Showing papers by "University of South Carolina published in 1979"
TL;DR: In this article, the utilization of an intertidal salt marsh creek in South Carolina during January 1977 was determined by sampling every third ebb tide for 13 days, and all fishes leaving the creek during that period were captured in a channel net.
Abstract: The utilization of an intertidal salt marsh creek in South Carolina during January 1977 was determined by sampling every third ebb tide for 13 days. All fishes leaving the creek during that period were captured in a channel net. This procedure produced a time-series of samples which permitted analysis of the fish community occupying the intertidal creek at all times of day and night.
213 citations
01 Jan 1979
TL;DR: An overview of the historical development of meiofaunal research and a synopsis of the present knowledge are presented, and perceptions as to where meio fauna research needs to be directed are provided.
Abstract: Meiofauna research has seen an increased ecological emphasis in the last ten years. The period prior to 1970 was primarily descriptive but current research is directed more toward testing hypotheses using the meiofauna. There is a fairly large descriptive base and generalities from a worldwide data set indicate that there are unique opportunities for additional studies. In this paper we present an overview of the historical development of meiofaunal research and a synopsis of the present knowledge, and provide our perceptions as to where meio fauna research needs to be directed. Hypothesis testing in the field, the role of meiofauna in total benthic energetics, and biological control mechanisms appear to be most fruitful avenues for future research.
178 citations
01 Jan 1979
176 citations
TL;DR: The bilateral differences observed in large spherical cell area following rearing under monaural deprivation conditions may reflect a form of imbalanced binaural interactions between axon terminals of spherical cells.
151 citations
TL;DR: The Y-5 ash is the most widespread layer in deep-sea sediments from the eastern Mediterranean and was previously correlated with the Citara-Serrara tuff on Ischia Island and dated at approximately 25,000 yr B.P as discussed by the authors.
147 citations
TL;DR: Little Salt Spring in southwest Florida, consisting of a shallow, water-filled basin above a deep, vertical underwater cavern, was a freshwater cenote in the peninsula's drier past that collected perishable organic artifacts and other evidence of Paleo-Indian and Archaic Indian origin.
Abstract: Little Salt Spring in southwest Florida, consisting of a shallow, water-filled basin above a deep, vertical underwater cavern, was a freshwater cenote in the peninsula9s drier past. It collected and preserved perishable organic artifacts and other evidence of Paleo-Indian and Archaic Indian origin ranging in age from 12,000 to 9000 and from 6800 to 5200 years ago. An Archaic Period cemetery containing an estimated 1000 burials occupies an adjoining muck-filled slough and presently drowned portions of the basin of the spring. Artifacts and the nature of interment suggest a cultural link between the Archaic people and the much later Glades Tradition of southern Florida.
145 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors reviewed the results of 29 studies on the effectiveness of school consultation published between 1972 and 1977 and found that most studies reported at least one or more positive effects resulting from consultation interventions.
133 citations
131 citations
TL;DR: The in vitro activity of the enzyme under optimal assay conditions was high enough to prevent proline accumulation under water stress condition; presumably this activity was restrained in vivo.
Abstract: Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) leaf discs accumulated free proline when exposed to polyethylene glycol solutions of water potential less than -10 bars. At -20 bars, the accumulation was 11 micromoles per gram original fresh weight in a 24-hour period.When the leaf organelles were separated on a sucrose gradient, a proline oxidase was detected in the mitochondrial fraction. Isolated mitochondria were used for the study of the properties of the enzyme which was assayed by both oxygen uptake measurement and reduction of 2,6-dichlorophenol-indophenol in the presence of phenazine methosulfate. There was a stoichiometry of one-half mole of oxygen uptake per mole of Delta(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylate production in the enzymic reaction. The enzyme had an optimal activity at pH 8.0 to 8.5 and an apparent K(m) value of 0.028 molar for proline. MgCl(2) and flavin adenine dinucleotide were required for maximal activity. Addition of sucrose, mannitol, or polyethylene glycol to reduce the water potential of the reaction mixture to as low as -20 bars resulted in little inhibition. The enzyme preparation was unable to reduce NAD to NADH, and NAD did not inhibit the enzyme activity. The enzyme preparation reduced cytochrome c in the presence of KCN. Triton X-100 at low concentration strongly inhibited the enzyme activity. The enzyme was apparently linked to the mitochondrial electron transport system. The in vitro activity of the enzyme under optimal assay conditions was high enough to prevent proline accumulation under water stress condition; presumably this activity was restrained in vivo.
128 citations
TL;DR: It is suggested that proline accumulation is of considerable importance in L. carolinianum and J. roemerianus, important to the C4 grasses at certain times and in certain locations in the marsh, and of little importance in the succulents.
Abstract: Proline accumulation by eight major species of salt marsh halophytes was examined under growth chamber and field conditions. When the plants were exposed to increasing salinities in the growth chamber, they accumulated proline after a threshold salinity had been reached. Three general patterns were apparent. Limonium carolinianum (Walt.) Britt. and Juncus roemerianus Scheele began to accumulate proline at 0.25 M NaCl with accumulations up to 63.6 ,tmoles per gram fresh weight at higher salinities. The C4 grasses, Spartina alterniflora Loisel., Spartina patens (Aiton) Muhl., and Distichlis spicata (L.) Greene, had threshold salinity levels around 0.5 M NaCl and accumulated proline to 27.4 ,tmoles per gram fresh weight. The succulents, Salicornia bigelovii Torr., Salicornia virginica L., and Borrichia frutescens (L.) DC., did not accumulate proline until very high salinities (0.7 M) were reached. Water stress imposed by polyethylene glycol instead of NaCl caused similar proline accumulation in the species studied, but to different extents. Field measurements of proline content and soil salinities correlated well with the findings from growth chamber experiments. Rates of proline accumulation and breakdown in L. carolinianum were sufficient for osmotic adjustment by the plant to the changes in interstitial salinity in the marsh. The significance of proline accumulation as an adaptation to the salt marsh environment was species specific. We suggest that proline accumulation is of considerable importance in L. carolinianum and J. roemerianus, important to the C4 grasses at certain times and in certain locations in the marsh, and of little importance in the succulents.
128 citations
TL;DR: It is shown here that every connected, locally connected graph on p ≥ 3 vertices and having no induced K1,3 is Hamiltonian.
Abstract: A graph is locally connected if every neighborthood induces a connected subgraph. We show here that every connected, locally connected graph on p ≥ 3 vertices and having no induced K1,3 is Hamiltonian. Several sufficient conditions for a line graph to be Hamiltonian are obtained as corollaries.
TL;DR: Electron microscopic investigation of scales of the goldfish Carassius auratus revealed that the lamellae of fibrillary plates contain sheet-like structures composed of vertically oriented collagen fibers embedded in an organic matrix.
Abstract: Electron microscopic investigation of scales of the goldfish Carassius auratus revealed that the lamellae of fibrillary plates contain sheet-like structures composed of vertically oriented collagen fibers embedded in an organic matrix. The fibers (TC fibers) are smaller in diameter (35–45 nm) than those of the lamellae and the matrix is stained intensely with lead citrate.
TL;DR: A generalization of the familiar concept of an interval graph that arises naturally in scheduling and allocation problems is discussed, showing that (1) the interval number of a tree is at most two, and (2) the complete bipartite graph Km, n has interval number ⌈(mn + 1)/(m + n)⌉.
Abstract: In this paper we discuss a generalization of the familiar concept of an interval graph that arises naturally in scheduling and allocation problems. We define the interval number of a graph G to be the smallest positive integer t for which there exists a function f which assigns to each vertex u of G a subset f(u) of the real line so that f(u) is the union of t closed intervals of the real line, and distinct vertices u and v in G are adjacent if and only if f(u) and f(v)meet. We show that (1) the interval number of a tree is at most two, and (2) the complete bipartite graph Km, n has interval number ⌈(mn + 1)/(m + n)⌉.
TL;DR: The comparative ultrastructure of fish bone osteogenesis and resorption induced by scale removal was described in the osteocytic Carassius auratus and the anosteocytic Tilapia macrocephala and these cells were characterized by large amounts of granular endoplasmic reticulum and intracellular inclusions containing crystal-like material.
Abstract: The comparative ultrastructure of fish bone osteogenesis and resorption induced by scale removal was described in the osteocytic (cellular-boned) Carassius auratus and the anosteocytic (acellular-boned) Tilapia macrocephala. Osteocytes, present in osteocytic bone, were lacking in anosteocytic bone. In osteocytic bone the osteoblast secreted a collagenous preosseous matrix in which it became enmeshed and then was termed a preosteocyte. When the preosseous matrix mineralized, the preosteocyte was termed an osteocyte and was completely surrounded by bone. In anosteocytic bone the osteoblasts receded from the mineralizing front and never became trapped as osteocytes. During resorption, types A and B resorptive cells, present in both bone types, invaded the matrix and demineralized the osseous zone. These cells were characterized by large amounts of granular endoplasmic reticulum and intracellular inclusions containing crystal-like material. Although functionally similar to mammalian osteoclasts, these cells lacked a characteristic ruffled border and were not multinucleated. The osteocytes of cellular bone did not appear to be involved during demineralization.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors apply Girton and Roper's model of exchange market pressure to the postwar Brazilian monetary experience and show that a much greater proportion of the exchange market market pressure was absorbed by exchange rate depreciation than in the Canadian case where changes in reserves were large relative to exchange rate movements.
Abstract: This study applies Lance Girton and Don Roper's (hereafter G-R) monetary model of exchange market pressure to the postwar Brazilian monetary experience. The model was designed specifically for the Canadian managed float during the period 1952-62. The object of their model is to explain what they term "exchange market pressure"; that is, the pressure on foreign exchange reserves and the exchange rate when there exists an excess of domestic money supply over money demand in a managed floating exchange rate regime. The basic theoretical proposition is that any such excess supply of money can be relieved by an exchange depreciation, a loss in foreign reserves, or, in the context of a managed float, by some combination of the two. In this sense, the G-R managed float model used here is firmly rooted in the modern monetary approach to exchange rates and the balance of payments.' Brazil provides a particularly good example for testing this approach, not only because it is in many senses a unique example of a postwar managed float system, but also because it can be treated as a "small, open" economy in the sense that world prices and monetary conditions faced by Brazil are taken as given. This particularly suits the purpose of most modern monetary models which make this assumption and obviates the problems of monetary dependence and neutralization dealt with in the pioneering G-R paper. Specifically, the small-country assumption permits us to devise a simple one-country equation of managed floating which depends upon four essential ingredients: 1) money demand, 2) money supply, 3) purchasing power parity, and 4) monetary equilibrium.2 Furthermore, in Brazil a much greater proportion of exchange market pressure was absorbed by exchange rate depreciation than in the Canadian case where changes in reserves were large relative to exchange rate movements. In short, postwar Brazil provides a singularly good opportunity to test the monetary model of exchange market pressure. Section I briefly states the essential elements of the monetary model, and derives the equation to be tested for the Brazilian experience from 1955 to 1975. Section II reports empirical results for the exchange market pressure model, and Section III examines the applicability of the relative version of purchasing power parity for the time period considered. Section IV summarizes the results and discusses the merits of the monetary approach in light of the Brazilian experience.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a study which attempts to clarify the meaning of participation by separating participation into distinct types and relating each type to evaluation of the environment, and find that participants reported that participation made them feel significantly more creative, responsible, and helpful, and less anonymous than no participation.
Abstract: This article presents a study which attempts to clarify the meaning of participation by separating participation into distinct types and relating each type to evaluation of the environment. The study was a simulation of the process of designing dormitory rooms which contrasted three types of participation, while controlling for quality of the design: (1) Self-Planning (SP)-generating alternative designs and choosing one; (2) Choice (C)-Choosing a design from two alternative designs generated by others; (3) No Participation (NP). Type of participation was significantly related to participants' reports of how much they would like living in the room. SP subjects and C subjects liked the rooms significantly more than the NP subjects, while SP and C subjects did not differ significantly from each other. SP and C subjects reported that participation made them feel significantly more creative, responsible, and helpful, and less anonymous than NP subjects. Attitudes about the architects were significantly affecte...
TL;DR: Seasonal variations in the oxygen-18/oxygen-16 ratio of calcite shells of living planktonic foraminifera in the Sargasso Sea off Bermuda are a direct function of surface water temperature and may be used to determine the seasonal temperature contrast of oceans in the past.
Abstract: Seasonal variations in the oxygen-18/oxygen-16 ratio of calcite shells of living planktonic foraminifera in the Sargasso Sea off Bermuda are a direct function of surface water temperature. Seasonal occurrence as well as depth habitat are determining factors in the oxygen isotopic composition of planktonic foraminifera. These relationships may be used to determine the seasonal temperature contrast of oceans in the past.
TL;DR: In this paper, the strain energy density function surface for the rubber tested by L.G. T reloar (1944a) is determined from bis stress-strain data.
Abstract: T he strain-energy density function surface for the rubber tested by L. R.G. T reloak (1944a) is determined from bis stress-strain data. The data were given for the three pure homogeneous strain paths of simple elongation, pure shear, and equi-biaxial extension of a thin sheet. The surface is formed by plotting calculated points of the strain-energy function above a plane having the first and second strain invariants as rectangular cartesian coordinates. The strain-energy function is expressed as a double power series in the invariants expanded about the zero energy state which is the origin of coordinates. An analysis of this experimentally derived surface provides the information required for the rational selection of terms and the determination of the coefficients in the series expansion, thus defining a function within the Rivlin-type formulation. The function so determined is tested by employing it in the appropriate constitutive formulae to compute stresses for comparison with experimental values. Another test is made by utilizing the function to predict shapes of an inflated membrane for comparison with experimentally observed shapes. Excellent agreement between prediction and experiment is found. A second demonstration is given for another rubber tested by D.F. J ones and L.R.G. T reloar (1975). Again, excellent results are obtained.
TL;DR: Research on the treatments of premature ejaculation and psychogenic impotence is reviewed and it was suggested that future investigators examine the impact of treatment on homogeneous samples and conduct controlled comparisons of different treatment methods.
Abstract: Research on the treatments of premature ejaculation and psychogenic impotence is reviewed. Problems with the existing definitions of these disorders are discussed. The studies are reviewed under seven major headings: depth therapies, behavior therapies, hypnosis, drug therapy, mechanotherapy, reeducative and supportive therapies, and extensive retraining programs. Most of the studies were case reports. Considerable methodological weaknesses were found, most notably the failure to specify subject and treatment variables, the confounding of treatment methods, inadequate or nonexistent control groups, limited, if any, follow-up assessments of treatment effects, and a failure to obtain partner validation of subjects' progress. The studies which used systematic desensitization and the studies which assessed the extensive retraining programs reported the most consistently positive results, although better-controlled replications are needed. Among other issues, it was suggested that future investigators examine the impact of treatment of homogeneous samples and conduct controlled comparisons of different treatment methods.
TL;DR: The P- type drug resistance factors RP4, RK2, R702, R68.45, and the N-type drug resistance factor R46 are transferred to Caulobacter crescentus at high frequencies and can be used to introduce transposons into the C. c Crescentus chromosome, providing the basis for additional genetic techniques.
Abstract: The P-type drug resistance factors RP4, RK2, R702, R68.45, and the N-type drug resistance factor R46 are transferred to Caulobacter crescentus at high frequencies. They are stably maintained and their antibiotic resistances are expressed. Experiments with RP4 have shown that intergeneric transfer of RP4 occurs with greater than 90% of the recipient cells in filter matings between Escherichia coli donors and C. crescentus recipients. Reciprocal matings with C. crescentus donors are less efficient, but still occur at a frequency of 10-1. C. crescentus strains maintain RP4 as a plasmid, are sensitive to RP4-specific phage, and segregate phage-resistant cells at a frequency of 10-4 to 10-5. The RP4 plasmid can be used in several ways: (1) the RP4 plasmid will promote chromosomal exchange between C. crescentus strains at frequencies ranging from 10-6 to 10-8; (2) RP4 will promote the transfer of nonconjugative colE1 plasmids from E. coli to C. crescentus; once transferred, the colE1 plasmid is stably maintained under nonselective conditions, can be transferred serially, and segregates independently from RP4; and (3) RP4 can be used to introduce transposons into the C. crescentus chromosome, providing the basis for additional genetic techniques.
01 Jan 1979
TL;DR: The time of egg hatching of the fiddler crabs, Uca pugnax, U. pugilator and U. minax was monitored under controlled laboratory conditions and under natural field conditions to minimize predation on eggladen females walking to the water's edge to deposit their hatching zoeae.
Abstract: The time of egg hatching of the fiddler crabs, Uca pugnax , U. pugilator and U. minax was monitored under controlled laboratory conditions and under natural field conditions. Hatch profiles were constructed by counting zoeae collected from individual females under controlled laboratory conditions every 10 minutes. Complete hatching of the 1,500–94,000 embryos in an egg sponge occurred over the course of several minutes, related to the time of the nocturnal high tide. The female aided hatching by vigorous abdominal contractions. Sampling in a typical intertidal creek every two hours at four depths over a 33-hour period indicated a large peak of zoeae near the nighttime high tide. Such timing may minimize predation on eggladen females walking to the water's edge to deposit their hatching zoeae. Tidal timing may also reduce predation as well as tidal flushing of Uca larvae.
TL;DR: In this article, a conceptual frame-of-reference which consists of a matrix based on two trichotomies is proposed for the study of tourism, and an analysis and interpretation of this framework and its application to the nine substantive articles included in the special issue constitute a majority of the article.
TL;DR: The dominance of subpolar and subtropical planktonic foraminifera can be used to reliably identify the meridional position of the Subtropical Convergence (STC) in deep-sea sediments of the southern Indian Ocean.
TL;DR: For example, in the case of the Microarthridion littorale, one species occurs along the entire gradient of a water depth gradient from the subtidal at the bottom of a tidal creek to the high intertidal marsh as mentioned in this paper.
TL;DR: The respiratory function of the hemocyanin (Hcy)-containing blood in the aquatic spider crab, Libinia emarginata, and the terrestrial ghost crab, Ocypode guadrata, was studied in animals exposed to normoxic and hypoxic conditions.
Abstract: The respiratory function of the hemocyanin (Hcy)-containing blood in the aquatic spider crab, Libinia emarginata, and the terrestrial ghost crab, Ocypode guadrata, was studied in animals exposed to normoxic and hypoxic conditions a t 25°C. In L. emarginata low concentrations of Hcy, although 90% O2, saturated at the gill, necessitate a high blood and water convection strategy. O. quadrata has blood with a higher concentration of hemocyanin which is 96% O2 saturated at the gill, obviating a very high rate of blood circulation. During progressive hypoxia convection initially increases on both sides of the gill in L. emarginata while in O. quadrata cardiac output decreases. Blood pH increases with decreasing ambient P, below 60 torr in L. emarginata, inducing a greater hemocyanin O2 affinity.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors studied the middle Pliocene (2.7-3.6 Myr ago) histories of surface-water temperature and oxygen isotopic composition at DSDP Site 132 in the Tyrrhenian Sea and compared these with another approach to estimate palaeotemperatures based on the transfer function technique.
Abstract: The pelagic sedimentary sequences recovered by the Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) from the Mediterranean are important because of their proximity to the classical shallow-water Neogene marine-type sections in Europe and because they may help correlations between the type sections and marine sequences outside the Mediterranean basin. We have studied the middle Pliocene (2.7–3.6 Myr ago) histories of surface-water temperature and oxygen isotopic composition at DSDP Site 132 in the Tyrrhenian Sea and here we compare these with another approach to estimating palaeotemperatures1 based on the transfer function technique2. The record clearly shows a climatic cooling commencing between 3.2 and 3.0 Myr ago. An oxygen isotopic curve derived from the planktonic foraminiferan Globigerinoides ruber significantly correlates with a palaeotemperature record estimated from a transfer function palaeotemperature equation on planktonic foraminiferal data. Transfer functions may therefore be of value in interpreting palaeoclimatic history in sequences at least as old as the middle Pliocene.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors attempt to rectify false suspicions that have developed among some regarding ratio correlations by examining the potential inferences one might draw about the relationship between the component variables from the observed correlations between the ratio-standardized variables.
Abstract: This paper attempts to rectify false suspicions that have developed among some regarding ratio correlations. If researchers are theoretically concerned with relationships between ratio variables that contain common components (e.g., population density and suicide rate) or between a ratio variable and one of its components (e.g., percent urban and population size of nations) correlation analysis will not normally yield spurious results. Spuriousness becomes a problem primarily when the researcher is interested in relationships between component variables which are standardized by a common term for reasons extraneous to the hypothesis. Even here, though, it is not the empirical correlation that is spurious, but possible inferences one might draw about the relationship between the component variables from the observed correlations between the ratio-standardized variables. Assessment of suggested alternatives to ratio correlation indicates that ratio measurement sometimes provides conceptual, interpretive, and statistical advantages over alternatives critics have proposed. Because uncritical acceptance of faulty research poses a constant danger in the social sciences, we are routinely reminded to be diligent in evaluating possible methodological shortcomings in empirical studies. But an equally serious problem arises when criticisms of existing methodological procedures are automatically accepted without similar evaluation and reflection. Published methodological critiques not only often influence the type and direction of future methodologies used in studying a phenomenon, but they also can have a back-to-the-drawing board impact that leads many readers to discount the findings of previous studies and initiate new
TL;DR: In this paper, oxygen isotopic determinations and total faunal analyses were made at 1000-year intervals across two equivalent sapropels in two piston cores from the Levatine Basin.
TL;DR: The data presented here all indicate that Mn(2+) plays an important physiological role in regulating the N(2) fixation process by these photosynthetic bacteria.
Abstract: Nitrogenase (N(2)ase) from the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodospirillum rubrum can exist in two forms, an unregulated form (N(2)ase A) and a regulatory form (N(2)ase R), the latter being identified in vitro by its need for activation by a Mn(2+)-dependent N(2)ase activating system. The physiological significance of this Mn(2+)-dependent N(2)ase activating system was suggested here by observations that growth of R. rubrum and Rhodopseudomonas capsulata on N(2) gas (a condition that produces active N(2)ase R) required Mn(2+), but growth on ammonia or glutamate did not. Manganese could not be shown to be required for the biosynthesis of either nitrogenase or glutamine synthetase or for glutamine synthetase turnover, but it was required for the in vitro activation of N(2)ases from N(2) and glutamate-grown R. rubrum and R. capsulata cells. Chromatium N(2)ase, in contrast, was always fully active and did not require Mn(2+) activation, suggesting that only the purple nonsulfur bacteria are capable of controlling their N(2)ase activity by this new type of regulatory system. Although R. rubrum could not substitute Fe(2+) for Mn(2+) in the in vivo N(2) fixation process, Fe(2+) and, to a lesser extent, Co(2+) could substitute for Mn(2+) in the in vitro activation of N(2)ase. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy of buffer-washed R. rubrum chromatophores showed lines characteristic of Mn(2+). Removal of the Mn(2+)-dependent N(2)ase activating factor by a salt wash of the chromatophores removed 90% of the Mn(2+), which suggested a specific coupling of this metal to the activating factor. The data presented here all indicate that Mn(2+) plays an important physiological role in regulating the N(2) fixation process by these photosynthetic bacteria.