Showing papers in "Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics in 2008"

TL;DR: The current understanding of the role of the RANKL/RANK/OPG system in bone modeling and remodeling is reviewed to show that the relative concentration of RankL and OPG in bone is a major determinant of bone mass and strength.

TL;DR: Many studies of the biological effects of polyphenols in cell culture have been affected by their ability to oxidise in culture media, and awareness of this problem can avoid erroneous claims.

TL;DR: Molecular communication between osteoclasts and osteoblasts at distinct phases of bone remodeling are described and bidirectional signaling generated by interaction between ephrinB2 on osteoclast and EphB4 on osteoblast precursors facilitates the transition.

TL;DR: Recent experimental and theoretical advances in the elucidation of the conformational properties of dynamic, heterogeneous and/or insoluble protein ensembles populated on complex, multidimensional protein energy landscapes are described.

TL;DR: This review summarizes the role of transcription factors in osteoblastogenesis and provides an integrated perspective on how the activities of multiple classes of factors are coordinated for the complex process of developing the osteoplast phenotype.

TL;DR: The data identify endothelial NADPH oxidase as candidate target of dietary flavonoids and particularly of their metabolites and analysis of structure-activity relations with 45 compounds suggests an apocynin-like mode of NAD PH oxidase inhibition.

TL;DR: A broad coverage of the discovery of SOS mutants, structural aspect of these genes and the latest developments in the field of SOS1-SOS5 has been described.

TL;DR: The step-by-step biosynthesis of heme including involved enzymes, their mechanisms and detrimental health consequences caused by their failure are described.

TL;DR: The plasma membrane calcium ATPase (PMCA pump) which ejects Ca2+ from all eukaryotic cell types will be the topic of this contribution and PMCAs knock out (KO) mice have been generated and have contributed information on the importance of PMCs to cells and organisms.

TL;DR: Detailed molecular knowledge of osteoclast differentiation and function has helped to identify several target molecules and develop specific treatments to inhibit pathological bone resorption in various skeletal diseases.

TL;DR: It is suggested that Nrf2 mediates EGCG-induced expression of some representative antioxidant enzymes, possibly via Akt and ERK1/2 signaling, which may provide the cells with acquired antioxidant defense capacity to survive the oxidative stress.

TL;DR: The vacuolar ATPases (or V-ATPases) are ATP-driven proton pumps that function to both acidify intracellular compartments and to transport protons across the plasma membrane, and are emerging as potential drug targets in treating a number of human diseases including osteoporosis and cancer.

TL;DR: The biologic importance of connexin43 (Cx43), the most abundant gap junction protein in the skeleton, is demonstrated by the skeletal malformations present in oculodentodigital dysplasia (ODDD), a disease linked to Cx43 gene (GJA1) mutations, and by the low bone mass and osteoblast dysfunction in Gja1 ablated mice.

TL;DR: This work has demonstrated that exposure of human endothelial cells to (-)-epicatechin elevates the cellular levels of NO* and cyclic GMP and protects against oxidative stress elicited by proinflammatory agonists and that NADPH oxidase activity is a crucial site of action.

TL;DR: This article focuses on the chemistry of signaling by ROS, RNS, and HNE and will describe reactions with selected target proteins as representatives of the mechanisms rather attempt to comprehensively review the many signaling pathways in which the reactive species are involved.

TL;DR: A new body of evidence suggests that neurons in the central nervous system integrate clues from the internal and external milieux, such as energy homeostasis, glycemia or reproductive signals, with the regulation of bone remodeling.

TL;DR: A brief structural account of the ion pumping process, which is achieved by a series of very large domain rearrangements, is presented.

TL;DR: The current information on the function and regulatory mechanisms acting on human Cu-ATPases ATP7A and ATP7B are summarized and a comparison with the Cu- ATPase orthologs from other species is included.

TL;DR: Methionine sulfoxide reductases are ubiquitous enzymes, which catalyze the reduction of the sulfoxide function of the oxidized methionine residues, and play a role in infection of cells by pathogenic bacteria.

TL;DR: The purpose of this review is to discuss various aspects of the molecular mechanisms of [Fe-S] cluster assembly in living organisms: mechanism of sulfur donor enzymes, namely the cysteine desulfurases, mechanism by which clusters are preassembled on scaffold proteins and mechanism of [ Fe-S], cluster transfer from scaffold to target proteins.

TL;DR: It is demonstrated that other polyunsaturated long-chain fatty acids (PUFA-LC), especially the omega3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acids (DHA), are also epoxidised.

TL;DR: The study of osteocyte biology has reached a particularly exiting level of maturity and illustrates the value of this cell type as a drug discovery target.

TL;DR: This review will examine bone stem cell biology, and current advances in skeletal tissue engineering through the enhancement and marrying of biologically informed and clinically relevant strategies.

TL;DR: The theories for polymer aggregation reviewed in this work suggest an alternative mechanism for the origin of long lag times in protein aggregation that derives from the recognition that polymers have unique dynamics that distinguish them from other aggregation-prone systems such as colloidal particles.

TL;DR: The role of rotation in catalysis of ATP synthesis/hydrolysis and the transport of protons or sodium is addressed and the structure and mechanism have remained conserved throughout evolution.

TL;DR: Results show autocrine and paracrine roles for 1,25-(OH)2D during endochondral bone development in growth plate chondrocytes, and the phenotype of additional mutant mice models are being analyzed to provide further support for these results.

TL;DR: The main purpose of this article is to discuss the fundamentals of the need for bone to experience the effects of loading and disuse, why bone loss due to disuse occurs, and how it is the target of skeletal physiology which drives pathological bone loss in conditions that may not be seen as being primarily due to disability.

TL;DR: It is reported that the I. paraguariensis extract can have a protective effect against a HFD-induced obesity in rats through an enhanced expression of uncoupling proteins and elevated AMPK phosphorylation in the visceral adipose tissue.

TL;DR: Examination of vasorelaxant effects of GLP-1(7-36)amide, three structurally-related peptides and a non-peptide GLp-1 agonist in rat aorta indicates that this effect may be mediated by the GLP -1 receptor, however, further studies are required in order to establish whether GL P-1 related agents may confer additional cardiovascular benefits to diabetic patients.

TL;DR: Confinement and crowding are two major factors that can potentially impact protein folding in cellular environments and predicted to favor conformations of the unfolded state which are compact, and consequently may increase the folding rate.