Showing papers by "University of North Texas published in 1994"
TL;DR: The contextual factors of entrepreneurship consist of social, political, and economic variables such as displacement, changes in markets, and government deregulation (Bird, 1988) as discussed by the authors. But, as stated by Bird, these factors are not independent of each other.
Abstract: The contextual factors of entrepreneurship consist of social, political, and economic variables such as displacement, changes in markets, and government deregulation (Bird, 1988). Entrepreneurial i...
1,797 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a cross-national study seeks to explain variations in governmental repression of human rights to personal integrity (state terrorism) in a 153-country sample during the eighties.
Abstract: This crossnational study seeks to explain variations in governmental repression of human rights to personal integrity (state terrorism) in a 153-country sample during the eighties. We outline theoretical perspectives on this topic and subject them to empirical tests using a technique appropriate for our pooled cross-sectional time-series design, namely, ordinary least squares with robust standard errors and a lagged dependent variable. We find democracy and participation in civil or international war to have substantively important and statistically significant effects on repression. The effects of economic development and population size are more modest. The hypothesis linking leftist regime types to abuse of personal integrity rights receives some support. We find no reliable evidence that population growth, British cultural influence, military control, or economic growth affect levels of repression. We conclude by considering the implications of our findings for scholars and practitioners concerned with the prevention of personal integrity abuse.
907 citations
TL;DR: The administration of therapy for M. tuberculosis infection under direct observation leads to significant reductions in the frequency of primarydrug resistance, acquired drug resistance, and relapse among patients with tuberculosis in Tarrant County, Texas.
Abstract: Background Tuberculosis has reemerged as an important public health problem, and the frequency of drug resistance is increasing. A major reason for the development of resistant infections and relapse is poor compliance with medical regimens. In Tarrant County, Texas, we initiated a program of universal directly observed treatment for tuberculosis. We report the effect of the program on the rates of primary and acquired drug resistance and relapse among patients with tuberculosis. Methods We collected information on all patients with positive cultures for Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Tarrant County from January 1, 1980, through December 31, 1992. Through October 1986, patients received a traditional, unsupervised drug regimen. Beginning in November 1986, nearly all patients received therapy under direct observation by health care personnel. Results A total of 407 episodes in which patients received traditional treatment for tuberculosis (January 1980 through October 1986) were compared with 581 episodes i...
578 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors identify green issues, those dimensions of environmental concern currently viewed as important by consumers, and discuss relationships between consumers' perceptions of green issues and marketing strategies, at a time when consumers are increasingly aware of environmental problems.
457 citations
TL;DR: The authors compared the ability of narcissism and self-esteem to predict positive illusions in self-evaluations of intelligence and physical attractiveness in a sample of 146 college students and found that both males and females overestimated their own intelligence, with males, but not females, also overestimating their attractiveness.
Abstract: In this study we compared the ability of narcissism and self-esteem to predict positive illusions in self-evaluations of intelligence and physical attractiveness in a sample of 146 college students. Narcissism predicted both types of illusion for males and females; self-esteem predicted intelligence self-illusion for males. Both males and females overestimated their own intelligence, with males, but not females, also overestimating their attractiveness. Positive illusions for intelligence and attractiveness were correlated. Males showed greater positive illusions than females, with this effect at least partly attributable to observed gender differences in narcissism.
453 citations
TL;DR: Evoked potentials were used to help identify the timing, location, and intensity of the information-processing stages applied to faces and words in humans using intracranial recordings in 33 patients with depth electrodes implanted for drug-resistant epilepsy.
Abstract: Evoked potentials (EPs) were used to help identify the timing, location, and intensity of the information-processing stages applied to faces and words in humans. EP generators were localized using intracranial recordings in 33 patients with depth electrodes implanted in order to direct surgical treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy. While awaiting spontaneous seizure onset, the patients gave their fully informed consent to perform cognitive tasks. Depth recordings were obtained from 1198 sites in the occipital, temporal and parietal cortices, and in the limbic system (amygdala, hippocampal formation and posterior cingulate gyrus). Twenty-three patients received a declarative memory recognition task in which faces of previously unfamiliar young adults without verbalizable distinguishing features were exposed for 300 ms every 3 s; 25 patients received an analogous task using words. For component identification, some patients also received simple auditory (21 patients) or visual (12 patients) discrimination tasks. Eight successive EP stages preceding the behavioral response (at about 600 ms) could be distinguished by latency, and each of 14 anatomical structures was found to participate in 2–8 of these stages. The earliest response, an N75-P105, focal in the most medial and posterior of the leads implanted in the occipital lobe (lingual g), was probably generated in visual cortical areas 17 and 18. These components were not visible in response to words, presumably because words were presented foveally. A focal evoked alpha rhythm to both words and faces was also noted in the lingual g. This was followed by an N130-P180-N240 focal and polarity-inverting in the basal occipitotemporal cortex (fusiform g, probably areas 19 and 37). In most cases, the P180 was evoked only by faces, and not by words, letters or symbols. Although largest in the fusiform g this sequence of potentials (especially the N240) was also observed in the supramarginal g, posterior superior and middle temporal g, posterior cingulate g, and posterior hippocampal formation. The N130, but not later components of this complex, was observed in the anterior hippocampus and amygdala. Faces only also evoked longer-latency potentials up to 600 ms in the right fusiform g. Words only evoked a series of potentials beginning at 190 ms and extending to 600 ms in the fusiform g and near the angular g (especially left). Both words and faces evoked a N150-P200-PN260 in the lingual g, and posterior inferior and middle temporal g. A N310-N430-P630 sequence to words and faces was largest and polarity-inverted in the hippocampal formation and amygdala, but was also probably locally-generated in many sites including the lingual g, lateral occipitotemporal cortex, middle and superior temporal g, temporal pole, supramarginal g, and posterior cingulate g. The P660 had the same distribution as has been noted for the P3b to rare target simple auditory and visual stimuli in ‘oddball’ tasks, with inversions in the hippocampus. In several sites, the N310 and N430 were smaller to repeated faces, and the P630 was larger. Putative information-processing functions were tentatively assigned to successive EP components based upon their cognitive correlates, as well as the functions and connections of their generating structures. For the N75-P105, this putative function is simple feature detection in primary visual cortex (V1 and V2). The N130-P180-N240 may embody structural face encoding in posterobasal inferotemporal cortex (homologous to V4?), with the results being spread widely to inferotemporal, multimodal and paralimbic cortices. For words, similar visual-form encoding (in fusiform g) or visual-phonemic encoding (in angular g) may occur between 150 and 280 ms. During the N310, faces and words may be multiply encoded for form and identity (inferotemporal), emotional (amygdala), recent declarative mnestic (hippocampal formation), and semantic (supramarginal and superior temporal sulcal supramodal cortices) characteristics. These multiple characteristics may be contextually integrated across inferotemporal, supramodal association, and limbic cortices during the N430, with cognitive closure following in the P630. In sum, visual information arrives at area 17 by about 75 ms, and is structurally-encoded in occipito-temporal cortex during the next 110 ms. By 150–200 ms after stimulus onset, activation has spread to parietal, lateral temporal, and limbic cortices, all of which continue to participate with the more posterior areas for the next 500 ms of event-encoding. Thus, face and word processing is serial in the sense that it can be divided into successive temporal stages, but highly parallel in that (after the initial stages where visual primitives are extracted) multiple anatomical areas with distinct perceptual, mnestic and emotional functions are engaged simultaneously. Consequently, declarative memory and emotional encoding can participate in early stages of perceptual, as well as later stages of cognitive integration. Conversely, occipitotemporal cortex is involved both early in processing (immediately after V1), as well as later, in the N430. That is, most stages of face and word processing appear to take advantage of the rich ‘upstream’ and ‘downstream’ anatomical connections in the ventral visual processing stream to link the more strictly perceptual networks with semantic, emotional, and mnestic networks.
372 citations
TL;DR: The correlational findings are consistent with the view that the corpus callosum participates in such higher order "control" functions as the support of bilateral representation of language, functional interhemispheric inhibition, and the maintenance of hemispheric differences in arousal.
284 citations
TL;DR: EP components related to early sensory processing were most prominent in lateral prefrontal, to orienting in medial limbic, to word-specific processing in Broca's area, to cognitive integration in ventro-lateral prefrontal, and to response organization in premotor cortices.
Abstract: Evoked potentials (EPs) were recorded directly from 650 frontal and peri-Rolandic sites in 26 subjects during face and/or word recognition, as well as during control tasks (simple auditory and visual discrimination). Electrodes were implanted in order to localize epileptogenic foci resistant to medication, and thus direct their surgical removal. While awaiting spontaneous seizure onset, the patients gave informed consent to perform cognitive tasks during intracerebral EEG recording. The earliest potentials appeared to be related to sensory stimulation, were prominent in lateral prefrontal cortex, and occurred at peak latencies of about 150 and 190 ms. A small triphasic complex beginning slightly later (peak latencies about 200-285-350 ms) appeared to correspond to the scalp N2-P3a-slow wave, associated with non-specific orienting. Multiple components peaking from 280 to 900 ms, and apparently specific to words were occasionally recorded in the left inferior frontal g, pars triangularis (Broca's area). Components peaking at about 430 and 600 ms were recorded in all parts of the prefrontal cortex, but were largest (up to 180 microV) and frequently polarity-inverted in the ventro-lateral prefrontal cortex. These components appeared to represent the N4-P3b, which have been associated with contextual integration and cognitive closure. Finally, a late negativity (650-900 ms) was recorded in precentral and premotor cortices, probably corresponding to a peri-movement readiness potential. In summary, EP components related to early sensory processing were most prominent in lateral prefrontal, to orienting in medial limbic, to word-specific processing in Broca's area, to cognitive integration in ventro-lateral prefrontal, and to response organization in premotor cortices.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
231 citations
TL;DR: It is argued that the scaling observed in these biological data sets is a consequence of the Levy statistics of the underlying processes, and Levy stable statistics in being more inclusive may be an even more useful design principle.
230 citations
TL;DR: This article examined the influence of individuals and disciplines on international business research and identified researchers such as Dunning, Porter, Vernon, Casson, Rugman, and Hofstede as having made significant contributions.
Abstract: In this paper we use citational analysis to examine the influence of individuals and disciplines on international business research. We collected citational data over the ten-year period 1984 to 1993 from every issue of the Journal of International Business Studies. We found that management, economics, marketing, and finance disciplines have had significant influence on international business research and identified researchers such as Dunning, Porter, Vernon, Casson, Rugman, and Hofstede as having made significant contributions to international business research.
196 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1994TL;DR: Computers and computation the discrete neuron the Boolean neuron alternating circuits small, shallow alternating circuits threshold circuits cyclic networks probabilistic neural networks.
Abstract: Computers and computation the discrete neuron the Boolean neuron alternating circuits small, shallow alternating circuits threshold circuits cyclic networks probabilistic neural networks.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed three models to explain why certain persons malinger mental illness: pathogenic, criminological, and adaptational, and the relevance of these findings to theory and clinical practice is discussed.
Abstract: Rogers (1990a, 1990b) proposed three models to explain why certain persons malinger mental illness: pathogenic, criminological, and adaptational. Highly experinced forensic experts (N=320) performed prototypical ratings on attributes associated with each model: the highest ratings were given to the adaptational model. In addition, a principal components analysis provided initial empirical support for these three explanatory models. The relevance of these findings to theory and clinical practice is discussed.
TL;DR: With the widespread adoption of the MMPI-2 as an assessment tool, psychologists are frequently required to make important decisions regarding the validity of its clinical profiles and a determinati... as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: With the widespread adoption of the MMPI-2 as an assessment tool, psychologists are frequently required to make important decisions regarding the validity of its clinical profiles and a determinati...
TL;DR: In this paper, cognitive processes are used as mediators in the relationships between feedback and environmental inputs and leadership behaviors, including working memory, attribution, expectation, schema, script, and strategy processes.
Abstract: Cognitive processes constructs provide a framework for analysis of transformational leadership and transactional leadership behaviors. Working memory, attribution, expectation, schema, script, and strategy processes are viewed as mediators in the relationships between feedback and environmental inputs and leadership behaviors. While these processes are the bases for both transformational and transactional leadership behaviors, the specific cognitive content differs between them. Whether an individual leads by developing a vision and enlisting subordinates' ego involvement in it or by setting goals and structuring tasks, depends upon the content of relevant schemata and scripts. This content is developed through experiences in similar situations or through vicarious learning. Literature relevant to the leadership and cognitive processes areas is reviewed, propositions are presented, and implications for research and practice are discussed.
TL;DR: The authors found that presidents are led to use greater levels of military force the greater the threat to the nation's overseas defense commitments and their own domestic reputation for taking forceful action, and the less likely the threat of confrontation with the Soviet Union.
Abstract: During the Cold War American presidents have used military force in support of U.S. foreign policy over 200 times (Blechman and Kaplan, 1978; Zelikow, 1986). In order to explain and predict this activity, I develop a model of presidential decision making that incorporates the concept of an "opportunity to use force" which most previous research has neglected. I hypothesize that presidents are led to use greater levels of military force the greater the threat to the nation's overseas defense commitments and their own domestic reputation for taking forceful action, and the less likely the threat of confrontation with the Soviet Union. I examine 458 international crises from 1948 through 1988, and using tobit analysis I find that most of the hypothesized relationships are statistically significant. The findings support the value of using opportunities to use force as the unit of analysis and the greater impact of international versus domestic conditions in presidents' decision making.
TL;DR: It is concluded that apparent trends toward healthier habits are not just thinness goals revisited, and time-trend analyses indicated a decrease in emphasis on weight loss in women's magazines over the period studied, and a statistical trend for an increase in weight loss focus in men's magazines.
Abstract: The media have been heavily implicated as sources of overconcern with body focus, attractiveness, and thinness, primarily for women. Attendant negative consequences are widely assumed. Yet there appears to be a recent media trend to concern with physical health and fitness, rather than just appearance. This trend has not been empirically assessed. Further, previous research has not adequately explored the possibility that there may be an assortment of physical ideals represented in the media, which may vary according to the different audiences being targeted. The current study assessed magazine article content, examining gender differences, time trends, and magazine audience type. Four types of article content were examined: health, fitness, beauty, and weight loss, in an attempt to capture the major aspects of body focus. The numbers of articles containing such content were tallied, over a 12-year period, in a sample of magazines oriented to three distinct audiences: traditional, high fashion, and modern. Huge gender differences were obtained, with female-targeted magazines not surprisingly outstripping male-targeted ones for all content categories assessed. There were also clear differences in content between magazine types. Time-trend analyses indicated a decrease in emphasis on weight loss in women's magazines over the period studied, and a statistical trend for an increase in weight loss focus in men's magazines. We conclude that apparent trends toward healthier habits are not just thinness goals revisited.
TL;DR: This paper showed that rural enterprise growth is typically a demand-driven spinoff of agricultural growth, as well as in the rural household studies that have shown that rural enterprises provide 20% to 45% of full-time employment and 30% to 50% of rural household income.
Abstract: become increasingly recognized. Earlier empirical studies have indicated that they provide 20% to 45% of full-time employment and 30% to 50% of rural household income (Chuta and Liedholm; Haggblade, Hazell, and Brown). This is also reflected in the agricultural growth linkage literature (e.g., Haggblade and Hazell), where rural enterprise growth is typically a demand-driven spinoff of agricultural growth, as well as in the rural household studies that have
TL;DR: In this article, the utility of location-allocation models for improving accessibility to services in the Third World was demonstrated using data from the Suhum District of Ghana in the Ghanaian Volta Region.
Abstract: To improve geographical accessibility to health facilities in rural Ghana, it has been recommended that additional health facilities be built. Resource constraints make this recommendation infeasible. Using location-allocation models, this paper demonstrates that in the Suhum District of Ghana substantial improvements in accessibility can be achieved with better locational choices and without additional facilities. Also, additional facilities will produce little improvement in accessibility if location is not explicitly considered. The paper demonstrates the utility of location-allocation models for improving accessibility to services in the Third World.
TL;DR: A paleoclimatic record for a southern Great Plains locality (the Aubrey Clovis site in north-central Texas) has been established using stable carbon and oxygen isotopes as discussed by the authors.
TL;DR: Approximate wave functions used to model ([ital e],2[ital e]) angular correlation measurments are obtained andputed and measured angular correlations are compared to clarify the region of applicability of two approximations.
Abstract: Briggs's representation [Phys. Rev. A 41, 539 (1990)] of the Moller wave operator for multiparticle wave functions is applied to charged fragments using a limiting procedure to correctly account for the slow decrease of Coulomb interactions with distance. Approximate wave functions used to model ([ital e],2[ital e]) angular correlation measurments are obtained. Computed and measured angular correlations are compared to clarify the region of applicability of two approximations.
TL;DR: This article found that major league salaries generally coincide with estimated marginal revenue products, though significant deviations exist, and that experienced players are paid in accord with their productivity; young players, however, are paid less than their marginal revenue product, on average.
Abstract: Previous researchers found that baseball players under the reserve clause had been paid considerably less than their contributions to club revenues. We ask, has the new contractual system of free agency and final-offer arbitration brought baseball salaries into line with marginal revenue products? Using public data for the 1986 and 1987 seasons, our basic answer is yes, major league salaries generally coincide with estimated marginal revenue products, though significant deviations exist. Experienced players are paid in accord with their productivity; young players, however, are paid less than their marginal revenue product, on average. This result is closely related to the market structure within baseball.
TL;DR: The results show that human choice is sensitive to the manipulation of exchange delays and that impulsive preference can be obtained with exchange delays on the order of weeks.
Abstract: Choice responding by adult humans in a discrete-trial task was examined as a function of conditions that manipulated either the delay to point delivery or the delay between points and their exchange for money. In point-delay conditions, subjects chose between an "impulsive" alternative that provided a small amount of points immediately and a "self-control" alternative that provided a larger amount of points delayed by 15, 30, or 60 s. Points were exchanged for money immediately following the session. Subjects preferred the self-control alternative. In exchange-delay conditions, subjects chose between a small amount of points exchangeable for money immediately following the session and a larger amount of points exchangeable for money after 1 day, 3 weeks, or 6 weeks. A self-control preference observed for all subjects in the 1-day exchange-delay condition reversed to exclusive impulsive preference for 4 of the 6 subjects when choice conditions involved exchange delays of 3 or 6 weeks. These results show that human choice is sensitive to the manipulation of exchange delays and that impulsive preference can be obtained with exchange delays on the order of weeks.
TL;DR: Flow characteristics within the closed chamber, optical properties, pH maintenance, and schemes for drug addition are described.
TL;DR: The purpose of this study was to determine the validity of the Caltrac accelerometer for estimating 24-h energy expenditure (EE) in children and adolescents and a significant multiple correlation between calorimeter values and a combination ofCaltrac activity counts and body weight suggested these variables could be useful for daily EE estimation.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the validity of the Caltrac accelerometer for estimating 24-h energy expenditure (EE) in children and adolescents. EE for 40 girls (13.0 +/- 1.8 yr) was assessed for 24 h via indirect calorimetry in whole-room calorimeters. EE and activity level were estimated concurrently by two Caltrac accelerometers placed on the subjects at each hip. Significant correlations (P < 0.001) resulted between Caltrac estimates and calorimeter values for 24-h total EE (TEE, r = 0.80), sedentary daily EE (SDEE, r = 0.84), and waking EE (WEE, r = 0.85). Nonetheless, the Caltrac significantly (P < 0.001) underestimated EE in all experimental conditions (TEE: -13.3 +/- 8.6%; SDEE: -6.8 +/- 7.3%; WEE: -30.4 +/- 8.5%). A significant multiple correlation between calorimeter values and a combination of Caltrac activity counts and body weight (R = 0.86, P < 0.001) suggested these variables could be useful for daily EE estimation. Additional analyses indicated that as EE increased, the absolute difference between Caltrac and calorimeter values also increased. The significant correlations between Caltrac and calorimeter values suggest the Caltrac may be useful for assessing daily caloric expenditure for groups of children.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The accuracy of estimates of anaerobic capacity derived using the critical power concept can best be ensured by accepting values only when all three models provide the same value and/or when the SEE of the AWC estimate is small.
Abstract: Estimates of anaerobic work capacity (AWC) were determined in 26 subjects using the critical power concept. AWC estimates were derived using three mathematically equivalent models: nonlinear power-time, linear power-1/time, and linear work-time. We hypothesized that large variability between estimates generated using the three models might reflect systematic error in the data and that large standard errors of estimate (SEE) might reflect random error. Therefore, subjects were grouped according to the variability in the three AWC estimates and according to the magnitude of the SEE of the parameter estimates. Then AWC estimates were compared to a criterion measure of anaerobic capacity, namely maximal oxygen deficit. When variability in the AWC estimates was low (< 10%), all provided accurate measures of oxygen deficit; also, when SEE were low, estimates were accurate. When variability was high, mean AWC estimates derived using linear models differed from oxygen deficit by over 15%; when SEE were high, mean AWC estimates derived using all models differed from oxygen deficit by over 10%. It is concluded that the accuracy of estimates of anaerobic capacity derived using the critical power concept can best be ensured by accepting values only when all three models provide the same value and/or when the SEE of the AWC estimate is small.
TL;DR: In this paper, the Julia set of a rational map with no nonperiodic recurrent critical points is shown to be positive and finite, where h is the Hausdorff dimension and h 1/2 is the packing dimension.
Abstract: Let h be the Hausdorff dimension of the Julia set of a rational map with no nonperiodic recurrent critical points. We give necessary and sufficient conditions for h-dimensional Hausdorff measure and h-dimensional packing measure of the Julia set to be positive and finite. We also show that either the Julia set is the whole Riemann sphere or h 1/2.
TL;DR: Previous research fails to confirm these cutting scores and leading proponents of the MMPI-2 substantially disagree on what methods to employ, so it is recommended in cases of suspected malingering that the M MPi-2 be used only for screening purposes.
Abstract: The MMPI and more recently the MMPI-2 have been held to be the clinical standard for assessing both fake-good and fake-bad response styles. In a contrasted-groups design, we compared simulators under fake-good (n = 67) and fake-bad (n = 58) instructions to controls (n = 90) and psychiatric patients (n = 95) under standard instructions. For fake-good profiles, we found that F-K 89 and F-K > 7 were the optimum cutting scores with hit rates of 86.2% and 87.0%, respectively. Unfortunately, previous research fails to confirm these cutting scores and leading proponents of the MMPI-2 substantially disagree on what methods to employ. Therefore, we recommend in cases of suspected malingering that the MMPI-2 be used only for screening purposes.
TL;DR: This paper reviewed the literature on supervisor training and development, focusing on characteristics of the ideal supervisor, theories of supervisor development, ethical and professional issues, and recommendations for supervisor training, and the role of the supervisor in the supervisory dyad.
Abstract: While increased attention has been focused on the topic of clinical supervision, most of the theoretical writing and empirical research to date has emphasized issues pertaining to the supervisee. As a result, the role of the supervisor in the supervisory dyad has received relatively little attention in spite of its critical function in the supervisory process. This article examines the literature on supervisor training and development. Specifically, four topic areas are reviewed: (a) characteristics of the “ideal” supervisor, (b) theories of supervisor development, (c) ethical and professional issues, and (d) recommendations for supervisor training.
TL;DR: A new derivation from first principle is given of the energy-time uncertainty relation in quantum mechanics, and a canonical transformation is made in clusical mechanic that creates a new canonical coordinate T, which is called tempu, co~ugate to the energy.
Abstract: A derivation from first principles is given of the energy-time uncertainty relation in quantum mechanics. A canonical transformation is made in classical mechanics to a new canonical momentum, which is energy E, and a new canonical coordinate T, which is called tempus, conjugate to the energy. Tempus T, the canonical coordinate conjugate to the energy, is conceptually different from the time t in which the system evolves. The Poisson bracket is a canonical invariant, so that energy and tempus satisfy the same Poisson bracket as do p and q. When the system is quantized, we find the energy-time uncertainty relation \ensuremath{\Delta}E\ensuremath{\Delta}T\ensuremath{\ge}\ensuremath{\Elzxh}/2. For a conservative system the average of the tempus operator T^ is the time t plus a constant. For a free particle and a particle acted on by a constant force, the tempus operators are constructed explicitly, and the energy-time uncertainty relation is explicitly verified.
29 Mar 1994
TL;DR: Under a reasonable model of inter-band prediction, the author has shown how to efficiently compute the optimal compression band ordering and formalized the restrictions that arise when bands need to be extracted individually from a compressed archive.
Abstract: The author has extensively studied the benefits and problems associated with reordering the bands of a multispectral image for performing lossless compression. Under a reasonable model of inter-band prediction, he has shown how to efficiently compute the optimal compression band ordering. In addition, he has formalized the restrictions that arise when bands need to be extracted individually from a compressed archive, and has shown that computing the optimal ordering under these restrictions is NP-hard, except in the most simple case. >