Showing papers by "University of Tokyo published in 2023"
TL;DR: The definition of the term tetrel bond and instances of its occurrence in chemical systems are proposed in this article based on the evidence documented in the current literature, and the use of tetrel bonds is discussed in detail.
Abstract: The definition of the term “tetrel bond” and instances of its occurance in chemical systems are proposed based on the evidence documented in the current literature.
8 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , the structure of Deinococcus radiodurans ISDra2 TnpB in complex with its cognate ωRNA and target DNA was analyzed.
Abstract: The class 2 type V CRISPR effector Cas12 is thought to have evolved from the IS200/IS605 superfamily of transposon-associated TnpB proteins1. Recent studies have identified TnpB proteins as miniature RNA-guided DNA endonucleases2,3. TnpB associates with a single, long RNA (ωRNA) and cleaves double-stranded DNA targets complementary to the ωRNA guide. However, the RNA-guided DNA cleavage mechanism of TnpB and its evolutionary relationship with Cas12 enzymes remain unknown. Here we report the cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of Deinococcus radiodurans ISDra2 TnpB in complex with its cognate ωRNA and target DNA. In the structure, the ωRNA adopts an unexpected architecture and forms a pseudoknot, which is conserved among all guide RNAs of Cas12 enzymes. Furthermore, the structure, along with our functional analysis, reveals how the compact TnpB recognizes the ωRNA and cleaves target DNA complementary to the guide. A structural comparison of TnpB with Cas12 enzymes suggests that CRISPR-Cas12 effectors acquired an ability to recognize the protospacer-adjacent motif-distal end of the guide RNA-target DNA heteroduplex, by either asymmetric dimer formation or diverse REC2 insertions, enabling engagement in CRISPR-Cas adaptive immunity. Collectively, our findings provide mechanistic insights into TnpB function and advance our understanding of the evolution from transposon-encoded TnpB proteins to CRISPR-Cas12 effectors.
7 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors used Si-incorporated diamond-like carbon (Si-DLC) films as non-polymer dielectric materials for sliding-TENGs to improve output and durability.
3 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , a new Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) method for solving nonlinear least squares problems with convex constraints is described, which achieves both global and local convergence even under the presence of a convex constraint set.
Abstract: Abstract A new Levenberg–Marquardt (LM) method for solving nonlinear least squares problems with convex constraints is described. Various versions of the LM method have been proposed, their main differences being in the choice of a damping parameter. In this paper, we propose a new rule for updating the parameter so as to achieve both global and local convergence even under the presence of a convex constraint set. The key to our results is a new perspective of the LM method from majorization-minimization methods. Specifically, we show that if the damping parameter is set in a specific way, the objective function of the standard subproblem in LM methods becomes an upper bound on the original objective function under certain standard assumptions. Our method solves a sequence of the subproblems approximately using an (accelerated) projected gradient method. It finds an $$\varepsilon$$ ε -stationary point after $$O(\varepsilon ^{-2})$$ O ( ε - 2 ) computation and achieves local quadratic convergence for zero-residual problems under a local error bound condition. Numerical results on compressed sensing and matrix factorization show that our method converges faster in many cases than existing methods.
2 citations
TL;DR: In this article , a series of expanded helicenes Hn (n=1-4) containing 11, 19, 27 and 35 cata-fused benzene rings through Suzuki coupling-based oligomerization followed by Bi(OTf)3 -mediated regioselective cyclization of vinyl ethers.
Abstract: Expanded helicenes are expected to show enhanced chiroptical properties as compared to the classical helicenes but the synthesis is very challenging. Herein, we report the facile synthesis of a series of expanded helicenes Hn (n=1-4) containing 11, 19, 27 and 35 cata-fused benzene rings through Suzuki coupling-based oligomerization followed by Bi(OTf)3 -mediated regioselective cyclization of vinyl ethers. Their structures were determined by X-ray crystallographic analysis. Enantiopure H2, H3, and H4 can be isolated by chiral HPLC and they all exhibit strong chiroptical responses with high absorption dissymmetry factor (|gabs |) values (0.020 for H2, 0.021 for H3, and 0.021-0.024 for H4).
2 citations
TL;DR: In this article , a two-stage meta-regression analysis was performed to examine the short-term associations between temperature and acute CVD hospital admissions by specific categories (i.e., ischemic heart disease (IHD), heart failure (HF), and stroke) in 47 prefectures of Japan from 2011 to 2018.
Abstract: Substantial evidence suggests that non-optimal temperatures can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality and morbidity; however, limited studies have reported inconsistent results for hospital admissions depending on study locations, which also lack national-level investigations on cause-specific CVDs.We performed a two-stage meta-regression analysis to examine the short-term associations between temperature and acute CVD hospital admissions by specific categories [i.e., ischemic heart disease (IHD), heart failure (HF), and stroke] in 47 prefectures of Japan from 2011 to 2018. First, we estimated the prefecture-specific associations using a time-stratified case-crossover design with a distributed lag nonlinear model. We then used a multivariate meta-regression model to obtain national average associations.During the study period, a total of 4,611,984 CVD admissions were reported. We found cold temperatures significantly increased the risk of total CVD admissions and cause-specific categories. Compared with the minimum hospitalization temperature (MHT) at the 98th percentile of temperature (29.9 °C), the cumulative relative risks (RRs) for cold (5th percentile, 1.7 °C) and heat (99th percentile, 30.5 °C) on total CVD were 1.226 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.195, 1.258] and 1.000 (95% CI: 0.998, 1.002), respectively. The RR for cold on HF [RR = 1.571 (95% CI: 1.487, 1.660)] was higher than those of IHD [RR = 1.119 (95% CI: 1.040, 1.204)] and stroke [RR = 1.107 (95% CI: 1.062, 1.155)], comparing to their cause-specific MHTs. We also observed that extreme heat increased the risk of HF with RR of 1.030 (95% CI: 1.007, 1.054). Subgroup analysis showed that the age group ≥85 years was more vulnerable to these non-optimal temperature risks.This study indicated that cold and heat exposure could increase the risk of hospital admissions for CVD, varying depending on the cause-specific categories, which may provide new evidence to reduce the burden of CVD.
2 citations
TL;DR: In this article , the NADH dehydrogenase subunit7 (NAD7) gene, a subunit of respiratory chain complex I, was disrupted in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) using the mitoTALEN method.
Abstract: How mitochondria regulate the expression of their genes is poorly understood, partly because methods have not been developed for stably transforming mitochondrial genomes. In recent years, the disruption of mitochondrial genes has been achieved in several plant species using mitochondria-localized TALEN (mitoTALEN). In this study, we attempted to disrupt the NADH dehydrogenase subunit7 (NAD7) gene, a subunit of respiratory chain complex I, in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) using the mitoTALEN method. In some of the transformants, disruption of NAD7 was accompanied by severe growth inhibition and lethality, suggesting that NAD7 has an essential function in Arabidopsis. In addition, the mitochondrial genome copy number and overall expression of genes encoding mitochondrial proteins were generally increased by nad7 knockout. Similar increases were also observed in mutants with decreased NAD7 transcripts and with dysfunctions of other mitochondrial respiratory complexes. In these mutants, the expression of nuclear genes involved in mitochondrial translation or protein transport was induced in sync with mitochondrial genes. Mitochondrial genome copy number was also partly regulated by the nuclear stress-responsive factors NAC domain containing protein 17 and Radical cell death 1. These findings suggest the existence of overall gene-expression control through mitochondrial genome copy number in Arabidopsis and that disruption of single mitochondrial genes can have additional broad consequences in both the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes.
2 citations
08 Feb 2023
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors introduce Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agencies (JAXA) EarthCARE synthetic data based on simulations using a 3.5 km horizontal-mesh global storm-resolving model.
Abstract: Abstract. Pre-launch simulated data to be obtained from new sensors on a satellite is useful to develop retrieval algorithms and aid the rapid release of retrieval products after launch. Here we introduce Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agencies (JAXA) EarthCARE synthetic data based on simulations using a 3.5 km horizontal-mesh global storm-resolving model. Global aerosol transport simulation results are added for aerosol retrieval developers. Synthetic data were produced for four types of EarthCARE sensor: a 94 GHz cloud-profiling radar (CPR), a 355 nm atmospheric lidar (ATLID), a seven-channel multispectral imager (MSI), and a broadband radiometer (BBR). JAXA EarthCARE synthetic data include a standard product with data for two orbits and a research product with shorter frames and more detailed instrument settings. In the research products, random errors in the CPR are considered based on the observation window, and noise in ATLID signals are added using a noise simulator. We consider the spectral misalignment effect of the visible and near-infrared MSI channels based on response functions depending on the angle from nadir. We discuss plans for updating JAXA EarthCARE synthetic data using a large eddy simulation and implementation of a three-dimensional radiation model.
2 citations
TL;DR: In this article , a scoping review was conducted to identify the most likely health effects of desert dust and sandstorms and the methods used to characterize desert dust exposure from the existing epidemiological literature.
Abstract: Desert dust and sandstorms are recurring environmental phenomena that are reported to produce serious health risks worldwide. This scoping review was conducted to identify the most likely health effects of desert dust and sandstorms and the methods used to characterize desert dust exposure from the existing epidemiological literature. We systematically searched PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Scopus to identify studies that reported the effects of desert dust and sandstorms on human health. Search terms referred to desert dust or sandstorm exposure, names of major deserts, and health outcomes. Health effects were cross-tabulated with study design variables (e.g., epidemiological design and methods to quantify dust exposure), desert dust source, health outcomes and conditions. We identified 204 studies that met the inclusion criteria for the scoping review. More than half of the studies (52.9%) used a time-series study design. However, we found a substantial variation in the methods used to identify and quantify desert dust exposure. The binary metric of dust exposure was more frequently used than the continuous metric for all desert dust source locations. Most studies (84.8%) reported significant associations between desert dust and adverse health effects, mainly for respiratory and cardiovascular mortality and morbidity causes. Although there is a large body of evidence on the health effects of desert dust and sandstorms, the existing epidemiological studies have significant limitations related to exposure measurement and statistical analysis that potentially contribute to inconsistencies in determining the effect of desert dust on human health.
2 citations
TL;DR: In this article , the authors proposed two algorithms for a class of DVSFs, called split, which are extensions of the combinatorial relaxation of Murota (1995) and the matrix expansion by Moriyama et al. They show that the presented algorithms reduce the nc-WEP to the unweighted problem in polynomial time.
2 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , a leading Lamb wave pulse was recorded as a pressure pulse worldwide and a weather-station network in Japan recorded the pressure pulse together with temperature and wind conditions during the passage of the pulse.
Abstract: The explosive 2022 Tonga submarine volcanic eruption produced a globally propagated atmospheric disturbance. A leading Lamb wave pulse was recorded as a pressure pulse worldwide. A weather-station network in Japan recorded the pressure pulse together with temperature and wind conditions during the passage of the pulse. Individual temperature and wind records indicate little simultaneous change. However, after alignment of records at the time of pressure pulse arrivals and stacking, clear temperature and wind changes synchronized with the pressure change are evident. Assuming Lamb wave propagation, the synthesized temperature and wind changes from the pressure record show a good match with the observed waveforms. The observed wind speed and pressure change of the Lamb pulse yielded a total energy transported by the pulse of 4.2 × 1016 J.
TL;DR: In this article , a systematic literature review was conducted using 140 works consisting of 130 articles from PubMed and EthxWeb and data from 10 euthanasia laws in seven countries worldwide, and five problems were extracted: many ambiguous conditions with room for interpretation, insufficient assurance of voluntariness, response to requests for euthanasia due to psychological distress, conscientious objection and noncompliance by medical professionals.
Abstract: Currently, active euthanasia is legalized in only 7 countries worldwide. These countries have encountered problems in its implementation. The study aims to summarize the practical clinical problems in the literature on active euthanasia.A systematic literature review was conducted using 140 works consisting of 130 articles from PubMed and EthxWeb and data from 10 euthanasia laws.After reviewing the specific problems reported to be associated with euthanasia in each country, 5 problems were extracted: many ambiguous conditions with room for interpretation, insufficient assurance of voluntariness, response to requests for euthanasia due to psychological distress, conscientious objection, and noncompliance by medical professionals.Multiple ambiguous conditions that are open to interpretation can result in a "slippery slope phenomenon." An insufficient guarantee of voluntariness violates the principle of respect for autonomy, which is the underlying justification for euthanasia. In cases of euthanasia due to mental anguish, a distinction between a desire for death caused by psychological pain alone prompted by mental illness and a desire for death caused by mental symptoms prompted by physical illness is essential. Conscientious objection should remain an option because of the heavy burden placed on doctors who perform euthanasia. Noncompliance by medical professionals due to ignorance and conflicts regarding euthanasia is contrary to procedural justice.
TL;DR: In this paper , a class of strongly-coupled Chern-Simons-Gauge Multiplets (CMGMs) was introduced, which exhibits a peculiar condition on the ChernSimons levels.
Abstract: We introduce a class of 3d theories consisting of strongly-coupled ${\mathcal N}=4$ systems coupled to ${\mathcal N}=3$ Chern-Simons gauge multiplets, which exhibit ${\mathcal N}=4$ enhancements when a peculiar condition on the Chern-Simons levels is met. An example is the $SU(N)^3$ Chern-Simons theory coupled to the 3d $T_N$ theory, which enhances to ${\mathcal N}=4$ when $1/k_1+1/k_2+1/k_3=0$. We also show that some but not all of these ${\mathcal N}=4$ enhancements can be understood by considering M5-branes on a special class of Seifert manifolds. Our construction provides a large class of ${\mathcal N}=4$ theories which have not been studied previously.
TL;DR: In this paper , an international joint research project, entitled Interhemispheric Coupling Study by Observations and Modelling (ICSOM), is ongoing, where mesospheric gravity waves (GWs) have been simultaneously observed in seven boreal winters since 2015/16.
Abstract: An international joint research project, entitled Interhemispheric Coupling Study by Observations and Modelling (ICSOM), is ongoing. In the late 2000s, an interesting form of interhemispheric coupling (IHC) was discovered: when warming occurs in the winter polar stratosphere, the upper mesosphere in the summer hemisphere also becomes warmer with a time lag of days. This IHC phenomenon is considered to be a coupling through processes in the middle atmosphere (i.e., stratosphere, mesosphere, and lower thermosphere). Several plausible mechanisms have been proposed so far, but they are still controversial. This is mainly because of the difficulty in observing and simulating gravity waves (GWs) at small scales, despite the important role they are known to play in middle atmosphere dynamics. In this project, by networking sparsely but globally distributed radars, mesospheric GWs have been simultaneously observed in seven boreal winters since 2015/16. We have succeeded in capturing five stratospheric sudden warming events and two polar vortex intensification events. This project also includes the development of a new data assimilation system to generate long-term reanalysis data for the whole middle atmosphere, and simulations by a state-of-the-art GW-permitting general circulation model using the reanalysis data as initial values. By analyzing data from these observations, data assimilation, and model simulation, comprehensive studies to investigate the mechanism of IHC are planned. This paper provides an overview of ICSOM, but even initial results suggest that not only gravity waves but also large-scale waves are important for the mechanism of the IHC.
TL;DR: In this article , the authors investigated the spatio-temporal dynamics of juvenile chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta and their zooplankton prey, the neritic Pseudocalanus newmani, the oceanic Eucalanus bungii, and Themisto japonica.
Abstract: To understand the spatio-temporal dynamics of juvenile chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta and their zooplankton prey, the neritic Pseudocalanus newmani, the oceanic Eucalanus bungii, and Themisto japonica, we developed species-specific environmental DNA (eDNA) quantification methods. First, we confirmed that juvenile chum salmon collected in Otsuchi Bay preyed on the target zooplankton by the stomach contents analyses using the developed assays. Size-fraction analyses of the water collected in the bay showed that P. newmani and E. bungii DNA were derived mostly from nauplii and early copepodids. We then investigated the distribution and abundance of zooplankton and juvenile chum salmon in Otsuchi Bay using eDNA analyses of the same water samples collected from January to June in 2018 and 2019. Chum salmon DNA was found in the bay from the end of January to mid-June. P. newmani DNA appeared across the bay throughout the season and were most abundant from February to May, while the other two species DNA were only found in spots, in lower quantities, from March to May. The timings that the zooplankton DNA quantities became greater were corresponded well to that of the Oyashio water intrusion into the bay. In addition, the environmental data indicates that P. newmani was possibly transported also by the Coastal Oyashio water in 2019. The present study successfully revealed species-specific patterns in the dynamics of zooplankton and chum salmon, reflecting their ecological characteristics and oceanographic conditions, and showed the effectiveness of simultaneous eDNA quantifications for diverse taxa from the same water samples.
TL;DR: In this article , a series of expanded helicenes Hn (n=1-4) containing 11, 19, 27 and 35 cata-fused benzene rings through Suzuki coupling-based oligomerization followed by Bi(OTf)3-mediated regioselective cyclization of vinyl ethers were determined by X-ray crystallographic analysis.
Abstract: Expanded helicenes are expected to show enhanced chiroptical properties as compared to the classical helicenes but the synthesis is very challenging. Herein, we report the facile synthesis of a series of expanded helicenes Hn (n=1–4) containing 11, 19, 27 and 35 cata-fused benzene rings through Suzuki coupling-based oligomerization followed by Bi(OTf)3-mediated regioselective cyclization of vinyl ethers. Their structures were determined by X-ray crystallographic analysis. Enantiopure H2, H3, and H4 can be isolated by chiral HPLC and they all exhibit strong chiroptical responses with high absorption dissymmetry factor (|gabs|) values (0.020 for H2, 0.021 for H3, and 0.021–0.024 for H4).
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors compared medial elbow torque in youth baseball pitchers with and without a history of medial elbow injuries to determine the relationship between medial elbow elbow torque during pitching and having a history.
Abstract: This study compared medial elbow torque in youth baseball pitchers with and without a history of medial elbow injuries to determine the relationship between medial elbow torque during pitching and having a history of medial elbow injuries.We recruited 171 youth baseball pitchers aged 9 to 12 years old. The exclusion criteria included current pain with pitching, history of surgery on the tested extremity, or osteochondritis dissecans of the humeral capitellum. The participants were grouped into 3 groups: injury <1-year, injury >1-year, and control, based on ultrasonographic abnormalities of the elbow and the presence of elbow pain. Pitchers pitched 3 fastballs while wearing a sensor sleeve that recorded the medial elbow torque, arm speed, and shoulder rotation. Ball velocity was measured using a radar gun.The final analysis included 164 pitchers. Thirty were assigned to the injury <1-year group, 34 to the injury >1-year group, and 100 to the control group. The medial elbow torque was significantly greater in the injury <1-year group compared with the control group (18.6 ± 3.6 Nm vs 16.2 ± 4.8 Nm, P = .023). A multiple regression analysis revealed that ball velocity (B = 0.282, P < .001) and body weight (B = -0.224, P < .001) were significantly associated with medial elbow torque, but not with the history of medial elbow injuries.Increased medial elbow torque was associated with greater ball velocity regardless of the history of medial elbow injuries. Youth baseball pitchers with a history of medial elbow injuries within one year had greater medial elbow torque during pitching; however, having a history of medial elbow injuries was not an independent factor in increasing medial elbow torque. Limiting the ball velocity can reduce medial elbow torque and may prevent elbow injuries in youth baseball pitchers.Level II, prospective comparative prognostic investigation with the patients enrolled at different time point.
TL;DR: In this article , a fourth-order crystalline curvature flow equation for a graph-like curve is studied and the authors introduce the notion of firmness and prove that the solution stays firm at least for a short time for firm initial data.
Abstract: This paper studies a fourth-order crystalline curvature flow equation for a graph-like curve. The equation is a special example of general crystalline surface diffusion flow. We consider a special class of piecewise linear periodic functions and calculate its speed. We introduce the notion of firmness and prove that the solution stays firm at least for a short time for firm initial data. We show that a facet (flat part) may split if the initial profile is not firm by giving an explicit example. Moreover, we give an example of facet-merging as well as several estimates for the speed of each facet.
TL;DR: In this article , size-segregated aerosol and surface seawater (SSW) samples were simultaneously collected over the subtropical North Pacific to investigate the origin of WSON in the marine atmosphere.
Abstract: Abstract. Water-soluble organic nitrogen (WSON) in marine atmospheric aerosols affect the water solubility, acidity, and light-absorbing properties of aerosol particles, which are important parameters in assessing both the climate impact and the biogeochemical cycling of bioelements. Size-segregated aerosol and surface seawater (SSW) samples were simultaneously collected over the subtropical North Pacific to investigate the origin of WSON in the marine atmosphere. The fine-mode WSON concentration (7.5 ± 6.6 ngN m−3) at 200–240∘ E along 23∘ N, defined as the eastern North Pacific (ENP), was significantly higher than that (2.4 ± 1.9 ngN m−3) at 135–200∘ E, defined as the western North Pacific (WNP). Analysis of the stable carbon isotope ratio of water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC; δ13CWSOC) together with backward trajectory indicated that most of the observed WSON in the fine particles in the ENP originated from the ocean surface. We found positive relations among nitrogen-fixation rate, dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) in SSW, and the WSON concentrations. The result suggests that reactive nitrogen (DON and ammonium), produced and exuded by nitrogen-fixing microorganisms in SSW, contributed to the formation of WSON aerosols. This study provides new insights into the role of ocean-derived reactive nitrogen aerosols associated with marine microbial activity.
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors proposed a neural structure for generating and transmitting time-domain signals, including a neuron module, a synapse module, and two weight modules, driven by a leakage current of MOS transistors and uses an inverter-based comparator to realize a firing function.
Abstract: Conventional neural structures tend to communicate through analog quantities, such as currents or voltages; however, as CMOS devices shrink and supply voltages decrease, the dynamic range of voltage/current-domain analog circuits becomes narrower, the available margin becomes smaller, and noise immunity decreases. More than that, the use of operational amplifiers (op-amps) and continuous-time or clocked comparators in conventional designs leads to high energy consumption and large chip area, which would be detrimental to building spiking neural networks. In view of this, we propose a neural structure for generating and transmitting time-domain signals, including a neuron module, a synapse module, and two weight modules. The proposed neural structure is driven by a leakage current of MOS transistors and uses an inverter-based comparator to realize a firing function, thus providing higher energy and area efficiency compared to conventional designs. The proposed neural structure is fabricated using a TSMC 65 nm CMOS technology. The proposed neuron and synapse occupy the area of 127 and 231 [Formula: see text], respectively, while achieving millisecond time constants. Actual chip measurements show that the proposed structure implements the temporal signal communication function with millisecond time constants, which is a critical step toward hardware reservoir computing for human–computer interaction. Simulation results of the spiking neural network for reservoir computing with the behavioral model of the proposed neural structure demonstrates the learning function.
TL;DR: In this article , the major and trace-element contents of bulk sediments in Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Holes U1365A to U1370D, drilled in the South Pacific Gyre, were analyzed.
Abstract: Deep-sea sediments enriched in rare-earth elements and yttrium (REY) plus scandium (Sc), termed “REY-rich mud,” have attracted attention as a possible resource for these critical industrial elements. Examples have been reported from the western North Pacific, central Pacific, low-latitude South Pacific, and eastern South Pacific. Although previous studies of pelagic clay have reported the existence of highly REY-rich mud in the ultraoligotrophic South Pacific Gyre, neither the source materials nor the resource potentials for REY and Sc of the sediment have been quantified. We analyzed the major- and trace-element contents of bulk sediments in Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Holes U1365A to U1370D, drilled in the South Pacific Gyre. The elemental relationships suggest that the enrichment in REY and Sc reflects the accumulation of biogenic Ca phosphate in an environment with low sedimentation rates as well as the tectonic transition of depositional environments from hydrothermally influenced sites near the mid-ocean ridge to distal basins far from hydrothermal vents. The maximum total REY content of 4,662 ppm at Hole U1366C is the highest value yet reported from the South Pacific Ocean. Although the REY- and Sc-enriched sediment layers of most cores from the South Pacific Gyre are located deeper beneath the seafloor than those elsewhere in the Pacific Ocean, Hole U1367B demonstrates large resource potentials (1.21 × 104 t/km2 of REY oxides and 102 t/km2 of Sc) in the uppermost 6.5-m interval, making it the most promising site for REY and Sc yet found in the South Pacific Gyre.
TL;DR: In this paper , the Co 3D electronic structure of each facet of a layered LiCoO 2 cathode particle was selectively extracted by microscopic resonant photoelectron spectroscopy to elucidate the surface stability.
Abstract: The Co 3d electronic structure of each facet of a layered LiCoO 2 cathode particle was selectively extracted by microscopic resonant photoelectron spectroscopy to elucidate the surface stability of each facet.
TL;DR: In this paper , the antemortem factors affecting cerebrospinal fluid Hounsfield Units (HU) on postmortem computed tomography (PMCT) compared to the ant-emortem CT (AMCT) were examined.
TL;DR: In this article , an offset fin with oblique waves (OFOW) was proposed to further enhance heat transfer in single phase laminar flows and the heat transfer and pressure loss characteristics of different configurations of the OFOW were investigated numerically.
01 Jan 2023
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors review the crystal jumping phenomena under a thermal stimulus (thermosalient phenomenon) characterized by thermal phase transitions and anisotropic lattice expansion/contraction at a microscopic scale and jumping behavior through bending/deformation/rotation/cleavage of crystals at a macroscopic scale.
Abstract: Abstract Molecular crystals have a regularly packed structure, and their physical properties often depend on intramolecular and intermolecular interactions. Here, we review the crystal jumping phenomena under a thermal stimulus (thermosalient phenomenon). Thermosalient phenomena are characterized by thermal phase transitions and anisotropic lattice expansion/contraction at a microscopic scale and jumping behavior through bending/deformation/rotation/cleavage of crystals at a macroscopic scale. The absence of strong intermolecular interaction in the crystal and the misalignment of the crystal plane associated with the phase transition are explained as factors causing the thermosalient phenomena. In this chapter, various case studies with representative molecular crystals that exhibit the thermosalient phenomenon are explained in detail.
TL;DR: In this paper , a novel immersed boundary method for simulating coupled radiative-conductive heat transfer based on a volume penalization method is proposed and verified and implemented into an open-source CFD solver, OpenFOAM with adaptive mesh refinement to guarantee sufficiently fine grid resolution near solid surfaces.
TL;DR: The risk of progression to chronic limb threatening ischemia (CLTI), amputation and subsequent interventions after revascularization versus non-invasive therapy in patients with intermittent claudication was analyzed in this paper .
Abstract: Objective: The aim was to analyze the risk of progression to chronic limb threatening ischemia (CLTI), amputation and subsequent interventions after revascularization versus non-invasive therapy in patients with intermittent claudication (IC). Background: Conflicting evidence exists regarding adverse limb outcomes after each treatment strategy. Methods: PRISMA guidelines were followed. MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched aided by a health sciences librarian through August 16, 2022. Randomized control trials (RCTs) comparing invasive (endovascular or surgical revascularization) and non-invasive treatment (exercise and/or medical treatment) were included. PROSPERO registration was completed (CRD42022352831). Results: A total of 9 RCTs comprising 1477 patients (invasive, 765 patients; non-invasive, 712 patients) were eligible. During a mean of 3.6-year follow-up, progression to CLTI after invasive (5 [2–8] per 1,000 person-years) and non-invasive treatment (6 [3–10] per 1,000 person-years) were not statistically different (rate ratio [RR], 0.77; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.35–1.69, P=0.51, I2=0%). Incidence of amputation (RR, 1.69; 95% CI 0.54–5.26, P=0.36, I2=0%) and all-cause mortality (hazard ratio, 1.26; 95% CI 0.91–1.74, P=0.16, I2=0%) also did not differ between the groups. However, the invasive treatment group underwent significantly more revascularizations (RR, 4.15; 95%CI 2.80–6.16; P<0.00001, I2=83%). Results were not changed by fixed effect or random-effects models, nor by sensitivity analysis. Conclusions: Although there is equivalent risk of progression to CLTI, major amputation and all-cause mortality compared to non-invasive treatment, invasive treatment for patients with IC led to significantly more revascularization procedures and should be used selectively in patients with major lifestyle limitation. Guideline recommendation of non-invasive treatment for first-line IC therapy is supported.
TL;DR: In this article , the authors suggest that the broader use of antivirals could be a mitigation strategy to limit severe disease and the burden on healthcare systems during widespread virus circulation while allowing the buildup of population immunity.
Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has served as a stark reminder that outbreaks of novel pathogens (i.e., those not previously encountered by humans) have always plagued mankind and will continue to do so. The COVID-19 pandemic has also taught us that a single exposure to a novel pathogen is typically not sufficient to build robust population immunity that exists against common respiratory viruses. Robust population-level immunity can be achieved through repeated natural infection (typically at the cost of high mortality and overwhelmed public health resources) and/or repeated vaccination (which may be limited by vaccine availability, a country's economic resources, and/or vaccine hesitancy). Here, we suggest that the broader use of antivirals could be a mitigation strategy to limit severe disease and the burden on healthcare systems during widespread virus circulation while allowing the buildup of population immunity.
TL;DR: Akaike's information criterion was used in this article to select the best model of host-guest complexes, which can rank the models with weight of evidence, and a few test cases were examined to demonstrate the applicability of the information-theoretic method.
Abstract: “How do we decide the stoichiometry of host–guest complexes?” This question has long been answered by the Job plot since its first report in 1928. However, as the Job plot was claimed to be misleading in 2016, the question became an open question again and called for renewed investigations. An information-theoretic approach, called Akaike's information criterion, is introduced in this study to select the best model of host–guest complexes, which can rank the models with weight of evidence. A few test cases with unique cylindrical hosts were examined to demonstrate the applicability of the information-theoretic method. Consequently, reasonable views over the thermodynamic behaviors of dumbbell-and-cylinder complexes were obtained. Akaike's information criterion can be a useful and superior alternative to statistical null hypothesis testing, which was proposed as a remedy in place of the Job plot.