Showing papers by "York University published in 1999"
TL;DR: A set of evolving guidelines for reviewing qualitative research to serve four functions: to contribute to the process of legitimizing qualitative research; to ensure more appropriate and valid scientific reviews of qualitative manuscripts, theses, and dissertations; to encourage better quality control in qualitative research through better self- and other-monitoring; and to encourage further developments in approach and method.
Abstract: We present a set of evolving guidelines for reviewing qualitative research, to serve four functions: to contribute to the process of legitimizing qualitative research; to ensure more appropriate and valid scientific reviews of qualitative manuscripts, theses, and dissertations; to encourage better quality control in qualitative research through better self- and other-monitoring; and to encourage further developments in approach and method. Building on a review of existing principles of good practice in qualitative research, we used an iterative process of revision and feedback from colleagues who engage in qualitative research, resulting in a set of seven guidelines common to both qualitative and quantitative research and seven guidelines especially pertinent to qualitative investigations in psychology and related social sciences. The Evolving Guidelines are subject to continuing revision and should not be used in a rigid manner, in order to avoid stifling creativity in this rapidly evolving, rich research tradition.
2,758 citations
TL;DR: This article found that after 1986, oil price movements explained a larger fraction of the forecast error variance in real stock returns than do interest rates, and that oil price volatility shocks have asymmetric effects on the economy.
1,782 citations
TL;DR: The authors used cluster analysis on six responses to questions describing a firm's practices, and classified 400 firms into four environmental profiles: reactive, defensive, accommodative, and proactive, and found that firms with more proactive profiles do differ from less environmentally committed firms in their perceptions of the relative importance of different stakeholders.
Abstract: Do firms committed to stewardship of the natural environment differ from less environmentally committed firms in their perceptions of the relative importance of different stakeholders in influencing their environmental practices? Using cluster analysis on six responses to questions describing a firm's practices, we classified 400 firms into four environmental profiles: reactive, defensive, accommodative, and proactive. Results indicate that firms with more proactive profiles do differ from less environmentally committed firms in their perceptions of the relative importance of different stakeholders.
1,590 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a range of values of the binary eccentricity and mass ratio is studied, and both the case of planets orbiting close to one of the stars, and that of planets outside the binary orbiting the systems center of mass, are examined.
Abstract: A simple question of celestial mechanics is investigated: in what regions of phase space near a binary system can planets persist for long times? The planets are taken to be test particles moving in the field of an eccentric binary system. A range of values of the binary eccentricity and mass ratio is studied, and both the case of planets orbiting close to one of the stars, and that of planets outside the binary orbiting the systems center of mass, are examined. From the results, empirical expressions are developed for both (1) the largest orbit around each of the stars and (2) the smallest orbit around the binary system as a whole, in which test particles survive the length of the integration (10A4 binary periods). The empirical expressions developed, which are roughly linear in both the mass ratio mu and the binary eccentricity e, are determined for the range 0.0=e=0.7-0.8 and 0.1=mu=0.9 in both regions and can be used to guide searches for planets in binary systems. After considering the case of a single low-mass planet in binary systems, the stability of a mutually interacting system of planets orbiting one star of a binary system is examined, though in less detail.
876 citations
TL;DR: This paper investigated whether bilingual advantage in control can be found in a nonverbal task, the dimensional change card sort, used by Zelazo and Frye to assess cognitive complexity and control, and found that bilingual children were more advanced than the monolinguals in solving experimental problems requiring high levels of control.
Abstract: In the analysis and control framework, Bialystok identifies analysis (representation) and control (selective attention) as components of language processing and has shown that one of these, control, develops earlier in bilingual children than in comparable monolinguals. In the theory of cognitive complexity and control (CCC), Zelazo and Frye argue that preschool children lack the conscious representation and executive functioning needed to solve problems based on conflicting rules. The present study investigates whether the bilingual advantage in control can be found in a nonverbal task, the dimensional change card sort, used by Zelazo and Frye to assess CCC. This problem contains misleading information characteristic of high-control tasks but minimal demands for analysis. Sixty preschool children, half of whom were bilingual, were divided into a group of younger (M = 4,2) and older (M = 5,5) children. All the children were given a test of English proficiency (PPVT-R) and working memory (Visually-Cued Recall Task) to assure comparability of the groups and then administered the dimensional change card sort task and the moving word task. The bilingual children were more advanced than the monolinguals in the solving of experimental problems requiring high levels of control. These results demonstrate the role of attentional control in both these tasks, extends our knowledge about the cognitive development of bilingual children, and provides a means of relating developmental proposals articulated in two different theoretical frameworks, namely, CCC and analysis-control.
811 citations
TL;DR: Peers' anti-bullying initiatives must be reinforced by simultaneous whole-school interventions, and the results were interpreted as confirming peers' central roles in the processes that unfold during playground bullying episodes.
768 citations
TL;DR: This paper found that listeners are sensitive to musically expressed emotion in an unfamiliar tonal system, and that this sensitivity is facilitated by psychophysical cues such as tempo, rhythmic complexity, melodic complexity, and pitch range.
Abstract: Studies of the link between music and emotion have primarily focused on listeners' sensitivity to emotion in the music of their own culture. This sensitivity may reflect listeners' enculturation to the conventions of their culture's tonal system. However, it may also reflect responses to psychophysical dimensions of sound that are independent of musical experience. A model of listeners' perception of emotion in music is proposed in which emotion in music is communicated through a combination of universal and cultural cues. Listeners may rely on either of these cues, or both, to arrive at an understanding of musically expressed emotion. The current study addressed the hypotheses derived from this model using a cross-cultural approach. The following questions were investigated: Can people identify the intended emotion in music from an unfamiliar tonal system? If they can, is their sensitivity to intended emotions associated with perceived changes in psychophysical dimensions of music? Thirty Western listeners rated the degree of joy, sadness, anger, and peace in 12 Hindustani raga excerpts (field recordings obtained in North India). In accordance with the raga-rasa system, each excerpt was intended to convey one of the four moods or "rasas" that corresponded to the four emotions rated by listeners. Listeners also provided ratings of four psychophysical variables: tempo, rhythmic complexity, melodic complexity, and pitch range. Listeners were sensitive to the intended emotion in ragas when that emotion was joy, sadness, or anger. Judgments of emotion were significantly related to judgments of psychophysical dimensions, and, in some cases, to instrument timbre. The findings suggest that listeners are sensitive to musically expressed emotion in an unfamiliar tonal system, and that this sensitivity is facilitated by psychophysical cues.
585 citations
TL;DR: Positive changes were found across studies in violence-related attitudes and knowledge, and positive gains were noted in self-reported perpetration of dating violence, with less consistent evidence inSelf-reported victimization, however, these findings should be considered preliminary due to limited follow-up and generalizability.
494 citations
TL;DR: In the 1990s, the body size and shape of the average young adult North American becameincreasingly different from the ideal being promoted by the media, whereas the difference between the body sizes of 18- to 24-year-old North American women and men was actually quite small.
Abstract: Mean body mass indices (BMIs, kg/m2)of North Americans aged 18 to 24 collected from 11national health surveys were compared to: Playboycenterfold models, Miss America Pageant winners,andPlaygirl models. The survey samples were representative of themix of different ethnic and racial groups in Canada andthe USA. No racial or ethnic information was availablefor either the Playboy women or the Miss America Pageant winners. Ninety percent of the Playgirlmen were white; 10%, black; 1.5%, Hispanic black; and.8%, American Samoan. From the 1950s to the present,while the body sizes of Miss America Pageant winners decreased significantly and the body sizes ofPlayboy centerfold models remained below normal bodyweight, the body sizes of Playgirl models and youngadult North American women and men increasedsignificantly. The increase in body size of Playgirl modelsappears to be due to an increase in muscularity, whereasthe increase in body size of young North American menand women is more likely due to an increase in body fat. Thus, in the 1990s, the body size andshape of the average young adult North American becameincreasingly different from the ideal being promoted bythe media. Furthermore the difference in male and female body sizes depicted by the media inthe 1990s was huge, whereas the difference between thebody sizes of 18- to 24-year-old North American womenand men was actually quite small. These discrepancies are discussed in relation to the differentsociocultural expectations for the two genders and theincreasing prevalence of body dissatisfaction reportedby both women and men.
414 citations
TL;DR: In this article, emotionally focused couples therapy (EFT) is presented as one of the most researched and most effective approaches to changing distressed marital relationships, and the theoretical context of EFT is described.
Abstract: This article presents the basis for, and the research on, emotionally focused couples therapy (EFT), now recognized as one of the most researched and most effective approaches to changing distressed marital relationships. Drawing on attachment theory and the research on interactional patterns in distressed relationships, we describe the theoretical context of EFT. We then outline the nature of the clinical interventions used in EFT and the steps hypothesized to be crucial to couple change. The central role of accessing and working with emotional issues in the relationship context is highlighted. Following this presentation, we review both the outcome and process research on EFT and present meta-analytic data from randomized clinical trials to substantiate the clinical impact of EFT on couple adjustment. Finally, the empirical and clinical challenges facing EFT are summarized.
363 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explore the connection between equity returns and sleep disruptions following daylight-savings time changes and find that the average Friday-to-Monday return on daylight saving weekends is markedly lower than expected with a magnitude 200 to 500 percent larger than the average negative return for other weekends of the year.
Abstract: We explore the connection between equity returns and sleep disruptions following daylight-savings time changes. In international markets, the average Friday-to-Monday return on daylight-savings weekends is markedly lower than expected, with a magnitude 200 to 500 percent larger than the average negative return for other weekends of the year. This ``daylight-savings anomaly'' in financial markets is consistent with desynchronosis research which has identified the effects of changes in sleep patterns on judgment, anxiety, reaction time, problem solving and accidents. This paper suggests sleep effects of daylight-savings time changes may be impacting market participants internationally.
TL;DR: In this article, a survey of 1,437 computer users responded to a survey on the web, half of them young men and women below the age of 26, and compared to 290 Canadian university students, 274 teachers in Germany and 3,077 high school students in Germany.
Abstract: General perceived self-efficacy pertains to optimistic beliefs about being able to cope with a large variety of stressors. It is measured with a ten-item scale that has proven useful in cross-cultural research. Previous findings suggest that the construct is universal and that it applies to the majority of cultures worldwide. The present investigation adds a new facet to it: can perceived self-efficacy be measured as part of an interactive computer session while surfing the Internet? A total of 1,437 computer users responded to a survey on the web, half of them young men and women below the age of 26. These data were compared to 290 Canadian university students, 274 teachers in Germany, and 3,077 high school students in Germany. It turned out that all psychometric characteristics were satisfactory. Some evidence for validity emerged. It is suggested that innovative methods of data collection be considered when developing a psychometric scale.
TL;DR: This paper investigated the lexical processing strategies (LPSs; ignore, consult, infer) used by L2 learners when they encounter unfamiliar vocabulary while reading and the impact of these strategies on vocabulary learning.
Abstract: This article reports on a strategy training study that investigated the lexical processing
strategies (LPSs; ignore, consult, infer) used by L2 learners when they encounter unfamiliar
vocabulary while reading and the impact of these strategies on vocabulary learning. A time-series
with repeated-measures design was used. Introspective data were gathered from eight participants
(Francophone university students, intermediate ESL proficiency) on eight texts over 5 months to
elicit LPS use on self-identified unfamiliar words. Then, 1 week after each reading, participants
completed a cued recall task to measure their learning of these words. An analysis of overall LPS
use (changes in patterns and effectiveness of strategy use with LPS-focused instruction) and word
retention rates demonstrates the potential for vocabulary learning through reading and indicates
that some LPSs lead to higher retention rates than others. This research increases our
understanding of the role of LPS use in vocabulary learning and suggests some reevaluation of
current pedagogic practice.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors show how agency theory can be subsumed within a general stakeholder model of the firm and argue that stakeholder theory is the logical conclusion of agency theory.
Abstract: The conflict between agency and stakeholder theories of the firm has long been entrenched in organizational and management literature. At the core of this debate are two competing views of the firm in which assumptions and process contrast each other so sharply that agency and stakeholder views of the firm are often described as polar opposites. The purpose of this paper is to show how agency theory can be subsumed within a general stakeholder model of the firm. By analytically deconstructing the assumptions of agency theory, it is argued that agency theory: (1) must include a recognition of stakeholders; (2) requires a moral minimum to be upheld, which places four moral principles above the interests of any stakeholders, including shareholders; (3) consists of contradictory assumptions about human nature and which give rise to the equally valid assumptions of trust, honesty and loyalty to be infused into the agency relationship. In this way, stakeholder theory is argued to be the logical conclusion of agency theory. Empirical hypotheses are presented as a means to substantiate this claim.
TL;DR: In this article, a spatial and scaling approach with a user-friendly windows program is introduced which can be used to assist exploration geologists and geochemists in geochemical data analysis and anomaly separation.
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of allowing individuals to contribute any desired proportion of their endowments toward a threshold public good was examined experimentally, and it was shown that continuous rather than binary "all-or-nothing" contributions significantly increased contributions and facilitated provision.
TL;DR: It is suggested that increased expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor is necessary, but not sufficient for the induction of this sprouting, and sprouting of the mossy fiber pathway would appear to oppose the actions of stress and could thereby contribute to the therapeutic actions of electroconvulsive seizure therapy.
TL;DR: Caffeine increases maximal voluntary activation at a supraspinal level and is associated with an attenuated decline in twitch amplitude, which would suggest that the mechanism is, at least in part, peripheral.
Abstract: This double-blind, repeated-measures study examined the effects of caffeine on neuromuscular function. Eleven male volunteers [22.3 ± 2.4 (SD) yr] came to the laboratory for control, placebo, and c...
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TL;DR: In this paper, the role and nature of experience is examined in detail, specifically recognizing that experience is the antecedent of present or future states, and that temporal considerations are necessary in studying the influence of experience.
Abstract: On the whole, the existing body of literature regarding founders' experience is fragmented and inconclusive because there is often little conceptual basis for the way it is studied. The role and nature of experience is examined herein in detail, specifically recognizing that experience is the antecedent of present or future states. It is also argued that temporal considerations are necessary in studying the influence of experience. Two views of experience are considered: (1) stock of experience - viewed as a quality of an individual, team or firm at a particular point in time and (2) stream of experience - viewed as things that happen or events that occur during a specific time period which impact the venture. When stock experience is evaluated, it shown that since entrepreneurial activity requires innovation, creativity, or quick responses lengthy experience might be counterproductive - more experienced individuals sometimes need to unlearn old skills before they can learn new skills. Another important issue becomes the aging of the stock and how long it remains valuable. When stream experience is analyzed, it is shown that both higher and lower level organizational learning play important roles in firm performance. Higher level learning changes central assumptions, norms and priorities of the organization, while lower level learning increases firm efficiency of routine tasks. This model aids in identifying research issues and strategies. One issue with stream experience, e.g., is the level of detail and specificity with which experiences should be identified. (SFL)
TL;DR: This paper examined the effects of individual difference variables (self-esteem, job search self-efficacy, and perceived control over job search outcomes) and job search behaviors (preparatory and active job search behavior, and job searching intensity) on the employment status of recent university graduates at the time of graduation and 4 months later.
TL;DR: It is shown that suppression of ARC1 messenger RNA levels in the self-incompatible Brassica napus W1 line is correlated with a partial breakdown of self- incompatibility, resulting in seed production, providing strong evidence that ARC1 is a positive effector of the BrassicaSelf-incompatibility response.
Abstract: Self-incompatibility, the rejection of self pollen, is the most widespread mechanism by which flowering plants prevent inbreeding. In Brassica, the S receptor kinase (SRK) has been implicated in the self-incompatibility response, but the molecular mechanisms involving SRK are unknown. One putative downstream effector for SRK is ARC1, a protein that binds to the SRK kinase domain. Here it is shown that suppression of ARC1 messenger RNA levels in the self-incompatible Brassica napus W1 line is correlated with a partial breakdown of self-incompatibility, resulting in seed production. This provides strong evidence that ARC1 is a positive effector of the Brassica self-incompatibility response.
TL;DR: The authors argue that curriculum has an obligation to interrupt heteronormative thinking, not only to promote social justice, but also to broaden possibilities for perceiving, interpreting, and representing experience.
Abstract: In this article, we inquire into ways that heteronormativity might be interrupted. Working from the premise that discussions of curriculum are not only sexualized, but heterosexualized, we argue that studies of sexuality must become intertwined with all questions of curricular relations. The writing is developed around two recent investigations: one that involved gay, lesbian, and transgendered teachers; and one that emerged from work with teachers, parents, and elementary school children. Through interpretations of specific responses to literary texts given by these adults and children, we seek to demonstrate how queer theory has paralleled and might be used to inform curriculum theory. In particular, we argue that curriculum has an obligation to interrupt heteronormative thinking—not only to promote social justice, but to broaden possibilities for perceiving, interpreting, and representing experience. We suggest that this obligation might be accomplished through the development of heterotopic fo...
TL;DR: In this article, three groups of participants were given a grammaticality judgement test based on five structures of English grammar in both an oral and written form, and performance was measured for both accuracy of judgement and time taken to respond.
Abstract: Three groups of participants were given a grammaticality judgement test based on five structures of English grammar in both an oral and written form. The first group consisted of native speakers of Chinese, the second, native speakers of Spanish, and the third, native English speakers. The two learner groups were divided into those who had begun learning English at a younger (less than 15 years) or older (more than 15 years) age. Performance was measured for both accuracy of judgement and time taken to respond. The results showed that performance patterns were different for the two learner groups, that the linguistic structure tested in the item affected participants' ability to respond correctly, and that task modality produced reliable response differences for the two learner groups. Although there were proficiency differences in the grammaticality judgement task between the younger and older Spanish learners, there were no such differences for the Chinese group. Furthermore, age of learning influenced achieved proficiency through all ages tested rather than defining a point of critical period. The results are interpreted as failing to provide sufficient evidence to accept the hypothesis that there is a critical period for second language acquisition.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined intimate affect and intimate behaviors in the social interactions of adolescent boys and girls in a semistructured interaction with a same-gender friend in Grades 9, 10, and 11.
Abstract: Employing a longitudinal design, we examined intimate affect and intimate behaviors in the social interactions of adolescent boys and girls. A total of 128 adolescents were observed in a semistructured interaction with a same-gender friend in Grades 9,10, and 11. Developmental changes were evident. Intimacy based on discussion and self-disclosure increased between Grades 9 and 10, and the capacity for sustained intimate affect increased between Grades 10 and l l. These developments occurred for both boys and girls. Moreover, the boys and girls did not differ in their sustainment of shared affect in interactions with their friends. However, they did differ in intimate behaviors: The girls were more likely than the boys to establish intimacy through discussion and self-disclosure; the boys were more likely than the girls to establish intimacy through shared activities. The implications of these findings regarding development and differential gender patterns of intimacy are discussed.
TL;DR: It is shown that the proposed DEA approach to obtain cost allocation which is based on two principles: invariance and pareto-minimality is a natural extension of the simple one-dimensional problem to the general multiple-input multiple-output case.
TL;DR: The Optical Mesosphere Thermosphere Imagers (OMTI) as discussed by the authors consist of an imaging Fabry-Perot interferometer, three all-sky cooled-CCD cameras, three tilting photometers and a Spectral Airglow Temperature Imager (SATI) with two container houses to install them in.
Abstract: The Optical Mesosphere Thermosphere Imagers (OMTI) have been developed to investigate the dynamics of the upper atmosphere through nocturnal airglow emissions. The OMTI consist of an imaging Fabry-Perot interferometer, three all-sky cooled-CCD cameras, three tilting photometers, and a Spectral Airglow Temperature Imager (SATI) with two container houses to install them in. These instruments measure wind, temperature and 2-dimensional airglow patterns in the upper atmosphere at multi-wavelengths of OI (557.7 nm and 630.0 nm), OH (6–2) bands, O2 (0, 1) bands, and Na (589.3 nm), simultaneously. Examples of the data are shown for the cameras, the photometers, and the SATI based on the airglow observation at a mid-latitude station in Japan. Good correlation of the photometer and SATI observations is obtained. A comparison is shown for small- and large-scale wave structures in airglow images at four wavelengths around the mesopause region using four cooled-CCD cameras. We found an event during which large-scale bands, small-scale row-like structures, and large-scale front passage occur simultaneously.
TL;DR: It is shown how simultaneous consideration of both aspects of community variability might advance the understanding of ecological communities, and the methodological developments needed to make meaningful comparisons of aggregate and compositional variability across communities are described.
Abstract: Author(s): Micheli, Fiorenza; Cottingham, Kathryn L.; Bascompte, Jordi; Bjornstad, Ottar N.; Eckert, Ginny L.; Fischer, Janet M.; Keitt, Timothy H.; Kendall, Bruce E.; Klug, Jennifer L.; Rusak, James A | Abstract: Community variability has a dual nature. On the one hand, there is compositional variability, changes in the relative abundance of component species. On the other hand, there is aggregate variability, changes in summary properties such as total abundance, biomass, or production. Although these two aspects of variability have received much individual attention, few studies have explicitly? related the compositional and aggregate variability of natural communities. In this paper, we show how simultaneous consideration of both aspects of community variability might advance our understanding of ecological communities.We use the distinction between compositional and aggregate variability to develop an organizational framework for describing patterns of community variability. At their extremes, compositional and aggregate variability combine in four different ways: (I) stasis, low compositional and low aggregate variability; (2) synchrony, low compositional and high aggregate variability; (3) asynchrony, high compositional and high aggregate variability; and (4) compensation, high compositional and low aggregate variability. Each of these patterns has been observed in natural communities, and can be linked to a suite of abiotic and biotic mechanisms. We give examples of the potential relevance of variability patterns to applied ecology, and describe the methodological developments needed to make meaningful comparisons of aggregate and compositional variability across communities. Finally, we provide two numerical examples of how our approach can be applied to natural communities.
TL;DR: This paper proposes a new approach of weights of evidence method based on fuzzy sets and fuzzy probabilities for mineral potential mapping, which allows objective or subjective definition of a fuzzy membership function of evidence augmented by objective definition of fuzzy or conditional probabilities.
Abstract: This paper proposes a new approach of weights of evidence method based on fuzzy sets and fuzzy probabilities for mineral potential mapping. It can be considered as a generalization of the ordinary weights of evidence method, which is based on binary or ternary patterns of evidence and has been used in conjunction with geographic information systems for mineral potential mapping during the past few years. In the newly proposed method, instead of separating evidence into binary or ternary form, fuzzy sets containing more subjective genetic elements are created; fuzzy probabilities are defined to construct a model for calculating the posterior probability of a unit area containing mineral deposits on the basis of the fuzzy evidence for the unit area. The method can be treated as a hybrid method, which allows objective or subjective definition of a fuzzy membership function of evidence augmented by objective definition of fuzzy or conditional probabilities. Posterior probabilities calculated by this method would depend on existing data in a totally data-driven approach method, but depend partly on expert's knowledge when the hybrid method is used. A case study for demonstration purposes consists of application of the method to gold deposits in Meguma Terrane, Nova Scotia, Canada.
TL;DR: In this paper, a case study of a Canadian company, acknowledged as a leader in environmental management, outlines how the company responded to demands for more sustainable practices, and how its approach was progressively refined and redefined, and the way that the organization's culture and strategic processes influenced its willingness to learn and act with a network of external stakeholders.
Abstract: This paper develops the concept that sustainable development is a process that centres around a complex series of continuously negotiated business and social projects or experiments. This process involves different parts of the business and industrial system, including many of a firm’s stakeholders in continuous learning, action and change. Processes of this kind can be viewed as multi-party, learning – action networks that span business organizations and stakeholders in society. This paper presents a case study of a Canadian company, acknowledged as a leader in environmental management. It outlines how the company responded to demands for more sustainable practices. It describes how the company’s approach to strategic planning identified and responded to these issues, how its approach was progressively refined and redefined, and the way that the organization’s culture and strategic processes influenced its willingness to learn and act with a network of internal and external stakeholders. Based on case findings, the paper identifies the critical role for learning – action networks in the transition to more sustainable business organization and the need for these networks to be supported by appropriate organizational culture and processes. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors identify the key trainee and environmental factors that influence transfer effectiveness, address the various underlying issues, discuss the implications, and present a framework to guide future research and interventions.
Abstract: Organizational concerns over the cost and effectiveness of training programs have focused attention on the effectiveness of the transfer of training to the job‐site. This paper identifies the key trainee and environmental factors that influence transfer effectiveness, addresses the various underlying issues, discusses the implications, and presents a framework to guide future research and interventions.