Showing papers by "University of Pennsylvania published in 1981"
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that audit quality is not independent of audit firm size, even when auditors initially possess identical technological capabilities, and when incumbent auditors earn client-specific quasi-rents, auditors with a greater number of clients have more to lose by failing to report a discovered breach in a particular client's records.
4,969 citations
01 Jan 1981
TL;DR: This discussion will discuss how each language can be described in terms of a distributional structure, i.e. in Terms of the occurrence of parts relative to other parts, and how this description is complete without intrusion of other features such as history or meaning.
Abstract: For the purposes of the present discussion, the term structure will be used in the following non-rigorous sense: A set of phonemes or a set of data is structured in respect to some feature, to the extent that we can form in terms of that feature some organized system of statements which describes the members of the set and their interrelations (at least up to some limit of complexity). In this sense, language can be structured in respect to various independent features. And whether it is structured (to more than a trivial extent) in respect to, say, regular historical change, social intercourse, meaning, or distribution - or to what extent it is structured in any of these respects - is a matter decidable by investigation. Here we will discuss how each language can be described in terms of a distributional structure, i.e. in terms of the occurrence of parts (ultimately sounds) relative to other parts, and how this description is complete without intrusion of other features such as history or meaning. It goes without saying that other studies of language - historical, psychological, etc.-are also possible, both in relation to distributional structure and independently of it.
2,409 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a simple generalization of the Peccei-Quinn mechanism is described, which eliminates the strong CP problem at the cost of a very light, very weakly coupled axion.
2,351 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the allegations of the Commission on Auditors' Responsibilities and the Securities and Exchange Commission that "low-balling" on initial audit engagements impairs auditor independence.
1,656 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors report some findings of what seems to be the first study of this topic and present data regarding the effects of patents on imitation costs and on the rate of innovation.
Abstract: It has long been recognised that the costs of imitating new products have an important effect on the incentives for innovation in a market economy.' As Arrow (I962) and others have pointed out, if firms can imitate an innovation at a cost that is substantially below the cost to the innovator of developing the innovation, there may be little or no incentive for the innovator to carry out the innovation. In their discussions of the innovation process, economists frequently have called attention to the major role played by the costs of imitation, but there has been little or no attempt to measure these costs, to test various hypotheses concerning the factors influencing them, or to estimate their effects. In this paper, we report some findings of what seems to be the first study of this topic. In addition, we present data regarding the effects of patents on imitation costs and on the rate of innovation.
1,264 citations
TL;DR: This paper explored the possibility that a distinction between input to and interaction with the NNS is important both theoretically, in order better to understand the second-language acquisition (SLA) process, and in practice, when considering what is necessary and efficient in SL instruction.
Abstract: It is now well established that, under as yet little understood conditions, native speakers modify their speech when addressing non-native speakers. Discussion of native speaker-non-native speaker (NS-NNS) conversation, however, often conflates two related but distinguishable phenomena, input to and interaction with the NNS. Input refers to the linguistic forms used; by interaction is meant the functions served by those forms, such as expansion, repetition, and clarification. This paper explores the possibility that a distinction between these two facets of NS-NNS conversation is important both theoretically, in order better to understand the second-languageacquisition (SLA) process, and in practice, when considering what is necessary and efficient in SL instruction.
1,110 citations
TL;DR: This paper aims to identify studies which were relevant to one or more key questions and which were primary analytic research, systematic review or meta-analysis and written in English.
Abstract: AND FULL-TEXT SCREENING To identify studies which were a) relevant to one or more key questions b) primary analytic research, systematic review or meta-analysis and c) written in English DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS Data abstracted into evidence tables; study quality assessed DRAFT RECOMMENDATIONS Strength of evidence graded; summaries and recommendations drafted FINALIZE RECOMMENDATIONS Recommendations finalized; guideline published
1,109 citations
TL;DR: This paper presents a heuristic for this problem in which an assignment of customers to vehicles is obtained by solving a generalized assignment problem with an objective function that approximates delivery cost and shows that it has outperformed the best existing heuristics on a sample of standard test problems.
Abstract: : We consider a common variant of the vehicle routing problem in which a vehicle fleet delivers products stored at a central depot to satisfy customer orders. Each vehicle has a fixed capacity, and each order uses a fixed portion of vehicle capacity. The routing decision involves determining which of the demands will be satisfied by each vehicle and what route each vehicle will follow in servicing its assigned demand in order to minimize total delivery cost. We present a heuristic for this problem in which an assignment of customers to vehicles is obtained by solving a generalized assignment problem with an objective function that approximates delivery cost. This heuristic has many attractive features. It has outperformed the best existing heuristics on a sample of standard test problems. It will always find a feasible solution if one exists, something no other existing heuristic can guarantee. It can be easily adapted to accommodate many additional problem complexities. By parametrically varying the number of vehicles in the fleet, our method can be used to optimally solve the problem of finding the minimum size fleet that can feasibly service the specified demand.
1,050 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a detailed description of many of the necessary background topics, including gauge theories, spontaneous symmetry breaking, the standard SU2 x U1 electroweak model and its modifications and extensions, Majorana and Dirac neutrino masses, the induced cosmological term, CP violation, quantum chromodynamics and its symmetries, and dynamical symmetry breaking are reviewed.
943 citations
TL;DR: Data from a study of community attitudes about neighborhood mental health facilities in Toronto are used to test the internal and external validity of a new set of four scales explicitly designed to measure community attitudes toward the mentally ill.
Abstract: The measurement of public attitudes toward the mentally ill has taken on new significance since the introduction of communitybased mental health care. Previous attitude scales have been constructed and applied primarily in a professional context. This article discusses the development and application of a new set of four scales explicitly designed to measure community attitudes toward the mentally ill. The scales represent dimensions included in previous instruments, specifically, authoritarianism, benevolence, social restrictiveness, and community mental health ideology, but are expressed in terms of an almost completely new set of items that emphasize community contact with the mentally ill and mental health facilities. Data from a study of community attitudes about neighborhood mental health facilities in Toronto are used to test the internal and external validity of the scales. Results of the analysis provide strong support for the validity of the scales and demonstrate their usefulness as explanatory and predictive variables for studying community response to mental health facilities.
721 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors show that a paradoxical behavior, which they call extraneous uncertainty, is both possible and frequent among rational expectations equilibria in an aggregative model of overlapping generations.
TL;DR: A plasmid containing the structural gene for thymidine kinase from herpes simplex virus fused to the promoter/regulatory region of the mouse metallothionein-I gene was injected into the pronucleus of fertilized one-cell mouse eggs; the eggs were subsequently reimplanted into the oviducts of pseudopregnant mice.
TL;DR: The general semiotic properties of food take particularly intense forms in the context of gastro-politics where food is the medium and sometimes the message, of conflict as mentioned in this paper, and food serves two diametrically opposed functions: it can either homogenize the actors who transact in it, or it can serve to heterogenize them.
Abstract: The general semiotic properties of food take particularly intense forms in the context of gastro-politics – where food is the medium, and sometimes the message, of conflict. In South Asia, where beliefs about food encode a complex set of social and moral propositions, food serves two diametrically opposed semiotic functions: it can either homogenize the actors who transact in it, or it can serve to heterogenize them. In the Tamil Brahmin community of South India, this underlying tension takes three particular forms in the arenas of the household, the marriage feast, and the temple. [food, symbolism, semiotics, politics, South India]
TL;DR: The history of modern economic growth has depended mainly on the diffusion of a body of knowledge concerning new production techniques and the acquisition and application of this knowledge by different countries has been governed largely by whether their populations have acquired traits and motivations associated with formal schooling.
Abstract: The worldwide spread of modern economic growth has depended chiefly on the diffusion of a body of knowledge concerning new production techniques. The acquisition and application of this knowledge by different countries has been governed largely by whether their populations have acquired traits and motivations associated with formal schooling. To judge from the historical experience of the worlds 25 largest nations the establishment and expansion of formal schooling has depended in large part on political conditions and ideological influences. The limited spread of modern economic growth before the 2nd World War has thus been due at bottom to important political and economic differences throughout the world that affected the timing of the establishment and expansion of mass schooling. Since the war there has been growing uniformity among the nations of the world modern education systems have been established almost everywhere and the spread of modern economic growth has noticeably accelerated. (authors modified)
TL;DR: The efferent projections of the subfornical organ of rats were traced using the autoradiographic method of following anterograde transport of labelled proteins through axons to discuss the SFO's role within a neural network mediating water balance behaviorally and physiologically.
TL;DR: In this article, a cross-cultural study on the sociocultural context of rape was undertaken to examine the incidence meaning and function of rape in tribal societies and found that women in these societies do not participate in decision making.
Abstract: A cross-cultural study on the sociocultural context of rape was undertaken to examine the incidence meaning and function of rape in tribal societies. The study utilized a cross-cultural sample of 156 tribal societies. The research described in this paper departs from the assumption that although sexual behavior of human beings was based on a biological need it was rather an expression of a sociological and cultural force than merely a bodily relation between two persons. Analysis of available information suggested that rape in tribal societies was part of a cultural configuration which includes interpersonal violence male dominance and sexual separation. There was considerable evidence to support the notion that rape was an expression of a social ideology of male dominance. First female power and authority was lower in rape prone societies. Second women in these societies do not participate in decision making. The correlates of rape strongly suggested that rape was the playing out of a sociocultural script in which the personhood of males was expressed through interpersonal violence and an ideology of toughness.
TL;DR: In this article, the prior random pore model for kinetically controlled fluid-solid reaction is generalized to include transport effects arising from boundary layer, intraparticle, and product layer diffusion.
Abstract: The prior random pore model for kinetically controlled fluid-solid reaction (Bhatia and Perlmutter, 1980) is generalized to include transport effects arising from boundary layer, intraparticle, and product layer diffusion. Numerical solutions are presented for a variety of conditions. The results show that the rate and surface area maxima predicted in the kinetic regime are shifted to lower conversions as intraparticle or product layer diffusional resistances increase. In addition, with increasing temperature a decrease in the overall reaction surface is predicted, in agreement with experimental findings (Kawahata and Walker, 1962).
For reactions accompanied by an increase in the volume of the solid phase, it is shown that incomplete conversion may be expected, the ultimate conversion decreasing with an increase in the intrapellet diffusional resistance. Optimal temperatures for such reactions are also identified.
TL;DR: In this paper, the extent to which differences in labor force status, in household composition, and in household roles account for sex differences in workplace-residence separation was analyzed, and the authors concluded that while differences in job tenure, work hours, and wages are in themselves sufficient to fully account for observed sex differences, the role of household roles (i.e., responses to spouses' characteristics) are of even greater importance in influencing women to work closer to home.
Abstract: This paper analyzes the extent to which differences in labor force status, in household composition, and in household roles account for sex differences in workplace-residence separation. Modelling work trip length as the outcome of the choice of household residential and individual job locations, equilibrium work trip length is estimated empirically as a function of labor market, housing, and household characteristics for male and female employees in seven different household categories. Data from the 1976 Panel Survey of Income Dynamics are used. The study concludes that while sex differences in job tenure, work hours, and wages are in themselves sufficient to fully account for observed sex differences in workplace-residence separation, sex differences in household 'roles' (i.e., responses to spouses' characteristics) are of even greater importance in influencing women to work 'closer to home'.
TL;DR: More extensive testing of surviving children with newly diagnosed ALL, with and without decline in IQ, revealed patterns of functional deficits and residual strengths that could not be characterised with IQ testing alone.
01 Aug 1981
TL;DR: In this article, an integrated system for an internal representation and simulation of the face is presented, along with a proposed image analysis model, and results from an implementation of the internal model and simulation modules are presented, as well as comments on the future of computer controlled recognition of facial actions.
Abstract: Recognition and simulation of actions performable on rigidly-jointed actors such as human bodies have been the subject of our research for some time. One part of an ongoing effort towards a total human movement simulator is to develop a system to perform the actions of American Sign Language (ASL). However, one of the “channels” of ASL communication, the face, presents problems which are not well handled by a rigid model.An integrated system for an internal representation and simulation of the face is presented, along with a proposed image analysis model. Results from an implementation of the internal model and simulation modules are presented, as well as comments on the future of computer controlled recognition of facial actions.We conclude with a discussion on extensions of the system, covering relations between flexible masses and rigid (jointed) ones. Applications of this theory into constrained actions, such as across rigid nonmoving sheets of bone (forehead, eyes) are also discussed.
TL;DR: The axillary microflora of 229 subjects was characterized quantitatively and the results correlated with whether the odor was pungent body odor or instead a faint "acid odor", found to be a stable mixture of Micrococcaceae, aerobic diphtheroids and Propionibacteria.
TL;DR: This paper describes some of the features of POSSE (Product Optimization and Selected Segment Evaluation), a general procedure for optimizing product/service designs in marketing research that uses input data based on conjoint analysis methods.
Abstract: This paper describes some of the features of POSSE (Product Optimization and Selected Segment Evaluation), a general procedure for optimizing product/service designs in marketing research. The appr...
TL;DR: This article reviewed three different perceptions of time, and showed how changes in the models are necessary to accurately understand the behavior of people who hold these different perceptions, and how these models need to be expanded to be more applicable for people with different perceptions.
Abstract: Consumer decision process models seem to assume a particular perception of time usually associated with European-Americans. The models need to be expanded to be really applicable for people who hold different perceptions of time. This paper reviews three different perceptions of time, and shows how changes in the models are necessary to accurately understand the behavior of people who hold these different perceptions.
TL;DR: Guillain‐Barré syndrome is a recognizable entity for which the basis for diagnosis is descriptive in the present state of knowledge, and the precise diagnostic limits remain uncertain.
Abstract: Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) is a recognized entity for which the basis for diagnosis is descriptive in our present state of knowledge. Diagnosis rests upon pattern recognition of the clinical picture plus other features including elevated cerebrospinal fluid protein level, electrophysiological changes of marked slowing of conduction velocities, prolonged distal latencies, dispersion of the evoked responses, and frequent evidence of conduction block, together with pathological changes, when known, of low grade-inflammation and demyelination-remyelination in peripheral nerve. The precise diagnostic limits of GBS remain uncertain.
TL;DR: It is suggested that the fibroblast-type IF protein is the only IF protein in the early neuroepithelial cells and that the progeny of these cells will follow one of three different patterns of IF protein expression.
TL;DR: Refinements in understanding the pathogenesis of pneumococcal pneumonia, bacteremia, and otitis media are reviewed, and current knowledge of the epidemiology of pneumitiscal infections and of the distribution ofneumococcal types causing such infections is discussed.
Abstract: Although the means whereby pneumococcus damages the hosts it invades remain unknown, some advances in understanding the biology of this organism and the pathogenesis of pneumococcal infection have been made in recent years Knowledge of the composition of the cell wall (C) polysaccharide of the pneumococcus and its relation to the capsular polysaccharides of this organism is considered and a hypothesis of the evolution of the pneumococcal capsule is entertained Refinements in understanding the pathogenesis of pneumococcal pneumonia, bacteremia, and otitis media are reviewed, and current knowledge of the epidemiology of pneumococcal infections and of the distribution of pneumococcal types causing such infections is discussed The history of the development of pneumococcal vaccines is summarized briefly, together with an account of the field trials of contemporary polyvalent vaccines of pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides conducted recently
TL;DR: Five consecutive patients with tears of the spinal dura with postoperative leaks of cerebrospinal fluid require reoperation and meticulous closure of the dura, with problems in cluded the persistence of cerebrspinal-fluid fistulas.
Abstract: We reviewed the cases of five consecutive patients with tears of the spinal dura with postoperative leaks of cerebrospinal fluid. Problems in cluded the persistence of cerebrospinal-fluid fistulas in four patients and a late symptomatic pseudomeningocele in one, all requiring reoperation and meticulous closure of the dura. Dural tears should be repaired at the time of the original operation either directly or utilizing a fascial graft or a tissue-plug technique. When the leak is first noted in the postoperative period, reoperation for repair of the dura is recommended.
TL;DR: It is shown that some well-known iterative methods of image reconstruction fall into the class of algorithms under consideration, and are thus covered by the convergence theory, and a novel application to truly three-dimensional image reconstruction is described.