Wilkes University

About: Wilkes University is a education organization based out in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, United States. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Pharmacy. The organization has 616 authors who have published 1032 publications receiving 21050 citations. The organization is also known as: Wilkes & Wilkes College.

Cohesion and leadership in individual sports: a social network analysis of participation in recreational running groups

Abstract: Sixty percent of recreational runners in the United States use running groups to participate in the sport. Within these groups, cohesion, or the process of working together to achieve goals and obj...

Parents' Discipline of Children in Public Places*

Abstract: Unobtrusive observation of parents and children in public places indicates that similar to previous obtrusive investigations, there are social class differences in the use of restrictive vs. autonomy-granting discipline techniques. However, in the present study these social class differences were not significant. The notion of children's public misbehavior being viewed by parents as an "emergency situation" is put forth as an important part of the explanation of parents' preference for the more restrictive discipline techniques. Implications of these findings for parent effectiveness training programs are discussed.

Statistical dangers involved in counterbalancing

Abstract: The use of counterbalancing of the various levels of experimental variables so as to eliminate any systematic bias through practice is quite prevalent in psychological research. However, some investigators have called attention to possible defects in this procedure. For example, Hilgard (3) points out the inadequacies of a counterbalanced design when the same group receives both treatments. The important statistical consideration is that the variability within-groups is not controlled but the means of the groups are controlled. This uneven control vitiates the use of statistical formulae which assume chance variation. Likewise, Lindquist ( 5 ) presents an argument along the above lines against counterbalancing in a Treatments X Subjects analysis of variance design. Fisher ( 2 ) has also presented a cogent argument against systematic arrangement of treatments. However, the above individuals have not discussed this problem in great detail, and counterbalancing continues to be popular (e.g., 6, 7, 8). The concept of expected value of mean square [Anderson and Bancroft ( I ) , Kempthorne ( 4 ) , and Greenwood1] is a suitable technique for a clear presentation of this subject. Thus the purpose of this paper is to illustrate the effects of counterbalancing on the mean square estimates and on tests of significance in a Treatments X Subjects and in a Treatments X Treatments X Subjects analysis of variance design by the use of the expected value of mean square concept and simple numerical examples.