Showing papers by "University of Pamplona published in 2015"

Filamentous fungi from extreme environments as a promising source of novel bioactive secondary metabolites.

Abstract: Natural product search is undergoing resurgence upon the discovery of a huge previously unknown potential for secondary metabolite (SM) production hidden in microbial genomes. This is also the case for filamentous fungi, since their genomes contain a high number of “orphan” SM gene clusters. Recent estimates indicate that only 5% of existing fungal species have been described, thus the potential for the discovery of novel metabolites in fungi is huge. In this context, fungi thriving in harsh environments are of particular interest since they are outstanding producers of unusual chemical structures. At present, there are around 16 genomes from extreme environment-isolated fungi in databases. In a preliminary analysis of three of these genomes we found that several of the predicted SM gene clusters are probably involved in the biosynthesis of compounds not yet described. Genome mining strategies allow the exploitation of the information in genome sequences for the discovery of new natural compounds. The synergy between genome mining strategies and the expected abundance of secondary metabolites in fungi from extreme environments is a promising path to discover new natural compounds as a source of medically useful drugs.

Characterization and evaluation of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) pod husk as a renewable energy source.

Abstract: En Colombia, se espera que la cantidad de cascara de mazorca de cacao (CMC), que usualmente se quema o se deja para descomponer al aire libre en las plantaciones sin ningun control ambiental, llegue a 2 100 000 t ano–1 en 2021. Por ende, este estudio evaluo el potencial energetico de la CMC que se obtiene despues del procesamiento inicial de este fruto (Theobroma cacao L.). Tres materiales biologicos se analizaron: el clon CCN-51 (CMC1), el clon ICS-39 (CMC2) y un hibrido (CMC3), que presentan altos rendimientos y numero de frutos por arbol. Las muestras se examinaron con diferentes tecnicas de caracterizacion para biomasa cruda y cenizas; ademas de los analisis definitivo, aproximado y de valor calorico, se determinaron indices distintos de fouling (densidad de sedimentos) para estimar los fenomenos de formacion de solidos dentro del reactor cuando se usa combustion o gasificacion como proceso de valorizacion termoquimica. Las CMC colombianas contienen niveles relativamente homogeneos de C, H y O, pero contenidos muy heterogeneos de cenizas (de 1.4 a 12.9 wt %). Las tres muestras estudiadas mostraron un contenido alto de K2O en las cenizas (67 a 74 wt %). El valor calorico mas alto (VCA) oscilo de 15 395 a 16 670 kJ kg-1. Ademas, el indice de fouling y el analisis de fusibilidad sugieren la aparicion de fenomenos de aglomeracion y sinterizado cuando se usa CMC como combustible. La gasificacion se propone como el proceso con mayor posibilidad para el uso energetico de CMC. La muestra CMC1 parece permitir una operacion mas estable y flexible, en comparacion con CMC2 y CMC3

The pcz1 gene, which encodes a Zn(II)2Cys6 protein, is involved in the control of growth, conidiation, and conidial germination in the filamentous fungus Penicillium roqueforti.

Abstract: Proteins containing Zn(II)2Cys6 domains are exclusively found in fungi and yeasts. Genes encoding this class of proteins are broadly distributed in fungi, but few of them have been functionally characterized. In this work, we have characterized a gene from the filamentous fungus Penicillium roqueforti that encodes a Zn(II)2Cys6 protein, whose function to date remains unknown. We have named this gene pcz1. We showed that the expression of pcz1 is negatively regulated in a P. roqueforti strain containing a dominant active Gαi protein, suggesting that pcz1 encodes a downstream effector that is negatively controlled by Gαi. More interestingly, the silencing of pcz1 in P. roqueforti using RNAi-silencing technology resulted in decreased apical growth, the promotion of conidial germination (even in the absence of a carbon source), and the strong repression of conidiation, concomitant with the downregulation of the genes of the central conidiation pathway brlA, abaA and wetA. A model for the participation of pcz1 in these physiological processes in P. roqueforti is proposed.

Aedes aegypti anti-salivary gland antibody concentration and dengue virus exposure history in healthy individuals living in an endemic area in Colombia

Abstract: Introduction: Mosquito salivary proteins are able to induce an antibody response that reflects the level of human-vector contact. IgG antibodies against dengue virus (DENV-IgG) are indicators of previous exposure. The risk of DENV transmission is not only associated to mosquito or dengue factors, but also to socioeconomic factors that may play an important role in the disease epidemiology. Objective: To determine the effect of the presence of Aedes aegypti mosquitos in different stages in households and the history of dengue exposure on vector-human contact determined by the level of anti-salivary protein antibodies in people living in a Colombian endemic area. Materials and methods: A pilot study of 58 households and 55 human subjects was conducted in Norte de Santander, Colombia. A questionnaire for socioeconomic factors was administered and houses were examined for the presence of Ae. aegypti specimens in the aquatic stages. The level of DENV-IgG antibodies (DENV-IgG), in addition to IgG and IgM anti- Ae. aegypti salivary gland extract (SGE) antibodies (SGE-IgG, SGE-IgM) were evaluated by ELISA using blood collected in filter paper. Results: We found a significant higher level of SGE-IgG antibodies in subjects living in houses with Ae. aegypti in aquatic stages. We also found a higher concentration of SGE-IgG antibodies in people exposed to DENV, a positive correlation between IgM-SGE and IgG-DENV and a negative correlation with IgG-SGE. Conclusion: Anti-salivary proteins antibodies are consistent with the presence of Ae. aegypti aquatic stages inside houses and DENV-IgG antibodies concentrations.

Uso de drones para el analisis de imágenes multiespectrales en agricultura de precisión

Abstract: En el presente articulo se aborda la problematica relacionada con la escaza implementacion de alternativas tecnologicas de planificacion y los sobrecostos en la atencion de enfermedades que estos presentan, asi como la importancia de la implementacion de herramientas tecnologicas que permitan mejorar la planificacion de las actividades agricolas, predecir danos y tomar decisiones adecuadas ante situaciones que afectan el desarrollo de los cultivos de papa Solanum tuberosum variedad Diacol Capiro en Cundinamarca. Para el efecto, se busco definir los aspectos teoricos y tecnicos que enmarcan el trabajo y evaluar los problemas que se presentan en el desarrollo del cultivo de papa a traves de su respuesta espectral en imagenes de infrarrojo cercano (NIR) de alta resolucion obtenidas con el uso de drones o vehiculos aereos no tripulados (VANT). Los resultados obtenidos demuestran que la respuesta espectral permite identificar caracteristicas de la vegetacion y problemas en el cultivo, (Berrio 2015) de tal forma que se evidencia la viabilidad economica de esta herramienta tecnologica como alternativa para pequenos y grandes agricultores que permite optimizar el desarrollo de los sistemas productivos.

Elementos Fundamentales que Componen la Radio Cognitiva y Asignación de Bandas Espectrales

Abstract: espanolSe describen los elementos fundamentales que componen la radio cognitiva y se analiza la asignacion de bandas espectrales. Dentro de los principales problemas en la insercion de nuevas aplicaciones y tecnologias inalambricas, esta la falta de espectro radioelectrico para su asignacion, debido a la manera ineficiente de distribucion del espectro radioelectrico disponible, que es actualmente asignado de forma estatica. La radio cognitiva nace como un metodo que propone una solucion a la problematica, gestionando dinamicamente el recurso. Una de las etapas que integran esta tecnologia es la decision de espectro, en la que se selecciona y asigna las bandas frecuenciales a partir de los requisitos de calidad de servicio de los usuarios cognitivos. Este articulo plantea una propuesta para el desarrollo de un proyecto de investigacion que optimice el proceso de seleccion de canales reduciendo el tiempo de asignacion para elevar su rendimiento. EnglishFundamental elements of the cognitive radio and assignment of spectral bands are described and analyzed. Among the main problems in the insertion of new applications and wireless technologies is the lack of radio spectrum for allocation due to the inefficient distribution of available radio spectrum, which is statically allocated at present. The cognitive radio paradigm was born as a method for proposing a solution to the problem, dynamically managing the resource. One of the stages that make up this technology is the decision of the spectrum that selects and allocates frequency bands based on quality of service requirements of the cognitive users. This article presents a proposal for the development of a research project that optimizes the selection of channel allocation by reducing the time to improve their performance

Diferencias demográficas y socioeconómicas asociadas al consumo de bebidas azucaradas en niños y adolescentes colombianos

Abstract: Introduction: sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) are becoming a common component in the diets among children and adolescents, and its consumption is associated with an increased risk factors for cardiovascular disease. The aim of the present study was to describe the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages among Colombian children and adolescents and to examine whether differences by demographic and socioeconomic according to gender. Methods: we used data from the 2010 National Nutrition Survey of Colombia (ENSIN 2010) for 10 373 children and adolescents between 5 and 17 years old. SSB intake was based on intake from regular soda and/ or concentrated drinks. Demographic factors (sex, age, ethnicity, urbanicity, area and geographic region) and socioeconomic level (social class) were collected by structured questionnaire. Associations were established through a multivariate logistic regression. All analyzes were calculated by complex samples. Results: nationwide, 23% of girls and 22.4% of boys drank SSB at least once a week. Differences by demographic factors were observed for SSB consumption. In girls, factors associated with a greater odds for SSB intake (≥ 1 time/week) were aged 14 to 17 years old [OR = 1.65 (95%CI = 1.32, 2.06)], living in the central region [OR = 2.42 (95%CI = 1.81, 3.25)] and urban area [OR = 1.77 (95%CI = 1.42, 2.20)]. In boys, the multivariate logistic regression shows that adolescents aged 14 to 17 years old [OR = 1.96 (95%CI = 1.58, 2.24)], living in the national territories (South) [OR = 2.42 (95%CI = 1.77, 3.32)] and urban area [OR = 1.79 (95%CI = 1.45, 2.20)] were associated with a higher probability of SSB consumption. Social class was not associated with SSB intake.

Engaging Foreign Language Learners in a Web 2.0-Mediated Collaborative Learning Process

Abstract: The purpose of this action research was to explore the types of interactions that foreign language learners experience while using a wiki as a supporting tool for a face-to-face research course. This design allowed me to play a dual role: first, I studied my own classroom setting and students. Second, I implemented a pedagogical intervention based on a collaborative online learning interaction. The data were gathered from participants’ posts, and the findings revealed that class tasks promoted an asynchronous voluntary interaction among participants in which they shared knowledge and experiences while expressing the opinions and points of view that enabled them to actively participate in the face-to-face class. El proposito de esta investigacion accion fue explorar el tipo de interacciones que estudiantes de lenguas extranjeras presentaron al utilizar una wiki como herramienta de soporte de un curso presencial. Este diseno me permitio desempenar un doble papel. Por una parte, estudie mi propio salon de clase y estudiantes; por otra, implemente una intervencion pedagogica con base en una interaccion colaborativa en linea. La informacion se recolecto por medio de 128 aportes hechos por los participantes. Los hallazgos revelan que las actividades de clase permitieron una interaccion asincronica voluntaria entre los participantes en la cual ellos compartieron saberes y experiencias, a la vez que expresaron opiniones y puntos de vista que les permitieron participar activamente en la clase presencial.

Water footprint assessment of the Colombian cocoa production

Abstract: O objetivo principal da presente pesquisa e avaliar a pegada hidrica da producao do cacau Colombiano (Theobroma cacao L.). A exigencia hidrica da cultura, tanto quanto a de irrigacao, foi avaliada com base nas condicoes de clima, solo e da cultura no pais. A estimativa da necessidade de agua foi baseada em dados de seis municipios selecionados pela representatividade dos seus maiores niveis de rendimento, produtividade e dinâmica comercial do Brasil. De acordo com os resultados a pegada hidrica atingiu 17,100 m3 t-1. A nivel de provincia, o maior recorde para este parâmetro foi observado em Tolima com 23,239 m3t-1 enquanto Huila registrou o nivel mais baixo, com 13,475 m3 t-1. O consumo de agua por unidade de cultura pode ser influenciado nao so pelas condicoes agro-meteorologicas, mas tambem pelo nivel de producao; portanto, regioes com baixos valores de pegada hidrica para uma cultura especifica geralmente tem condicao climatica favoravel. A evapotranspiracao e relativamente baixa e os maiores rendimentos foram obtidos na agricultura com maiores niveis de producao; em razao da complexidade de um fenomeno hidrologico, como a evapotranspiracao de uma cultura, a magnitude dessas diferencas pode ser considerada pequena.

Experimental Study and Modeling of the Refractive Indices in Binary and Ternary Mixtures of Water with Methanol, Ethanol and Propan-1-ol at 293.15 K

Abstract: Refractive indices of ternary mixtures of water + methanol + (ethanol or propan-1-ol), (water or methanol) + ethanol + propan-1-ol and their binary mixtures have been measured at 293.15 K and at atmospheric pressure over the whole composition range. The refractive index deviations were calculated and fitted to the Redlich–Kister equation for binary mixtures, and the Cibulka equation for ternary mixtures. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the refractive index of the associated ternary mixtures can be estimated with relative errors from 0.036 to 0.861 % by using the several mixing rules and the refractive indices of the corresponding pure components. The behavior of refractive indices is associated with solvent–solvent interactions and the formation of clusters.

Alimentos funcionales: impacto y retos para el desarrollo y bienestar de la sociedad colombiana

Abstract: An analytical review of functional foods, types and the application of these, use for health, the socio-economic impact, investment and the participation of developing countries was performed. The evaluation of habits has been highly variable over time, every day demands of consumers are more directed to the search of new products with functional properties that can provide a nutritional value and other components with physiological activity. The rapid growth in investment, production, and consumption has attracted interest economic and business of communicating to consumers the benefits that they bring, so they are well informed to be able to choose better foods consumed. In response to the growing interest on this type of food, have released new products with active ingredients and functional properties that contributes an additional physiological benefit more than basic nutritional needs. Each day there are new offerings market, having become an important source of business for companies in the food sector.

Registros de plásticos en la ingesta de Tremarctos ornatus (Carnívora: Ursidae) y de Nasuella olivacea (Carnívora: Procyonidae) en el Parque Nacional Natural Tamá, Colombia

Abstract: It is reported for the first time the presence of plastic wastes in the feces of Andean bear (Tremarctos ornatus) and in the stomach contents of an Andean coati (Nasuella olivacea). These were found in the Santa Isabel Paramo, and La Cabrera Paramo, within the tama National Natural Park, located in Norte de Santander department, Colombia. These records show the problems of pollution that are suffering the natural areas and its impact on wildlife, due to human activities. One of the most influential factors is the presence of polymers, since when eaten, they can cause death and / or bioaccumulation by wildlife present in these areas, as it proven in this paper.

First Chemical Analysis and Characterization of the Male Species‐Specific Cephalic Labial‐Gland Secretions of South American Bumblebees

Abstract: The evolution of signals and reproductive traits involved in the pre-mating recognition has been in focus of abundant research in several model species, such as bumblebees (genus Bombus). However, the most-studied bumblebee reproductive trait, the male cephalic labial gland secretions (CLGS), remains unknown among bumblebee species from South America. In this study, the CLGS of five South American bumblebees of the subgenera Thoracobombus (Bombus excellens and B. atratus) and Cullumanobombus (B. rubicundus, B. hortulanus, and B. melaleucus) were investigated, by comparing the chemical compositions of their secretions to those of closely related European species. The results showed an obvious interspecific differentiation in both subgenera. The interspecific differentiation among the species of the Thoracobombus subgenus involved different compounds present at high contents (main compounds), while those of the Cullumanobombus subgenus shared the same main components. This suggests that among the species of the Cullumanobombus subgenus, the differentiation in minor components could lead to species discrimination.

Ferritin levels in pregnant Colombian women

Abstract: Objective: Ferritin deficiency is associated with many adverse health outcomes and is highly prevalent worldwide. The present study assesses the prevalence and socio-demographic factors associated with ferritin deficiency in a representative sample of pregnant women in Colombia. Methods: We used data from the cross-sectional, nationally representative survey National Nutritional Survey (ENSIN, 2010). A total of 1,386, (13-49 years old) pregnant women were enrolled. Serum ferritin a concentration was determined by chemiluminescence and sociodemographic date (age, urbanicity geographic region, ethnicity and socioeconomic level-SISBEN), was assessed by computer-assisted personal interview technology. Multivariate analyses using unordered binomial logistic regression models were conducted in the main analysis. Results: The overall prevalence of ferritin deficiency (serum <12µg/L) was 37.2% (95% CI 35.0% to 39.2%). The multivariate logistic regression no shows associated with a probability of serum ferritin deficiencies. Conclusion: A significant prevalence of ferritin deficiency was found in our study population without an association with the studied sociodemographic factors.

El enfoque de competencias en la formación del abogado para el siglo XXI

Abstract: Resumen El presente articulo de investigacion es el resultado de una revision teorica del concepto de competencias en la educacion superior, para confrontar la forma como las universidades de Colombia estan actuando en la orientacion dada a los programas de Derecho. La tendencia mundial, traida desde el Espacio Europeo de la Educacion Superior (EEES), es la formacion de profesionales orientados por el enfoque de las competencias. En Latinoamerica, se han desarrollado un conjunto de acciones con el fin de determinar las competencias generales y especificas propias de cada profesion; en el caso del Derecho el Proyecto Tuning, del que hicieron parte 65 instituciones de educacion superior, presento una propuesta de competencias especificas para la disciplina, las que categorizo en orden de importancia. En suma, es una Investigacion en la que predomina el analisis documental armonizado con elementos propios de la investigacion juridica, de naturaleza descriptiva, explicativa y expositiva. Abstract This research report is the result of a study in which a theoretical review of the concept of competence in higher education was carried out to confront how Colombia's universities are acting on the guidance given to Law programs. The worldwide trend, brought from the European Higher Education Area (EHEA), is the training of professionals guided by the focus on compe- tencies. In Latin America, we have developed a set of actions in order to determine the general and specific competence for each profession; law in the case of the Tuning Project, in which 65 institutions of higher education were part of presented a proposal for the discipline specific competences, which were categorized in order of importance. Finally, It is a study in which predominates the harmonized document analysis with elements of legal, descriptive, exposi- tory and explanatory research.

Morphometric Analysis of the Host Effect on Phenotypical Variation of Belminus ferroae (Hemiptera: Triatominae)

Abstract: The Triatominae subfamily includes hematophagous insects, well known for their role as vectors for the Trypanosoma cruzi parasite, etiologic agent of Chagas’ disease. Belminus ferroae is a triatomine that showed an increased demographic fitness when cockroaches were used as hosts. Here we compare the centroid size (CS) and wing shape between B. ferroae parents and three successive generations (O1, O2, and O3) of their offspring fed on cockroaches or mice under laboratory conditions. Morphometric analysis of the wings bugs fed on cockroaches showed a significant reduction in CS in both sexes among all generations. Sexual size dimorphism (SSD) was observed in the insects fed on cockroaches (O2 and O3), as well as those bugs fed on mice (O2). Differences in the shape of wings were observed between parental and offspring wings when fed on mice, but not in males (O1, O2, and O3) or females (O1 and O2) fed on cockroaches. There was a greater wing shape similarity between the cockroach-fed offspring and their parents according to the Mahalanobis distances. Our results support the idea of higher adaptation of this Triatominae with arthropod hosts.

Low-cost platform for the evaluation of single phase electromagnetic phenomena of power quality according to the IEEE 1159 standard

Abstract: This paper presents the development of a data acquisition system and the evaluation of the electromagnetic phenomena associated with power quality according to the IEEE Standard 1159-1992 and applied to the particular case of single-phase electrical power systems. The evaluation software is implemented in the Labview® professional software using a NI 6009 USB board of the National Instrument® as acquisition device. The hardware implementation of the sensors was shown. Also the development of the algorithm and the design of a graphical user interface for viewing of the voltage and current waveforms, spectra, frequency and the power quality disturbances such as sags, swells, undervoltage, overvoltage, so on. Likewise, at the end a concise analysis of costs is presented to show that the developed system has a lower price to current solutions that are available in the market. Finally a study case was shown.

Confort de los pacientes hospitalizados en el servicio de neurocirugía

Abstract: Objetivo: determinar el tipo de confort de los pacientes hospitalizados del servicio de Neurocirugia de la ESE Hospital Universitario Erasmo Meoz. Materiales y Metodos: el estudio tiene un enfoque cuantitativo, de tipo descriptivo transversal, la muestra estuvo constituida por 10 pacientes. Se realizo la aplicacion de los instrumentos validados de la teoria de mediano rango, el cuestionario de valoracion verbal y cuestionario general de comodidad (GCQ, por su sigla en ingles) Resultados: el 30% de los pacientes refieren un confort bastante alto y alto; a mayores dias de estancia hospitalaria el paciente evidencia mayor grado de confort; la edad de los pacientes no esta relacionada con la percepcion verbal de confort. Conclusiones: la respuesta total de comodidad de los pacientes segun la escala verbal de Kolcaba se evidencia mayor porcentaje en confort bastante alto-alto, generando una vision de comodidad optima de los pacientes hospitalizados en el servicio en sus cuatro contextos y tipos. Palabras clave: Alivio, tranquilidad, trascendencia. Comfort of patients hospitalized in the service of neurosurgery Abstract Objective: To determine the type of comfort of patients hospitalized in the department of neurosurgery at the ¨Hospital Universitario Erasmo Meoz´. Materials and Methods: The study is a quantitative, descriptive crosssectional sample of 10 patients selected according to criteria of non-probability convenience sampling based on the model of Katharine Kolcaba through the application of validated tools of the theory of medium range, the verbal assessment questionnaire and overall comfort questionnaire (GCQ, for its acronym in English) identifying the types of comfort (relief, ease and transcendence) in the four contexts (physical, psycho spiritual, social and environmental). Results: 30% of patients report a very high and high comfort, a larger hospital stay the patient greater comfort evidence, the age of patients is not related to speech perception of comfort. Conclusions: The overall response of patient comfort scale as evidenced verbal Kolcaba higher percentage of high-high enough comfort, creating a vision of optimal comfort of patients hospitalized in the four contexts and their types. Key words: Relief, tranquility, transcendence. Conforto de pacientes internados no departamento de neurocirurgia Resumo Objetivo: determinar o tipo de conforto de internacao servico de Neurocirurgia do “Hospital Universitario Erasmo Meoz” . Materiais e Metodos: O estudo foi uma cruz quantitativo, descritivo, a amostra foi composta por 10 pacientes. Foi realizada a aplicacao da teoria validado instrumentos de medio porte, o questionario de avaliacao verbal e conforto questionario geral (GCQ, por sua sigla em Ingles). Resultados: 30% dos pacientes relatam conforto muito alta e alta; para o hospital aumentou ficar a evidencia maior conforto do paciente, a idade dos pacientes nao esta relacionado com a percepcao da fala de conforto. Conclusoes: A resposta global de escala conforto do paciente, como evidenciado percentual Kolcaba maior verbal em conforto, em vez de alta de alta, criando uma visao de melhor conforto dos pacientes internados no servico nos quatro contextos e tipos. Palavras-chave : Socorro, tranquilidade, transcendencia.

Three-phase multilevel inverter with selective harmonic elimination

Abstract: This paper describes the design and develop of a common source three-phase multilevel power converter, with five levels in the phase voltage and nine levels in the line voltages. The modulation is optimized using genetic algorithms that perform a selective harmonics elimination of the first 20 components to improve power quality. To validate, an induction motor fed by the optimized multilevel power inverter was used, where improvements were shown in the waveforms of the line currents and a significant improvement of the power quality is achieved.

Diseño de un sistema alternativo para el tratamiento de aguas residuales urbanas por medio de la técnica de lombrifiltros utilizando la especie Eisenia foetida

Abstract: La presente investigacion tuvo como objetivo disenar y construir un sistema sobre tratamiento de aguas residuales para la ciudad de Pamplona utilizando como base teorica el sistema de tratamiento Toha creado por el Dr. Jose Toha de la Universidad de Chile, proponiendo una serie de procesos que permiten el saneamiento de las aguas servidas despues de su uso con fines domesticos, industriales o comerciales, para poder ser vertidas finalmente a cuerpos de agua naturales. Este proceso incluye un tratamiento con lombrifiltros (aserrin y Eisenia foetida), por donde las aguas residuales pasan seguidamente de una cama de carbon activado filtrando y una cama de grava de piedra, permitiendo oxigenar el agua a partir del goteo que existe entre las camas. Finalmente, el efluente sigue a una cama de piedra de rio de gran tamano y a un decantador para realizar la toma de muestras. De esta manera se obtiene agua tratada con baja carga organica dentro de los parametros que establece la Comision de Regulacion de Agua Potable y Saneamiento Basico CRA en Colombia.

Cambio climático y variabilidad climática para el periodo 1981-2010 en las cuencas de los ríos zulia y pamplonita, norte de santander – colombia

Abstract: This work is based on a brief theoretical foundation that supports a methodological structure aimed at the calculations of climate change, the study of climate variability in the territory of the basins of the Zulia and Pamplonita rivers in Norte de Santander and the initial identification of potential measures of adaptation to climate change and climate variability..In its development, the climate change trends and the most likely alterations of the climate variability phenomena associated with the ENSO cycle for the period 1981-2010 in the basins of the object of study were identified and spatialized. The results obtained show that the average temperature has changed between 0.1 and 0.4°C per decade in the basins, precipitation has increased from 0 to 250 mm/decade and the ENSO cycles generate alterations in the climate variability of the basins on a differentiated manner on a seasonal and year-on-year level, especially in the Dec-Jan-Feb, Jun-Jul-Aug and Sep-Oct-Nov quarters.

Efectos de un programa de entrenamiento funcional en la musculatura core en mujeres con fibromialgia

Abstract: Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos de um programa de treinamento funcional dos musculos do core dirigido as mulheres com fibromialgia. Materiais e metodos: realizou-se um ensaio quase-experimental de tipo antes e depois de uma intervencao durante 20 semanas, com frequencia de 3 dias/semana e uma duracao de 60 minutos cada sessao. Em um grupo unico de 8 mulheres, avaliaram-se as mudancas na forca muscular, dor, qualidade de vida relacionada com a saude e o nivel de atividade fisica. Resultados: houve aumento nas repeticoes do teste de flexao de tronco, o tempo nos testes da ponte lateral direita e esquerda e ponte em prono. Todas as caracteristicas da dor diminuiram e segundo o S-FIQ houve diminuicao no cansaco matutino, a rigidez e a ansiedade. Tambem os MET/minutos-semanas aumentaram depois da intervencao. Conclusao: estes dados sugerem que o programa de treinamento funcional de musculos do core e eficaz no aumento da forca muscular, a modulacao da dor, a optimizacao do rendimento funcional, assim como o aumento dos niveis de atividade fisica em mulheres com fibromialgia.

Ambientes virtuales de aprendizaje en energías renovables

Abstract: Este articulo se enmarca en el desarrollo de un entorno virtual de aprendizaje como apoyo a los diferentes procesos de ensenanza-aprendizaje empleando las tecnologias de informacion y comunicacion como herramienta fundamental. Teniendo presente que todos aprendemos de una forma diferente, es importante tener en cuenta el buen uso de herramientas tecnologicas y espacios adecuados con informacion que inicie o complemente el principio de aprendizaje significativo en los jovenes. Se debe tener en cuenta el concepto de usabilidad para evaluar y mejorar el sitio web con el fin de que la interaccion con el usuario final sea flexible, eficaz, amigable y facil de usar.

Novel methodology for the calculation of transformers in power multilevel converters

Abstract: This paper presents a new methodology for the correct design of transformers used in power multilevel inverters common source type. The proposed methodology represents a solution to the problems of distortion in the waveform, voltage drop and loss of efficiency caused by the miscalculation of the transformer using conventional methodology. To validate the methodology two prototypes under different perspectives were built, conventional and proposed, in order to verify the results, which support the solution to the problems described and shown an improvement in performance of the power converter.

Emprendimiento: como comenzar una empresa con éxito.

Abstract: El proposito de este articulo fue describir los pasos para la creacion de una empresa exitosa a traves de las deniciones de emprendimiento, lo que es un emprendedor, cuales son las cualidades mas importantes y las fases del emprendimiento. Cada una de estas fases esta relacionada intimamente con el logro de una empresa estable, es decir la gestacion, la puesta en marcha, la consolidacion y por ultimo la internacionalizacion, tambien se habla de que el emprendedor lo unico que debe tener para comenzar a dar pie a sus ideas es el espiritu que le permita plasmarlas y extrapolarlas a la realidad. Para su sustentacion teorica se utilizaron las teorias de: Arias (2012) Ballesteros (2010) Dick, J. (2013) Garrido (2011) Jaramillo (2006) entre otros, utilizando una metodologia descriptiva con diseno documental y como conclusiones se obtuvo que lo mas importante para tener exito en una empresa es ser un emprendedor. Palabras claves: Emprendimiento, Organizacion, Ganancias, Ventas

Valoración y cuantificación de metales pesados en carne de cerdo, pescado, pollo y res comercializados en pamplona norte de santander

Abstract: La contaminacion por metales pesados en los alimentos es uno de los temas de mayor importancia a nivel mundial, estos metales no son biodegradables y tienden a bioacumularse en el musculo y en las visceras de los animales lo que constituye un riesgo para la salud, cuando consumimos estos sub productos adquirimos el metal que el animal ha acumulado y se establece una cadena acumulativa que eleva peligrosamente su concentracion. En el presente estudio se valoro la presencia de trazas de Cd, Cu, Mo, Pb y Zn en carne bovina, porcina, pollo y pescado comercializados en 12 establecimientos en la plaza de mercado de Pamplona Norte de Santander, los metales fueron cuantificados por espectroscopia de absorcion atomica, utilizando lamparas de catodo hueco, un quemador aire-acetileno, se realizaron analisis de correlacion de Pearson entre los contenidos de Cada metal. En el caso del Cadmio las concentraciones para este metal superaron los limites permisibles < 0,050 mg/kg. La carne de pescado obtuvo la mayor concentracion de este metal 0,117mg/kg, seguido de la carne de res con 0,109 mg/kg, mientras que la carne de cerdo obtuvo 0,095 mg/kg y por ultimo la carne de pollo obtuvo 0,079 mg/kg. El contenido de Cu en las diferentes matrices arrojo los siguientes resultados; La carne de pescado 0,343 mg/kg, res 0,306 mg/kg, cerdo 0,243 mg/kg, pollo 0,221 mg/kg. Con respecto a La concentracion de Zn, la carne de res presento mayor contenido 8,35mg/kg. El Mo no fue detectado en ninguna de las muestras.