the hot rolled wire rods is a coarse lamellar pearlite and is unsuitable for large reductions by cold drawing. In contrast, the microstructure of controlled-cooled wire rods is a relatively fine pearlite, developed as a consequence of in-line water and forced-air cooling, and is suitable for large reductions by cold drawing. Although wire rod breakages in modern-day mills are comparatively rare, they nonetheless may take place due to a variety of factors. The failure of wire rods, hot rolled or controlled cooled, may occur as a result of improper rolling schedule, cobbles, sudden mill stoppages and/or accelerations, and processing inadequacies that lead to the formation of inappropriate microstructures. A comprehensive metallurgical investigation may therefore be necessary to discover the genesis of wire rod breakages during rolling and/or finish cooling operations.

Movable ballast for sailboat and ship

Abstract: The stiffness and comfort of a sailboat are considerably improved by means of a movable ballast moving in a tunnel or conduit built inside and close to the hull. A set of rails or tracks is fitted around the tunnel sides allowing the ballast to move accurately when the boat is sailing in a rough sea. The ballast is made of lead this allows the tunnel to be compact and located under the floor and in principle to be hidden by the accommodations. The stiffness is increased by moving the ballast windward to balance a part of the heel and if designed for, the trim angle is also corrected on the same principle. The operation is performed manually or automatically by computerized means like a PLC. In some versions this system is meeting explosion-proof specifications.

Plasmapheresis and immunosuppression in the myasthenic syndrome: (lambert‐eaton syndrome)

Abstract: Three male patients with the myasthenic syndrome, not associated with a malignancy, underwent a series (7-10) of plasmaphereses. In two patients, this was followed by an interval treatment (9-1 2 months) with immunosuppressive drugs, and a combination of both plasmapheresis and immunosuppression thereafter. In the third patient a series of plasmaphereses and a combination of plasmapheresis with immunosuppression were separated by a one year interval. The response to treatment was monitored clinically and by mcans of serial electromyographic recordings. Plasmapheresis, consisting of approximately 5% of body weight by continuous flow exchange, was carried out at weekly intervals. Replacement fluids were an equal volume of serum albumin and physiological saline. Gamma globulin injections were given with each treatment in two patients, but withheld until after the fifth plasmapheresis in the third. Immunosuppression consisted of prednisone 1 .O mg./kg/q.d plus azathioprine 2.5-3.5 mg./kg/day. Serial electromyographic recordings were made with surface electrodes, according to a standardized procedure, from a marked location over the thenar muscle. All medication was discontinued 10-12 hours prior to the study. Single and repetitive stimulations were carried out in the median nerve. The amplitude of the M-waves was recorded. Temperature was strictly controlled at 35" C by means of a subcutaneous thermistor, as changes in temperature can markedly affect the amplitude of the M-wave.' The amplitude at rest, and the amplitude after two seconds of indirect stimulation at 50/sec. were considered to be representative parameters of the disease. Electrolytes including Ca+and Mg++ levels were determined on several occasions immediately following the tests; they were always normal. Two of the three patients reported slight subjective improvement while undergoing plasmapheresis alone; one of them noted improvement in neck muscle strength, speech and swallowing as well as his ability to walk. Concomitantly, a slight increase in the M-wave amplitude (0.3-0.7 mV) was seen electromyographically.2 Interval treatment with immunosuppression alone led to a more definite clinical improvement in these two patients, as well as an increase in the M-wave amplitude at rest (0.4-1.6 mV and 4.0-6.2 mV resp.). During times of combined plasmapheresis and immunosuppression, gradual improvement was similarly noted. This improvement did not seem to differ from that observed with immunosuppression alone. The third patient who was on simultaneous hemodialysis because of kidney failure secondary to guanidine

Microstructural Control in Aluminium-Killed Low C-Mn Boron Containing Steel for Improved Formability and Cold Reducing Properties

Abstract: Microstructural control through thermo-mechanical simulation has been attempted in aluminum-killed low carbon-manganese boron containing steel. The results from dilatometric studies were used to explain austenite decomposition characteristics under different soaking temperatures and cooling rates. A significant lowering in Ar3 temperature was observed when the steel was soaked at 1200°C followed by rapid cooling (20°C/sec). On the contrary, no appreciable change in Ar3 temperature was noticed when soaking temperature was brought down to 950°C. Hot rolling simulations were carried out both in austenitic and ferritic regions to understand microstructural evolution. Ferritic hot rolling at 750°C followed by coiling at 650°C exhibited formation of coarse recrystallized ferrite grains of 30 micron, which is ideally suited for cold forming and reducing applications.