Showing papers by "University of Queensland published in 1989"
TL;DR: The theory of formative assessment outlined in this paper is relevant to a broad spectrum of learning outcomes in a wide variety of subjects and applies wherever multiple criteria are used in making judgments about the quality of student responses.
Abstract: The theory of formative assessment outlined in this article is relevant to a broad spectrum of learning outcomes in a wide variety of subjects. Specifically, it applies wherever multiple criteria are used in making judgments about the quality of student responses. The theory has less relevance for outcomes in which student responses may be assessed simply as correct or incorrect. Feedback is defined in a particular way to highlight its function in formative assessment. This definition differs in several significant respects from that traditionally found in educational research. Three conditions for effective feedback are then identified and their implications discussed. A key premise is that for students to be able to improve, they must develop the capacity to monitor the quality of their own work during actual production. This in turn requires that students possess an appreciation of what high quality work is, that they have the evaluative skill necessary for them to compare with some objectivity the quality of what they are producing in relation to the higher standard, and that they develop a store of tactics or moves which can be drawn upon to modify their own work. It is argued that these skills can be developed by providing direct authentic evaluative experience for students. Instructional systems which do not make explicit provision for the acquisition of evaluative expertise are deficient, because they set up artificial but potentially removable performance ceilings for students.
3,515 citations
TL;DR: Suggested changes to the scoring of the Barthel Index, and guidelines for determining the level of independence are presented, which were applied in the assessment of 258 first stroke patients referred for inpatient comprehensive rehabilitation in Brisbane, Australia during 1984 calendar year.
1,951 citations
Book•
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481 citations
TL;DR: An algorithm for distributed mutual exclusion in a computer network of N nodes that communicate by messages rather than shared memory that does not require sequence numbers as it operates correctly despite message overtaking is presented.
Abstract: We present an algorithm for distributed mutual exclusion in a computer network of N nodes that communicate by messages rather than shared memory. The algorithm uses a spanning tree of the computer network, and the number of messages exchanged per critical section depends on the topology of this tree. However, typically the number of messages exchanged is O(log N) under light demand, and reduces to approximately four messages under saturated demand.Each node holds information only about its immediate neighbors in the spanning tree rather than information about all nodes, and failed nodes can recover necessary information from their neighbors. The algorithm does not require sequence numbers as it operates correctly despite message overtaking.
473 citations
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that sporadic-E is most likely due to a vertical shear in the horizontal east-west wind and this theory accounts for the detailed observations of the wind and electron density profiles.
427 citations
TL;DR: A simple optical model to realize a reversible, potentially error-free logic gate a Fredkin gate is discussed, where the device dissipates no energy and makes use of the Kerr nonlinearity to produce intensity-dependent phase shifts.
Abstract: A simple optical model to realize a reversible, potentially error-free logic gate---a Fredkin gate---is discussed. The device dissipates no energy and makes use of the Kerr nonlinearity to produce intensity-dependent phase shifts. The analysis shows that quantum mechanics permits the operation of error-free logic gates which dissipate no energy. However, even though the device is nondissipative, error-free performance only occurs under particular operating conditions.
369 citations
TL;DR: Apoptosis, recognized by sharply demarcated compaction of chromatin against the nuclear envelope and by shrinkage and budding of the whole cell to form membrane-bounded apoptotic bodies, was responsible for major loss of cells in both species.
Abstract: The role of cell death in involution of lactating breast was investigated in mice and rats by light and electron microscopy. Apoptosis, recognized by sharply demarcated compaction of chromatin against the nuclear envelope and by shrinkage and budding of the whole cell to form membrane-bounded apoptotic bodies, was responsible for major loss of cells in both species. In the mouse, rapid involution during the first 2 days was associated with shedding of large numbers of apoptotic bodies derived from alveolar epithelial cells into alveolar lumens. This was followed by more gradual regression, during which the bodies were mostly phagocytosed by macrophages within the epithelium. In the rat, glandular involution was a more gradual and uniform process, with shedding of apoptotic epithelial cells into alveolar lumens being much less conspicuous. Apoptosis of myoepithelial cells was observed in mice, the resulting apoptotic bodies being phagocytosed by intraepithelial macrophages, but was not detected in rats. Apoptosis of capillary endothelial cells caused rapid regression of the capillary beds in both mice and rats. Intraepithelial macrophages increased in number during involution, developed cytoplasmic lipofuscin pigment, and either remained within the epithelium or migrated to the interstitium and regional nodes. Cell loss by apoptosis has been demonstrated during involution and atrophy of a variety of other glands. It characteristically results in shrinkage of a tissue without disruption of its basic architecture.
341 citations
TL;DR: The Mater Misericordiae Mothers' Hospital‐University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy is introduced, a prospective study of 8556 pregnant women interviewed at their first clinic visit, and subsequently interviewed some days after the birth of the baby and again 6 months later.
271 citations
TL;DR: This paper examined the paraphylectic hypothesis of bat origins, both in the light of previous discussions, and in light of new evidence from analyses of neurological traits and wing morphology, concluding that megabats share with primates a variety of complex details in the organization of neural pathways that have not been found in any other mammalian group, particularly not in microbats.
Abstract: We examine the paraphylectic hypothesis of bat origins, both in the light of previous discussions, and in the light of new evidence from our analyses of neurological traits and wing morphology. Megabats share with primates a variety of complex details in the organization of neural pathways that have not been found in any other mammalian group, particularly not in microbats. The features previously used to link microbats and megabats have been examined and found to be questionable bases for support of a monophyletic origin. In particular, morphological analyses of the musculoskeletal adaptations associated with the flight apparatus are consistent with two separate origins of the mammalian wing. Taken together, these analyses suggest that megabats evolved from an early branch of the primate lineage. This branch was comprised of moderate-sized, phytophagous gliders, of which the other living descendants are the dermopterans. Microbats, in contrast, probably evolved much earlier from small, agile insectivores whose forelimbs had long metacarpals in relation to their phalanges.
213 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors warn of the dangers of limiting specification languages to the point where all of their constructs can be executed, and argue that other solutions should be sought than "executable specification languages".
Abstract: Specifications can be written in languages which have formal semantics. Their very formality, and the similarities with some aspects of implementation languages, invites the idea that specifications might be executed. This paper presents a number of arguments against that idea. The aim is to warn of the dangers of limiting specification languages to the point where all of their constructs can be executed. While conceding the difficulties of relating specifications to an understanding of the ‘requirements’ for a system, it is argued that other solutions should be sought than ‘executable specification languages’.
182 citations
TL;DR: The in sacco digestibilities of dry matter and nitrogen content of the leaf material from 12 species of tropical browse legumes were measured in rumen-fistulated goats fed on a diet of rice straw supplemented with lucerne chaff to observe changes in digestibility and tannin content.
TL;DR: It is suggested that organisational, behavioural, and physiological factors moderate the impact of night work on psychological well-being, and personality factors do not.
Abstract: This study tested the efficacy of selected personality, behavioural, and social/organizational variables as predictors of adaptation to night work. Sixty female student nurses were studied during their first IS months of shiftwork. Twenty-two worked on rotating day and afternoon shifts throughout, while the remaining 38 began regular night shifts after six months. Psychological symptoms were measured at baseline (Stage 1), six months (Stage 2) and 15 months (Stage 3). Repeated measures analysis of variance revealed a significant shift group x symptoms interaction (p < 0·05) between Stages 2 and 3. Only the night workers displayed a significant increase (Tukey HSD: p < 0·01) in symptoms between Stages 1 and 3. Multiple regression analysis revealed that neuroticism and perceived work/nonwork conflict predicted symptoms at Stage 2. Night work, social support from supervisors, and morningness were predictors at Stage 3. These results suggest that organisational, behavioural, and physiological factors moderate...
TL;DR: A diverse range of retinal specializations are examined in twelve species of reef teleosts and estimates of the spatial resolution of neurons within the ganglion cell layer calculated using Matthiessen's ratio are calculated.
Abstract: A diverse range of retinal specializations are examined in twelve species of reef teleosts and estimates of the spatial resolution of neurons within the ganglion cell layer calculated using Matthiessen's ratio. Upper limits of between 4 and 27 cycles per degree were found to facilitate acute vision into frontal and eccentric space, utilizing temporal and nasal area centralis, respectively. Upper limits of between 3 and 20 cycles per degree were found in horizontal areas of acute vision across the retinal meridian. These areas are thought to be used for panoramic vision and may, in one species, indicate the relative importance of this region in comparison to the temporal area centralis. Comparisons are made between ganglion cell acuity and other morphological and behavioural acuities calculated in previous studies.
TL;DR: 1. Polychaete sperm are divisible into ect‐aquasperm, ent‐aquaperm, and introsperm, which can be divided into ect- and ent-sperm and intro‐sperm respectively.
Abstract: 1 Polychaete sperm are divisible into ect-aquasperm, ent-aquasperm, and introsperm 2 Ect-aquasperm are the commonest type of polychaete sperm and are considered plesiomorphic for the Polychaeta Re-evolution of ect-aquasperm (as neo-aquasperm) is, nevertheless, tentatively hypothesized for some Sabellida 3 In terms of ultrastructural studies of sperm in the investigated polychaete families, only ect-aquasperm have been demonstrated for 16 families; only ent-aquasperm for 3 families; ect- and ent-aquasperm for 3; ect- and intro-sperm for 2; ect-, ent- and intro-sperm for 1 family; and only introsperm for 11 families but investigations can only be regarded as preliminary To date no family is known to have ent- and intro-sperm only Sperm ultrastructure has yet to be examined in the orders Magelonida, Psammodrilida, Cossurida, Spintherida, Sternapsida, Flabelligerida and Fauvelopsida 4 Much variation occurs in gross morphology, ultrastructure and configuration of the several components of ect-aquasperm: acrosome, nucleus, mitochondria, and centrioles and associated anchoring apparatus A 9 + 2 axoneme is constant 5 Group-specific sperm structure has been demonstrated for the Nereidae (chiefly ect-aquasperm), and for introsperm of the families Histriobdellidae, Questidae; Capitellidae, Spionidae and Protodrilidae Species-specificity of all classes of spermatozoa is well established 6 The very small size of ect-aquasperm is correlated with production of large numbers of sperm as an adaptation to broadcast spawning Simplicity of structure may relate more to conservation of materials than to hydrodynamics 7 Fertilization by ent-aquasperm requires fewer eggs than in external fertilization and is accompanied by a tendency to lecithotrophy Elongation of the nucleus and development of asymmetry are seen in several of the few known examples of ent-aquasperm Whether modifications are related to transfer or to other features, such as lecithotrophy, is uncertain 8 Evident multiple origins of polychaete introsperm contraindicate their value in establishing relationship between families, in contrast with their utility in groups such as decapod crustacea 9 At the intrafamilial level polychaete introsperm have taxonomic and phylogenetic value, as seen in the Spionidae, Capitellidae, and Histriobdellidae, and are distinctive of each of these and other families 10 At higher taxonomic levels, the ultrastructure of the sperm of the oligochaetoid Questidae distinguishes this family from euclitellates, each class of which has its own distinctive subtype of the euclitellate introsperm 11(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
TL;DR: A quantum optical model that obeys the nonlinear rotator dynamics and can generate superpositions of SU(2) coherent states of the two-mode electromagnetic field is presented.
Abstract: The quantum and classical dynamics of the nonlinear oscillator are contrasted by comparing the evolution of the quantum Q function with that of a similar classical probability distribution. The quantum nonlinear rotator is shown to generate a superposition of two distinct coherent states from a coherent-state input. Measurements of the angular-momentum components and the signature of a superposition state are discussed. The effects of a continual measurement of one angular-momentum component are introduced into the model, and its effects on quantum coherences are shown to degrade the quantum coherence effects. We present a quantum optical model that obeys the nonlinear rotator dynamics and can generate superpositions of SU(2) coherent states of the two-mode electromagnetic field.
TL;DR: The isolation and structures of two new cyclic hexapeptides and two new macrocyclic ethers from the aplousobranch ascidian Lissoclinum bistratum are described, and structures for these compounds are proposed.
Abstract: The isolation and structures of two new cyclic hexapeptides and two new macrocyclic ethers from the aplousobranch ascidian Lissoclinum bistratum are described. Their structures were determined by two-dimensional NMR techniques. The hexapeptides, named bistratamide A and bistratamide B, differ only by the presence or absence of one double bond. They were tested for cytotoxicity toward human fibroblast and tumor cell lines and displayed similar toxicities to the octapeptides called patellamides from Lissoclinum patella. The peptides are found within the obligate algal symbiont Prochloron but clearly differ from peptides isolated from the same Prochloron of L. patella. The macrocyclic ethers isolated from L. bistratum are exceedingly potent in cytotoxicity. They have been named bistratenes A and B, and structures for these compounds are proposed.
TL;DR: This paper evaluated the efficacy of a cognitive-behavioral program for the treatment of nonspecific recurrent abdominal pain (RAP) using a controlled group design and found that the treated group improved more quickly, the effects generalized to the school setting, and a larger proportion of subjects were completely pain-free by 3-month follow-up (87.5% vs. 37.5%).
Abstract: From 10% to 15% of school-aged children experience recurring abdominal pain. This study evaluated the efficacy of a cognitive-behavioral program for the treatment of nonspecific recurrent abdominal pain (RAP) using a controlled group design. The multicomponent treatment program consisted of differential reinforcement of well behavior, cognitive coping skills training, and various generalization enhancement procedures. Multiple measures of pain intensity and pain behavior were conducted, including children's self-monitoring, parent observation, teacher observation, and observation by independent observers. Results showed that both the experimental and the control groups reduced their levels of pain. However, the treated group improved more quickly, the effects generalized to the school setting, and a larger proportion of subjects were completely pain-free by 3- months follow-up (87.5% vs. 37.5%). There was no evidence for any negative side effects of treatment.
TL;DR: Joint mobility declined consistently as age increased, with women generally having greater movement capability than their male peers and the predominant trend was for a more rapid reduction in mobility during the ninth decade.
Abstract: An age associated decline in joint mobility during the early and middle adult years is well documented, however, little information exists on the progress of this aspect of joint function during old age. Active and passive ranges of 10 lower limb joint motions were measured in 80 healthy, active men and women aged from 70 years, to examine the relationship between the capacity for joint movement and age, gender, and type of motion. Joint mobility declined consistently as age increased, with women generally having greater movement capability than their male peers. The predominant trend was for a more rapid reduction in mobility during the ninth decade. Passive ranges were larger than those produced actively, and the pattern of change in both measurement modes was parallel over the age range. It is hypothesized that the consistent decline in mobility indicates the importance of biological aging of articular structures as a primary cause of increasing resistance to movement, while environmental causes, such as changing activity status, are suggested by the variation in the magnitude and patterns of change over the age range.
TL;DR: The functional ability of all 258 surviving patients with first stroke referred for inpatient comprehensive rehabilitation in Brisbane, Australia, during 1984 is discussed and an equation to predict the discharge Barthel Index score from characteristics assessed at admission to comprehensive rehabilitation is derived.
Abstract: We discuss the functional ability of all 258 surviving patients with first stroke referred for inpatient comprehensive rehabilitation in Brisbane, Australia, during 1984 and derive an equation to predict the discharge Barthel Index score from characteristics assessed at admission to comprehensive rehabilitation. A boundary condition limiting improvement for patients with high admission Barthel Index scores and the lesser improvement observed for low-scoring patients indicate that the relation between initial and discharge Barthel Index scores is nonlinear. A quadratic equation including initial Barthel Index score and six other independent variables selected by stepwise regression analysis explained 61% of the variance in discharge Barthel Index scores.
TL;DR: One of these compounds, lissoclinamide 4, is markedly more toxic than other members of the family and is found within the obligate algal symbiont of the genus Prochloron.
Abstract: The isolation and structures of a new patellamide (patellamide D) and two new lissoclinamides (lissoclinamides 4 and 5) from the aplousobranch ascidian Lissoclinum patella are described. Structures were determined largely by using two-dimensional NMR techniques and mass spectrometry. These peptides and other members of the patellamide and lissoclinamide families that have been reported previously are found withii the obligate algal symbiont of the genus Prochloron. The cytotoxicities of the compounds toward fibroblast and tumor cell lines are reported. One of these comwunds. lissoclinamide 4. is markedlv more toxic than other members of the family. Structureactivity relationships are' discussed.
TL;DR: In this paper, a qualitative model based on the concept of microcracks development in heterogeneous media is shown to be able to describe the failure patterns of all three British sedimentary rocks in both uniaxial and hollow cylinder compression tests.
TL;DR: In coal-bearing facies associations alluvial, gley, semi-gley, organic and rare well-drained palaeosols reflect the predominance of poor drainage conditions during deposition as discussed by the authors.
TL;DR: Manipulation of the culture period indicated that the embryos responded to EGF at the morula/blastocyst transition period and immunosurgery was used to show that the increased protein synthesis was restricted to the trophectoderm cells.
Abstract: When epidermal growth factor (EGF) was added to the medium for culture of preimplantation embryos, morphological development as determined by microscopic observation was unaffected, but 333 nM-EGF stimulated total uptake of [H]leucine by late morulae/blastocysts which had been cultured for 24 h from morulae Incorporation of [H]leucine into protein by these embryos was increased by 033, 33 and 33 nM-EGF, following a quadratic relationship producing less stimulation at 333 nM, which may indicate down regulation of receptors The estimated EC was ~025 nM Manipulation of the culture period indicated that the embryos responded to EGF at the morula/blastocyst transition period and immunosurgery was used to show that the increased protein synthesis was restricted to the trophectoderm cells No mitogenic effect was observed The effective concentration of EGF is close to that of serum and to values which stimulate other tissues It is suggested that EGF receptors appear at compaction and that EGF may have a role in differentiation of the trophectoderm cells
TL;DR: Adolescents of both sexes provided accurate reports of their parents' and peer's drinking, as well as drinking norms, and normative standards for alcohol use, which revealed different effects for male and female adolescents.
Abstract: This study examined direct and indirect influences of parents and peers on adolescent drinking. One hundred and six adolescents, their parents and a same‐sex best friend of the adolescent each completed measures that tapped actual and perceived drinking behaviour, and normative standards for alcohol use. Of methodological interest was that adolescents of both sexes provided accurate reports of their parents' and peer's drinking, as well as drinking norms. Path analyses revealed different effects for male and female adolescents. Strongest predictors of alcohol use for males were their perceptions of their father's and mother's drinking, and their father's actual drinking. Best friend's drinking was positively related to the adolescent males' perceptions of themselves as a drinker. The single predictor of their internalized norms was the perception adolescent males had of their friend's drinking. Significantly, the adolescent male's own norms predicted how much and what they drank. For adolescent females, how much they believed their best friend drank, and their friend's normative standards, were the strongest predictors of alcohol use. Father's drinking also influenced the drinking practices of daughters, but mothers had no impact on their daughters' alcohol use. In contrast to young males, females' personal preferences or liking of alcohol successfully predicted most of their drinking behaviour.
TL;DR: This prediction is shown to be unaffected by the inclusion of additional processes into the models such as variable encoding, cue weights, forgetting, single item matches, context, and background memories and to test the global matching assumption rigorously.
TL;DR: In this paper, the role of the structure of a zeolite (dimension and forme) and the localisation des sites actifs affectant la selectivite pendant la desactivation is discussed.
Abstract: Etude du role de la structure d'une zeolite (dimension et forme), et de la localisation des sites actifs affectant la selectivite pendant la desactivation, les effets de diffusion et leur influence sur la selectivite de la forme et l'utilisation d'une zeolite en tant que catalyseur afin d'examiner le processus chimique de desactivation
TL;DR: A New Zealand measure of alcohol-related expectancies, the Drinking Expectancy Questionnaire (DEQ), is developed and the potential clinical and research possibilities using this revised expectancy measure are briefly discussed, along with the scale's strength and weaknesses.
Abstract: Alcohol-related expectancies have been recently proposed as potentially important determinants of drinking behavior. This study describes the development of a New Zealand measure of such beliefs, the Drinking Expectancy Questionnaire (DEQ). Items selected through interviews, literature review, and the modification of other relevant questionnaires were piloted on 333 drinkers in a community sample and 275 college students. Factor analyses of both samples revealed nine alcohol reinforcement domains relating to assertiveness, affective change, sexual enhancement, social enhancement, relaxation, cognitive impairment, dependence, carelessness, and aggression. The potential clinical and research possibilities using this revised expectancy measure are briefly discussed, along with the scale's strength and weaknesses.
TL;DR: Evidence is reinforced that yielding of bone observed during repetitive loading is caused by diffuse structural damage such as microcracking or debonding, as well as a strong dependence of crack probability on the level of loading for all crack types except those crossing lamellae.
Abstract: Tibiae from 60 male Wistar rats, aged 13 ±1 weeks, were divided into six groups for mechanical and histological testing. Bones were loaded repetitively in torsion at 90 deg.s−1. Group 1 was subjected to 5,000 loading cycles at a twist angle of 3.6°, groups 2–5 to 10,000 cycles at 3.6, 5.4, 7.2, and 9.0°, respectively, and group 6 was tested to failure. Six transverse sections from the middiaphysis were then cut, bulk-stained in basic fuchsin, and hand ground to 30–50 μm to examine the presence of microcracks. Cracks were classified as running parallel to lamellae, crossing lamellae, crossing the full thickness of the cortex, or invading vascular canals. Results for fatigue testing showed that the tibiae exhibited a gradual decrease in torque (P<0.05), average stress (P<0.01), stiffness (P<0.01) and energy absorbed (P<0.01) from the initial loading cycle. Analysis of microdamage showed an increase in the variety of cracks from groups, 1–5. Analysis of deviance demonstrated a strong dependence of crack probability on the level of loading for all crack types (P<0.05) except those crossing lamellae. This study reinforces the evidence that yielding of bone observed during repetitive loading is caused by diffuse structural damage such as microcracking or debonding.
12 Jan 1989-Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series B-infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health
TL;DR: The reported literature showed that very little work has been done on immunoglobulins and their role in the bovine uterine defense mechanisms; however, some investigators have found a positive correlation between gamma-globulin and the development of uterine infection after calving.
Abstract: Bovine uterine defense mechanisms during physiological and pathological conditions have been reviewed in this article. The initial uterine defense against bacterial infection is phagocytosis by uterine leucocytes (mainly neutrophils). The reported literature showed that very little work has been done on immunoglobulins and their role in the bovine uterine defense mechanisms; however, some investigators have found a positive correlation between gamma-globulin and the development of uterine infection after calving. Many explanations exist for the difference in susceptibility of the uterus to infection during the different phases of estrous cycle; however, most of the reports agreed that the uterine defense mechanism is inadequate during diestrus. The abnormal puerperium effects uterine defense mechanisms adversely and prolongs the time to complete uterine involution. Future treatment may utilise natural antimicrobial substances such as proteins or peptides derived from PMN, chemoattractant substances such as E. coli lipopolysaccharide or a bacteria-free filtrate of streptococci. Specific hyperimmunserum could also be used as opsonin for refractory cases of uterine bacterial infections.
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