Showing papers by "University of Kansas published in 1986"

Development of criteria for the classification and reporting of osteoarthritis: Classification of osteoarthritis of the knee

Abstract: For the purposes of classification, it should be specified whether osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee is of unknown origin (idiopathic, primary) or is related to a known medical condition or event (secondary). Clinical criteria for the classification of idiopathic OA of the knee were developed through a multicenter study group. Comparison diagnoses included rheumatoid arthritis and other painful conditions of the knee, exclusive of referred or para-articular pain. Variables from the medical history, physical examination, laboratory tests, and radiographs were used to develop sets of criteria that serve different investigative purposes. In contrast to prior criteria, these proposed criteria utilize classification trees, or algorithms.

But is it rigorous? Trustworthiness and authenticity in naturalistic evaluation

Abstract: The emergence of a new paradigm of inquiry (naturalistic) has, unsurprisingly enough, led to a demand for rigorous criteria that meet traditional standards of inquiry. Two sets are suggested, one of which, the “trustworthiness” criteria, parallels conventional criteria, while the second, “authenticity” criteria, is implied directly by new paradigm assumptions.

Gender-role conflict scale: college men's fear of femininity

Abstract: Gender-role conflict exists when gender roles have negative consequences for people. This research reports initial validity and reliability data on measures of gender-role conflict for men. Two measures, Gender Role Conflict Scale I and II (GRCS-I and GRCS-II) were constructed to assess patterns of gender-role conflict described in the literature. GRCS-I assesses men's personal gender-role attitudes, behaviors, and conflicts. GRCS-II assesses men's gender-role conflicts in specific gender-role conflict situations. Both GRCS measures and the Personal Attributes Questionnaire (PAQ) were administered to male college students (N=527). Initial factor-analytic data for GRCS-I and GRCS-II demonstrated eight meaningful factors. Acceptable test-retest and internal consistency reliabilities were found for both measures. MANOVA, ANOVA, and Tukey procedures indicated differences for subjects across the four PAQ categories. Significant gender-role conflict differences across the factors were found for men who were instrumental, expressive, or both instrumental and expressive. Results of these differences are reported, as well as implications for future development of both scales.

Microwave Remote Sensing Active and Passive-Volume III: From Theory to Applications

Abstract: Aspects of volume scattering and emission theory are discussed, taking into account a weakly scattering medium, the Born approximation, first-order renormalization, the radiative transfer method, and the matrix-doubling method. Other topics explored are related to scatterometers and probing systems, the passive microwave sensing of the atmosphere, the passive microwave sensing of the ocean, the passive microwave sensing of land, the active microwave sensing of land, and radar remote sensing applications. Attention is given to inversion techniques, atmospheric attenuation and emission, a temperature profile retrieval from ground-based observations, mapping rainfall rates, the apparent temperature of the sea, the emission behavior of bare soil surfaces, the emission behavior of vegetation canopies, the emission behavior of snow, wind-vector radar scatterometry, radar measurements of sea ice, and the back-scattering behavior of cultural vegetation canopies.

Microwave Remote Sensing: Active and Passive, Volume II: Radar Remote Sensing and Surface Scattering and Emission Theory

Abstract: The fundamental principles of radar backscattering measurements are presented, including measurement statistics, Doppler and pulse discrimination techniques, and associated ambiguity functions. The operation of real and synthetic aperture sidelooking airborne radar systems is described, along with the internal and external calibration techniques employed in scattering measurements. Attention is given to the physical mechanisms responsible for the scattering emission behavior of homogeneous and inhomogeneous media, through a discussion of surface roughness, dielectric properties and inhomogeneity, and penetration depth. Simple semiempirical models are presented. Theoretical models involving greater mathematical sophistication are also given for extended ocean and bare soil surfaces, and the more general case of a vegetation canopy over a rough surface.

Textural Infornation in SAR Images

Abstract: A multiplicative model was used to relate the image variance for a given land-use category to the individual variances associated with image speckle and target texture. Speckle was treated as a random process governed by signal fading and was considered to be statistically independent of the textural variations associated with the spatial variations of the scattering properties of visually "uniform" distributed targets. Seasat SAR imagery of Oklahoma was used to evaluate the textural autocorrelation function of five land-use categories: water, forest, pasture, urban, and cultivated. It was found that the maximum classification accuracy achievable using first-order statistics was 72 percent and that this level of accuracy was obtainable only by significantly degrading the spatial resolution in order to increase the number of independent samples per pixel. In contrast, second-order statistics-specifically, image contrast and inverse moment-provided a classification accuracy of 88 percent, with only a modest degradation in spatial resolution. A second study using SIR-A imagery of five forested regions has shown that the use of textural information can improve the classification accuracy among the five forest types from 75 to 93 percent.

A taxonomy of item response models

Abstract: A number of models for categorical item response data have been proposed in recent years. The models appear to be quite different. However, they may usefully be organized as members of only three distinct classes, within which the models are distinguished only by assumptions and constraints on their parameters. “Difference models” are appropriate for ordered responses, “divide-by-total” models may be used for either ordered or nominal responses, and “left-side added” models are used for multiple-choice responses with guessing. The details of the taxonomy and the models are described in this paper.

Classwide Peer Tutoring

Abstract: The purpose of this article is to discuss classwide peer tutoring as an effective instructional procedure. The article is organized into three major sections: (a) general principles of instruction, (b) description of classwide peer tutoring procedures, and (c) review of effectiveness data concerning classroom process (i.e., ecological and behavioral factors) and student achievement outcomes. It concludes with a discussion of the procedure and areas of future research and application.

Propagating Belief Functions with Local Computations

Abstract: In this article, we describe a way to propagate belief functions in certain kinds of trees using only local computations. This scheme generalizes the computational scheme proposed by Shafer and Logan ' for diagnostic trees of the type studied by Gordon and Shortliffe2,3 and the slightly more general scheme proposed by Shafer4 for hierarchical evidence. It also generalizes the computational scheme proposed by Pearl5 for Bayesian causal trees. Pearl's causal trees and Gordon and Shortliffe's diagnostic trees are both ways of breaking down the evidence that bears on a large problem into smaller items of evidence that bear on smaDler parts of the problem so that these smaller problems can be dealt with one at a time. This localization of effort is often essential to make the process of probability judgment feasible, both for the person who is making probability judgments and for the machine that is combining them. The basic structure for our scheme is a type of tree that generalizes both Pearl's and Gordon and Shortliffe's trees. Trees of this type permit localized computation in Pearl's sense. They are based on qualitative judgments of conditional independence. We believe that the scheme we describe here will prove useful in expert systems. It is now clear that the successful propagation of probability or certainty factors in expert systems requires much more structure than can be provided in a pure production-system framework. Bayesian schemes, on the other hand, often make unrealistic demands for structure. The propagation of belief functions in trees and more general networks occupies a middle ground where some sensible and useful things can be done. We would like to emphasize that the basic idea of local computation for propagating probabilities is Judea Pearl's. It is an innovative idea; we do not believe that it can be found in the Bayesian literature prior to Pearl's work. We see our contribution as extending Pearl's idea from Bayesian probabilities to belief functions. We wil describe the scheme proposed by Pearl5 for Bayesian causal trees. Then, we will describe the scheme proposed by Shafer and Logan I for diagnostic trees, and, afterwards, as a background to our own scheme, we will describe qualitative Markov trees. Finaly, we wil describe our belieffunction scheme, which has Pearl's and Shafer and Logan's schemes as special cases.

Characterization of an in vitro blood-brain barrier model system for studying drug transport and metabolism.

Abstract: Bovine brain micro vessel endothelial cells have been isolated and grown in culture to monolayers. These endothelial cell monolayers have been characterized morphologically with electron microscopy, histochemically for brain endothelium enzyme markers, alkaline phosphatase and γ-glutamyl trans-peptidase, and by immunofluorescence to detect Factor VIII antigen, an exclusive endothelial antigen. Results of these studies indicate that the cells forming the monolayers are of endothelial origin and possess many features of the in vivo brain endothelium responsible for formation of the blood-brain barrier. This in vitro blood-brain barrier model system was used in experiments to determine the permeability of the cultured monolayer to sucrose, leucine, and propranolol. Leucine rapidly moved across the monolayers of this in vitro system and tended to plateau after approximately 10 min. In contrast, the rates of sucrose and propranolol movement were linear during a 1-hr observation period, with the rate of propranolol movement across the monolayer greater than that of sucrose. The ability to detect differences in the permeability of the monolayers to leucine, propranolol, and sucrose with radioactive tracers suggests that this in vitro model system will be an important tool for the investigation of the role of the blood-brain barrier in the delivery of centrally acting drugs and nutrients.

Contributions of audition and vision to temporal rate perception.

Abstract: Two experiments demonstrated that when both vision and audition are providing information about temporal rates in the range of 4 to 10 Hz, audition has a much stronger influence on the bimodal percept than does vision. This case of auditory “dominance” over vision was shown to be neither the result of a difference between the sensory modalities in perceived intensity nor all artifact of the magnitude estimation procedure used by the subject to indicate perceived rate. It was concluded that these results provide support for a “modality appropriateness” hypothesis of the relative contribution of various sensory modalities in multimodal perception.

Proterozoic history of the midcontinent region of North America

Abstract: Age and petrographic data from the buried basement of the midcontinent region of North America, integrated with information from exposed rocks and magnetic- and gravity-anomaly maps, allow much of the Proterozoic history of the region to be assembled. The Superior craton may be traced into the subsurface on the basis of characteristic magnetic patterns and limited age data. The region between the Superior craton and the Wyoming craton to the west is evidently underlain by southerly extension of the Trans-Hudson orogen of Canada. The Penokean orogen formed on the southern margin of the Superior craton 1890–1830 Ma, but is not inferred west of northwestern Iowa in the subsurface. Between 1780 and 1720 Ma, a major orogen developed along the southern margin of the continent and is exposed in Arizona and Colorado. These rocks are volcanogenic and, for the most part, juvenile additions to the crust; they can be traced beneath the plains as far as eastern Kansas and Nebraska. Another orogen formed farther to the south about 1700–1630 Ma and is exposed in southern Arizona and New Mexico; rocks of this age and type have beer, traced as far east as central Missouri but may extend as far as central Michigan. A major geophysical feature of the midcontinent is a system of northwest-trending magnetic and gravity anomalies in Missouri, Kansas, and Nebraska; the origin of these is not currently understood. The tectonic history of the midcontinent between 1480 and 1340 Ma was dominated by extensional formation of two widespread granite-rhyolite terranes that evidently were formed from, and overlie, the orogenic provinces. The older, formed 1450–1480 Ma, underlies the eastern midcontinent, whereas the younger, formed 1340–1400 Ma, underlies the southwestern midcontinent. The latest Proterozoic events were the formation of the midcontinent rift system and the collisional Grenville and Llano provinces about 1100 Ma.

Employee voice and employee retention.

Abstract: This study investigates the relationship between the extent to which employees have opportunities to voice dissatisfaction and voluntary turnover in 111 short-term, general care hospitals. Results show that, whether or not a union is present, high numbers of mechanisms for employee voice are associated with high retention rates. Implications for theory and research as well as management practice are discussed.

A phylogenetic analysis of recent anseriform genera using morphological characters

Abstract: --A phylogenetic analysis of all Recent genera of the Anseriformes using 120 morphological characters supports much of the current consensus regarding intraordinal relationships. I found that (1) Anseranas hould be placed in a monotypic family; (2) Dendrocygna, Thalassornis, geese and swans, and Stictonetta re paraphyletic to the rest of the Anatidae; (3) Cereopsis the sister group to Anser and Branta, and Coscoroba is the sister group to Cygnus and Olor; (4) Plectropterus i the sister group to the Tadorninae (shelducks) and the Anatinae (typical ducks); (5) the shelducks are monophyletic and include Sarkidiornis (provisionally), Malacorhynchus, Hymenolaimus, Merganetta, and Tachyeres; (6) the tribe \"Cairinini\" (\"perching ducks\") is an unnatural, polyphyletic assemblage and is rejected; (7) the dabbling ducks (including the smaller \"perching ducks\") comprise an unresolved, probably paraphyletic group; (8) tribal monophyly of the pochards (including Marmaronetta nd Rhodonessa), sea ducks (including the eiders), and stiff-tailed ducks (including Heteronetta) is confirmed; and (9) the retention of Mergellus and resurrection of Noraonyx are recommended based on clarifications of intratribal relationships. Problematic groups, effects of homoplasy, phenetic comparisons, life-history correlates, biogeographic patterns, and fossil species are discussed, and a phylogenetic classification of Recent genera is proposed. Received 18 November 1985, accepted 2 April 1986. THE order Anseriformes is considered to comprise the families Anhimidae (2 genera, 3 species) and Anatidae (approximately 43 genera and 150 species). The family Anatidae is undoubtedly one of the best-studied groups of birds, owing largely to the historical importance of waterfowl for hunting (Weller 1964a), domestication (Delacour 1964a), and aviculture (Delacour 1964b). The classification of the Anatidae proposed by Delacour and Mayr (1945) has been followed, with only minor revisions, in recent decades (e.g. Delacour 1954, 1956, 1959, 1964c; Johnsgard 1961a, 1962, 1965a, 1978, 1979; Woolfenden 1961; Frith 1967; Bellrose 1976; Palmer 1976; A.O.U. 1983; Bottjer 1983; Scott 1985). Perhaps the most innovative aspect of this system (inspired by the works of Salvadori 1895; Phillips 1922, 1923, 1925; and Peters 1931) was the erection of \"tribes,\" groups of genera that were considered to be closely related within the subfamilies of the Anatidae. These tribes became the primary focus of subsequent works on anatid classification, many of which addressed the tribal assignments of problematic genera (e.g. Humphrey and Butsch 1958; Johnsgard 1960a, 1961b; Humphrey and Ripley 1962; Davies and Frith 1964; Raikow 1971; Kear and Murton 1973). Most authors assumed the validity of the tribes and used them as working units in phylogenetic analyses of the family (e.g. Johnsgard 1961a, Bottjer 1983). A few workers named additional tribes (Moynihan 1958, Delacour 1959, Woolfenden 1961, Weller 1968b) or attempted to test the naturalness of those originally proposed (Cotter 1957, Woolfenden 1961, Brush 1976). Behavioral characters have been accorded considerable weight in classifications of waterfowl. Delacour and Mayr (1945) based their revision on characters they considered to be \"non-adaptive,\" including behavioral displays, nesting and feeding habits, and selected morphological characters (e.g. posture, body proportions, head shape, syringeal bulla). Reliance on comparative ethology in anatid systematics was furthered by the studies of Lorenz (19511953), McKinney (1953), and Myres (1959) and was increased significantly by Johnsgard (1960a-c, 1961a-d, 1962, 1964, 1965a, b, 1966a, b, 1967, 1978), whose work was largely ethological and influenced profoundly by that of Delacour (1954, 1956, 1959, 1964c). This emphasis, work on interspecific hybridization 737 The Auk 103: 737-754. October 1986 738 BRADLEY C. LIVEZEY [Auk, Vol. 103 (Sibley 1957; Gray 1958; Johnsgard 1960d, 1963), and study of plumage patterns of downy young (Delacour 1954, 1956, 1959; Frith 1955, 1964b; Kear 1967) were prompted in part by the opportunity to observe waterfowl in avicultural collections. Other data used in the classification of waterfowl include syringeal anatomy (Humphrey 1955, 1958; Johnsgard 1961e), cytogenetics (Yamashina 1952), serology (Cotter 1957, Bottjer 1983), osteology (DeMay 1940, Verheyen 1955, Humphrey and Butsch 1958, Woolfenden 1961, Humphrey and Ripley 1962, Raikow 1971), feather lice (Timmermann 1963), eggshell structure (Tyler 1964), egg-white proteins (Sibley 1960, Sibley and Ahlquist 1972), feather proteins (Brush 1976), royology (Zusi and Bentz 1978), lipids from the uropygial gland (Jacob and Glaser 1975, Jacob 1982), and mitochondrial DNA (Kessler and Avise 1984). These studies, with the possible exceptions of those by Lorenz (1953) and Kessler and Avise (1984), estimated the evolutionary relationships of groups by assessments of overall similarities; no attempts were made to determine primitive conditions or to distinguish shared primitive characters from shared derived characters (\"special\" similarity). Moreover, the \"evolutionary trees\" presented in most of these works lack references to the specific characters used to support the branching patterns (e.g. Delacour and Mayr 1945; Johnsgard 1961a, 1978; Woolfenden 1961). I performed a phylogenetic (cladistic) analysis of Recent genera of Anseriformes using 120 morphological characters. I present a hypothetical evolutionary tree for the order, consider the taxonomic implications, and discuss selected life-history and biogeographic correlates and the classification of selected fossil species. Many of the characters were described first in the pioneering work of Woolfenden (1961), to whom I dedicate this paper.

Serum osteocalcin is increased in patients with hyperthyroidism and decreased in patients receiving glucocorticoids.

Abstract: Osteocalcin (OC) is a vitamin K-dependent protein which is synthesized by osteoblasts and is present in the circulation. We measured serum OC concentrations in 10 patients receiving corticosteroids (CS) for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and in 9 hyperthyroid (HT) patients. Mean values ( +/- SE) were as follows: There was a significant correlation between OC and alkaline phosphatase (r = 0.607; P = 0.006) when CS and HT groups were combined. Elevated serum OC concentrations in hyperthyroid patients may reflect increased osteoblastic activity, while decreased levels in corticosteroid-treated patients may reflect decreased osteoblastic activity.

A serum ferritin assay for prevalence studies of iron deficiency

Abstract: A specialized serum ferritin assay has been developed for the detection of iron deficiency in epidemiologic studies. An enzyme immunoassay (EIA) was employed to eliminate the need for radioisotopes. The problem of low sensitivity inherent with the EIA for serum ferritin was eliminated by the use of monoclonal immunologic reagents. The working range of the assay is 1-100 micrograms/L with a sensitivity of 0.5 micrograms/L. Excellent agreement in serum ferritin levels was observed between the present method and the two-site immunoradiometric assay (IRMA), while the variability at low ferritin concentrations was significantly less with the EIA. Because only 10 microliter of serum is required for each assay, duplicate measurements can be performed on a single capillary tube of blood. When an automatic microtiter plate reader for optical density measurements is used, 80-100 duplicate determinations can be completed by one technologist in a single working day.

Elevated MMPI scores for hypochondriasis, depression, and hysteria in patients with rheumatoid arthritis reflect disease rather than psychological status.

Abstract: The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) scales for Hypochondriasis, Depression, and Hysteria were studied in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The RA patients showed elevated scores on these scales, and these results are similar to those reported in each of 6 published studies. The elevated MMPI scale scores can be explained largely by 5 "disease-related" MMPI statements which met 2 criteria: they were among 11 of the 117 MMPI statements that two-thirds of rheumatologists predicted would be RA-associated; and RA patients and normal subjects differed significantly in their responses to these statements. The responses of RA patients and normal subjects to most other statements in the MMPI Hypochondriasis, Depression, and Hysteria scales were quite similar. In RA patients, responses to "disease-related" statements were correlated with results of measures of disease activity, which indicates that responses to these MMPI items reflect the severity, as well as the presence, of RA. These findings suggest that new criteria are needed for validation of the MMPI as a clinical tool for the recognition of hypochondriasis, depression, and hysteria in a patient who has RA.

Effect of Women Science Career Role Models on Early Adolescents' Attitudes toward Scientists and Women in Science.

Abstract: In order to change the attitude of early adolescent female and male students toward scientists and women in science, students in the middle school/junior high grades were exposed over a two months' period to women science career role models as part of their science instruction. This treatment positively affected the students' attitude toward scientists and toward women in science. It is suggested that teachers of science in the middle school/junior high should periodically bring community resource people who use science in their careers to the classroom to act as role models and that women should be included among this group so that the attitudes of both male and female students toward scientists and women in science might be improved.

High-resolution common-depth-point reflection profiling: Field acquisition parameter design

Abstract: The results of a seismic reflection profiling exercise are strongly dependent upon parameters used in field recording. The choice of parameters is determined by objectives of the survey, available resources, and geolog­ ic locality. Some simple modeling and/or a walkaway noise survey are helpful in choice of field parameters. Filtering data before analog-to-digital conversion in the field can help overcome limitations in the dynamic range of the seismograph. Source and geophone arrays can be used to a limited extent in high-resolution sur­ veys to help attenuate ground roll. Proper planting of geophones can be an important factor in obtaining the flattest spectral response. Various seismic energy sources provide the flattest spectral response. Various seismic energy sources provide different spectral character and varying degrees of convenience and cost.

The combination of evidence

Abstract: This article provides a historical and conceptual perspective on the contrast between the Bayesian and belief function approaches to the probabilistic combination of evidence. It emphasizes the simplest example of non-Bayesian belief-function combination of evidence, which was developed by Hooper in the 1680s.

Genetic evidence suggests that homosporous ferns with high chromosome numbers are diploid.

Abstract: Homosporous ferns have usually been considered highly polyploid because they have high chromosome numbers (average n = 57.05). In angiosperms, species with chromosome numbers higher than n = 14 generally have more isozymes than those with lower numbers, consistent with their polyploidy. By extrapolation, homosporous ferns would be expected to have many isozymes. However, ongoing surveys indicate that within fern genera, species having the lowest chromosome numbers have the number of isozymes considered typical of diploid seed plants. Only species above these lowest numbers have additional isozymes. Therefore, homosporous ferns either have gone through repeated cycles of polyploidy and gene silencing or were initiated with relatively high chromosome numbers. The latter possibility represents a radical departure from currently advocated hypotheses of fern evolution and suggests that there may be fundamental differences between the genomes of homosporous ferns and those of higher plants. These hypotheses can be tested by genetic, karyological, and molecular techniques.