Showing papers in "Chinese Science Bulletin in 2001"
TL;DR: Some fundamental concepts on geosites and particularly on geomorphological assets (geomorphosites) are reviewed and a methodology for their survey and assessment is presented and pointed out.
Abstract: Some fundamental concepts on geosites and particularly on geomorphological assets (geomorphosites) are reviewed and a methodology for their survey and assessment is presented and pointed out. Also, a case study in the province of Modena is presented.
415 citations
TL;DR: The average mass concentration of the aerosols in Beijing during the dust storm in the spring of 2000 was ∼6000 μg · m−3, ∼30 times as high as that in the non-dust storm days.
Abstract: The average mass concentration of the aerosols in Beijing during the dust storm in the spring of 2000 was ∼6000 μg · m−3, ∼30 times as high as that in the non-dust storm days. The enrichment factors of the pollution elements As, Sb and Se were higher than those in the non-dust storm days. This indicated that As, Sb and Se resulted from the pollution sources of those areas, through which the dust storm passed during their long-range transport, in addition to the local pollution sources in Beijing. The enrichment factors of the Pb, Zn, Cd and Cu were much less than those in the non-dust storm days, suggesting that the local pollution sources in Beijing area contributed to them mostly. The enrichment factors of elements Al, Fe, Sc, Mn, Na, Ni, Cr, V and Co were close to 1, showing that these elements originated from crust. The concentration of S in the dust storm was ∼10 μg · m−3,4 times as high as that in non-dust storm. S in the aerosols resulted from the adsorption of gaseous SO2 and the consequent transformation on it. The aerosols of the dust storm contained 16.1% and 76.9% of fine particles with the sizes less than 2.1 and 9.0 μm, respectively, while it had a large number of coarse particles. It was noted that a considerable portion of Fe(II) was detected from the dust storm. Fe(II) could easily dissolve in seawater to be nutrient for phytoplankton and would lead to the increase of the emission of dimethylsulfide (DMS) from the ocean. The feedbacks of Fe coupled with S in atmosphere might be the important mechanism that would affect the primary productivity in Pacific and/or the global climate change.
212 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the history and present status of data envelopment analysis (DEA) research, particularly the evaluation process, are introduced and extensions of some DEA models are also described.
Abstract: This review introduces the history and present status of data envelopment analysis (DEA) research, particularly the evaluation process. And extensions of some DEA models are also described. It is pointed out that mathematics, economics and management science are the main forces in the DEA development, optimization provides the fundamental method for the DEA research, and the wide range of applications enforces the rapid development of DEA.
208 citations
TL;DR: By using of neural network every IMF component can also be extended forward and backward, which effectively restrains the end effect, thus the veracious Hilbert spectra are achieved.
Abstract: By virtue of neural network, a series of signals is extended forward and backward, as a result, two additional maxima and two additional minima are obtained at both ends of the original data set, with which the EMD decomposition can be exactly achieved with cubic spline interpolation. Meanwhile, by using of neural network every IMF component can also be extended forward and backward, which effectively restrains the end effect, thus the veracious Hilbert spectra are achieved. Verifications of the sample signals and the actual surface elevation of sea waves show that the present extension method is relatively accurate.
129 citations
TL;DR: The new bird represents a new ecological type different from all known members of Enantiornithes, and shows that enantiornithines had probably originated earlier than the Early Cretaceous, or this group had experienced a rapid radiation right after it first occurred in the early EarlyCretaceous.
Abstract: A new enantiornithine birdLongipteryx chaoyangensis gen. et sp. nov. is described from the Early Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation in Chaoyang, western Liaoning Province. This new bird is distinguishable from other known enantiornithines in having uncinate processes in ribs, elongate jaws, relatively long wings and short hindlimbs, and metatarsal IV longer than metatarsals II and III. This new bird had probably possessed (i) modern bird-like thorax which provides firm attachment for muscles and indicates powerful and active respiratory ability; (ii) powerful flying ability; (iii) special adaptation for feeding on aquatic preys; and (iv) trochleae of metatarsals I–IV almost on brate heterocoelous. Distal region of sternum with well developed carina and lateral processes. Uncinate processes present but not fused with ribs. At least 6 rows of gastraliae present. Carpometacarpus not completely fused, minor metacarpal longer than major one; second phalanx the same level, an adaptation for perching. The new bird represents a new ecological type different from all known members of Enantiornithes. It shows that enantiornithines had probably originated earlier than the Early Cretaceous, or this group had experienced a rapid radiation right after it first occurred in the early Early Cretaceous.
129 citations
TL;DR: The flight structures ofYanornis andYixianornis are hardly distinguishable from those of modern birds; however, both retain a few primitive traits such as teeth on the jaws, wing claws and pubic symphysis, which exclude them from being the most recent ancestor of all extant birds.
Abstract: We describe two new ornithurine birds from the Early Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation of western Liaoning, northeast China:Yanornis martini gen. et sp. nov. andYixianornis grabaui gen. et sp. nov. They represent the best fossil record of ornithurine birds known from the Early Cretaceous. They are more advanced than the most primitive ornithurineLiaoningornis, and are more similar to the other two Chinese Early Cretaceous ornithurinesChaoyangia andSonglingornis. Compared withConfuciusornis, Liaoxiornis andEoenantiornis from the same age, the two new birds show remarkable advanced characteristics and suggest the presence of powerful flight capability like modern birds. Compared withYixianornis andChaoyangia, Yanornis is larger, with a more elongated skull and relatively long wings. The new discoveries indicate that by the Early Cretaceous both enantiornithine and ornithurine birds had already radiated significantly. The flight structures ofYanornis andYixianornis are hardly distinguishable from those of modern birds; however, both retain a few primitive traits such as teeth on the jaws, wing claws and pubic symphysis, which exclude them from being the most recent ancestor of all extant birds.
116 citations
TL;DR: A zircon U-Pb age of (916±16) Ma was measured for grantoid gneisses from the Yagan-Onch Hayrhan metamorphic core complex and represents the crystallization age of the grantoid magma as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: A zircon U-Pb age of (916±16) Ma is measured for grantoid gneisses from the Yagan-Onch Hayrhan metamorphic core complex and represents the crystallization age of the grantoid magma. This age provides evidence for the existence of the South Mongolian microcontinent, which is consistent with the analysis of the regional geology.
115 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the changes in the Holocene summer monsoon can be divided into two main periods, based on climatic proxy records of lake sediments from the Sanjiaocheng section located at the NW boundary of the summer Monsoon, Gansu Province.
Abstract: Considerable research is now focusing on abrupt Holocene changes at millennial- and centennial-scales all over the world. This study shows that the changes in the Holocene summer monsoon can be divided into two main periods, based on climatic proxy records of lake sediments from the Sanjiaocheng section located at the NW boundary of the summer monsoon, Gansu Province. The early and middle Holocene was humid with stronger summer monsoon, while the late Holocene is dry with weak summer monsoon. Detailed results also show a series of millennial- and centennial-scale changes in the intensity of the summer monsoon, with a periodicity of 1600 years during the whole Holocene, and with a periodicity of 800 years during the early Holocene. Ten dry events during the Holocene are associated with the weakening of the summer monsoon. These rapid climatic changes may be representative of a global climatic change pattern during the Holocene.
98 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the zircon U-Pb isotopic dating results conducted in this note indicate that these granites emplaced at 260-290 Ma, coeval with the late stage of Late Paleozoic.
Abstract: A great amount of alkali-feldspar and alkaline granites have been found around Nenjiang, Northwest Lesser Xing’an Ranges, but their forming ages have been a controversial subject due to the lack of reliable geological and isotopic geochronological evidence. The zircon U-Pb isotopic dating results conducted in this note indicate that these granites emplaced at 260–290 Ma, coeval with the late stage of Late Paleozoic. Studies of mineralogy, petrology and geochemistry show that they are post-orogenic A-type granites, and consist of the northeastern extension of huge belt of Late Paleozoic A-type granite along North Xinjiang-Southeast Mongolia-Central Inner Mongolia. Therefore, we can determine that the Suolunshan-Hegenshan-Zhalaite collisional suture zone extends northeastward to Heihe with the collision age of Carboniferous.
92 citations
TL;DR: A strain of Beauveria bassiana, an important entomopathogenic fungus for biological pest control, was isolated and their relationship was demonstrated by microcycle conidiation and the teleomorph is an undescribed species and is named Cordyceps bassiana.
Abstract: ACordyceps specimen was collected in Anhui, China, a strain ofBeauveria bassiana, an important entomopathogenic fungus for biological pest control, was isolated and their relationship was demonstrated by microcycle conidiation The teleomorph is an undescribed species and is namedCordyceps bassiana
88 citations
TL;DR: The genetic and the characteristic distribution of the F-1 generation gave solid evidence for the hypothesis that 2-3 chromosomes are integrated with transgene, and opens a door for the breeding of qfast-growingq transgenic fish.
Abstract: Recombinant “all-fish” growth hormone gene (GH) was microinjected into the fertilized eggs of carp. A comparison between the growth traits of transgenics and non-transgenics was carried out, and the transgenic individuals with significant “fast-growing” effect were successfully gained. A comparison on the reproductivities was also given out between the transgenics and their non-transgenic siblings, and showed that the reproductive capacity of transgenics was substantially equivalent to those of the non-transgenics. On the other hand, the genetic separation and the characteristic distribution of the F1 generation were genetically analyzed, which gave solid evidence for the hypothesis that 2–3 chromosomes are integrated with transgene. In addition, the distinct biological effects for multisite-integrated transgenes were further discussed. The present study opens a door for the breeding of “fast-growing” transgenic fish.
TL;DR: In this article, the Tertiary deposits of the Yongdeng section, the Lanzhou Basin were studied by means of magnetostratigraphy, and the time scale for corresponding stratigraphy and mammalian faunas was also established by referring to their correlation to the GPTS of BKSA95 (The geomagnetic polarity time scale which was thoroughly revised and updated by Berggreen et al, in 1995).
Abstract: The Tertiary deposits of the Yongdeng section, the Lanzhou Basin were studied by means of magnetostratigraphy. The magnetostratigraphic sequences from Paleocene to Miocene mere established, and the time scale for the corresponding stratigraphy and mammalian faunas was also established by referring to their correlation to the GPTS of BKSA95 (The geomagnetic polarity time scale which was thoroughly revised and updated by Berggreen et al, in 1995). In the end the paleoenvironmental records and their relationship with the uplifting of the Tibetan Plateau were dis cussed. The results are as follows. The top boundary of the Xiliugou Formation is dated to be 51 Ma, i.e. Eocene. The Yehucheng Formation covers the time span of 51-31.5 Ma, i.e, from late Early Eocene to early Early Oligocene. The Xianshuihe Formation covers the time span of 31.5-15 Ma, i.e. from Early Oligocene to Middle Miocene. The lower member of the Xianshnihe Formation spans from 31.5 to 20.0 Ma, i.e. from Early Oligocene to early Early Miocene. The middle member is from 20.0 to 16.5 Ma, i.e. in the middle Early Miocene.
TL;DR: In this article, a second look has been given at the mechanism of convective heat transfer based on the analogy between convection and conduction with heat sources, and some novel approaches of heat transfer control can be developed.
Abstract: A second look has been given at the mechanism of convective heat transfer based on the analogy between convection and conduction with heat sources. The strength of convective heat transfer depends not only on the fluid velocity and fluid properties, but also on the coordination of fluid velocity and heat flow fields. Hence, based on the included angle of velocity and temperature gradient vectors, the presence of fluid motion may enhance or reduce heat transfer. With this concept, the known heat transfer phenomena may be understood in a deeper way. More important is that some novel approaches of heat transfer control can be developed.
TL;DR: The high pressure metamorphism took place at the end of the Paleoproterozoic during the large-scale collision and assembly of the North China craton as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The high pressure (HP) metamorphic age has been dated to HP rocks from the Sanggan area, North China craton. We have got garnet+whole rock isochron ages of (1 842±38) Ma for HP granulite, and (1 856 ±26) Ma for HP amphibolite. The Sm-Nd whole rock isochron of HP granulites give out an age of (1870±150) Ma with Nd depleted mantle model age of (2402–2482) Ma. Considering the Nd isotope homogenization during the peak metamorphism of the HP granulite, Sm-Nd closure temperature and the retention of Nd isotopic memory in garnets partially broken down during decompression, all these isochron ages are thought to be HP metamorphic age. Furthermore, we proposed that the HP metamorphism took place at the end of Paleoproterozoic during the large-scale collision and assembly of the North China craton.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present Moran sets and Moran classes which generalize the classical selfsimilar sets from the following points: (i) the placements of the basic sets at each step of the constructions can be arbitrary; (ii) the contraction ratios may be different at each stage; and (iii) the lower limit of the contraction ratio permits zero.
Abstract: The purpose of this survey is to present Moran sets and Moran classes which generalize the classical selfsimilar sets from the following points: (i) The placements of the basic sets at each step of the constructions can be arbitrary; (ii) the contraction ratios may be different at each step; and (iii) the lower limit of the contraction ratios permits zero. In this discussion we will present geometrical properties and results of dimensions of these sets and classes, and discuss conformai Moran sets and random Moran sets as well.
TL;DR: In this paper, a 40Ar/39Ar age was obtained on a basalt sample from Dur'ngoi ophiolite, Qinghai Province, which was reported to be the northernmost paleo-tethyan oceanic basin in Tibet.
Abstract: Whole rock40Ar/39Ar age dating has been conducted on a basalt sample from Dur’ngoi ophiolite, Qinghai Province, which was reported to be the northernmost paleo-tethyan oceanic basin in Tibet. A high temperature plateau age (345.3±7.9 Ma) with an isochorn age (336.6±7.1 Ma) has been obtained, representing the eruption time of oceanic crust. Considering related geological settings, the new age provides constraints on the northernmost paleo-tethyan suture zone in Tibet and the tectonic evolution of Paleo-tethys in Northeast Tibet and adjacent areas.
TL;DR: Restriction fragments length polymorphism (RFLP) and simple sequence repeats (SSR) analysis were performed on disomic backcross plants between Oryza sativa and O. eichingeri in order to identify the presence ofO.
Abstract: Wild rice species is an important source of useful genes for cultivated rice improvement. Some accessions ofOryza eichingeri (2n = 24, CC) from Africa confer strong resistance to brown planthopper (BPH), whitebacked planthopper (WBPH) and bacterial blight (BB). In the present study, restriction fragments length polymorphism (RFLP) and simple sequence repeats (SSR) analysis were performed on disomic backcross plants betweenOryza sativa (2n = 24, AA) andO. eichingeri in order to identify the presence ofO. eichingeri segments and further to localize BPH-resistant gene. In the introgression lines, 1–6O. eichingeri segments were detected on rice chromosomes 1, 2, 6, or/and 10. The dominant BPH resistant gene, tentatively named Bph13(t), was mapped to chromosome 2, being 6.1 and 5.5 cM away from two microsatellite markers RM240 and RM250, respectively. The transfer and localization of this gene fromO. eichingeri will contribute to the improvement of BPH resistance in cultivated rice.
TL;DR: In different opinions, the stratigraphic time of the feathered dinosaurs and early birds in Sihetun and its neighboring areas in Beipiao, western Liaoning is appointed to different epoches of eras as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: In different opinions, the stratigraphic time of the feathered dinosaurs and early birds in Sihetun and its neighboring areas in Beipiao, western Liaoning is appointed to different epoches of eras, such as Late Jurassic, Early Cretaceous and Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous. Even the recently dating data are still very different. This note first reported the U-Pb age of (125.2±0.9) Ma of zircon separated from tuff of Sihetun vertebrates horizon. The age reveals that Sihetun vertebrate belongs to Early Cretaceous. The method is more objective, because of the strong ability of disturbance resistance and high U-Pb blocking temperature of zircons.
TL;DR: Numerical results show that the new dynamics model proposed can very well simulate traffic flow conditions, such as congestion, evacuation of congestion, stop-and-go phenomena and phantom jam.
Abstract: As a study method of traffic flow, dynamics models were developed and applied in the last few decades. However, there exist some flaws in most existing models. In this note, a new dynamics model is proposed by using carfollowing theory and the usual connection method of micro-macro variables, which can overcome some ubiquitous problems in the existing models. Numerical results show that the new model can very well simulate traffic flow conditions, such as congestion, evacuation of congestion, stop-and-go phenomena and phantom jam.
TL;DR: Using this purification method, one can reproducibly obtain, from 4 × 109 of proviral cells cultured in roller bottles, purified rAAV-GFP stocks with titers of around 5 × 1013 particles/mL and purity greater than 95%.
Abstract: A novel method for recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) purification on large scale is described. The method involves three steps, including chloroform treatment, PEG/NaCl precipitation and chloroform extraction. The whole procedure can be performed in four hours. Using this purification method, we can reproducibly obtain, from 4 × 109 of proviral cells cultured in roller bottles, purified rAAV-GFP stocks with titers of around 5 × 1013 particles/mL and purity greater than 95%. The infectious titers of the vector stocks were up to 2 × 1012 TU/mL, thus particle-to-infectivity rate was about 25. Under an electronic microscope, most rAAV particles appeared full and a few were in intermediate form. Empty particles were rarely seen. The purified rAAV-GFP stocks have been successfully used inin vitro andin vivo transfection experiments. Therefore, this new method offers a simple, rapid and cost-effective way for large-scale rAAV purification.
TL;DR: Preliminary analysis on the data set shows that the rice draft sequence is consistent with the comman standard accepted by the genome sequencing community, and the unconditional release of the draft to the public provides a fundamental resource to the international scientific communities to facilitate genomic and genetic studies on rice biology.
Abstract: The sequence of the rice genome holds fundamental information for its biology, including physiology, genetics, development, and evolution, as well as information on many beneficial phenotypes of economic significance. Using a "whole genome shotgun" approach, we have produced a draft rice genome sequence of Oryza sativa ssp. indica, the major crop rice subspecies in China and many other regions of Asia. The draft genome sequence is constructed from over 4.3 million successful sequencing traces with an accumulative total length of 2214.9 Mb. The initial assembly of the non-redundant sequences reached 409.76 Mb in length, based on 3.30 million successful sequencing traces with a total length of 1797.4 Mb from an indica variant cultivar 93-11, giving an estimated coverage of 95.29% of the rice genome with an average base accuracy of higher than 99%. The coverage of the draft sequence, the randomness of the sequence distribution, and the consistency of BIG-ASSEMBLER, a custom-designed software package used for the initial assembly, were verified rigorously by comparisons against finished BAC clone sequences from both indica and japanica strains, available from the public databases. Over all, 96.3% of full-length cDNAs, 96.4% of STS, STR, RFLP markers, 94.0% of ESTs and 94.9% unigene clusters were identified from the draft sequence. Our preliminary analysis on the data set shows that our rice draft sequence is consistent with the comman standard accepted by the genome sequencing community. The unconditional release of the draft to the public also undoubtedly provides a fundamental resource to the international scientific communities to facilitate genomic and genetic studies on rice biology.
TL;DR: In this article, it was proved that the sex chromosomes of Helicoverpa species are of ZW type, and the female is the heterozygous sex, and that the potential utilization of this hybrid in genetic controlling H. armigera was finally discussed.
Abstract: Reciprocal hybridization betweenHelicoverpa armigera (Hubner) andH. assulta Guenee followed by back-crossing of the hybrids (F1) withH. armigera produced backcross (BC) lines consisting of fertile females and males. The F1 ofH armigera female andH. assulta male had only male, no female sex. In this case Haldane’s rule applies, and therefore it is proved that the sex chromosomes ofHelicoverpa species are of ZW type, and the female is the heterozygous sex. This hybrid also showed significant heterosis with the heaviest pupal weight, and when it was back-crossed withH. armigera female, the sex ratio of the BC off-spring was distorted as 1 : 4. The potential utilization of this hybrid in genetic controllingH. armigera was finally discussed.
TL;DR: Jinzhousaurus yangi gen. et al. as mentioned in this paper built a new iguanodontid based on the cranial and dental morphology of a specimen from the Yixian Formation of western Liaoning.
Abstract: A new iguanodontid, Jinzhousaurus yangi gen. et sp. nov., is erected based on the cranial and dental morphology of a specimen from the Yixian Formation of western Liaoning. Although a few primitive characteristics remain, Jinzhousaurus yangi display a number of characteristics similar to those seen in derived iguanodontids. Other interesting characteristics include the absence of antorbital fenestra and the frontal excluded from the participation in orbit, which are closer to the condition in hadrosaurids. The unusual combination of the characteristics provides important data for assessing morphological evolution toward hadrosaurs. The new discovery also represents the first reported large-sized dinosaur from Jehol fauna in western Liaoning, and increases the diversity of this famous fauna. Furthermore, the discovery of a derived iguanodontid from the Yixian Formation provides further evidence supporting a Cretaceous age of the Jehol fauna, which is consistent with an isotopic age.
TL;DR: By applying a regional integrated environmental model system (RIEMS), a virtual numerical experiment is implemented to study the impacts of recovering natural vegetation on the regional climate and environmental conditions as discussed by the authors. But this is a virtual experiment at an extremely ideal condition, the implication of the simulating results is that the on-going nationwide activities to recover the crop land for pasture must be managed according to the local natural climate, hydrological and soil conditions.
Abstract: By applying a regional integrated environmental model system (RIEMS), a virtual numerical experiment is implemented to study the impacts of recovering natural vegetation on the regional climate and environmental conditions. The results show that recovering the natural vegetation in large scale could have significant influence on summer climate in East Asia. Not only would it be able to change the surface climate, but also to modify to certain extent the intensity of monsoon circulation. Although this is a virtual experiment at an extremely ideal condition, the implication of the simulating results is that the on-going nation-wide activities to recover the crop land for forest and pasture must be managed according to the local natural climate, hydrological and soil conditions. Only under such a condition, would the recovering of natural vegetation bring about significant climate and environmental benefits at regional scale.
TL;DR: It is shown how impact factors are defined, and, in particular, the difference between the synchronous and the diachronous impact factor is pointed out.
Abstract: We give an overview of the main data of a publication-citation matrix. We show how impact factors are defined, and, in particular, point out the difference between the synchronous and the diachronous impact factor. The advantages and disadvantages of using both as tools in research evaluation are discussed.
TL;DR: In this article, a 1.95 Ga metamorphism of high-grade Archean rocks in Kongling terrain, continental nucleus of Yangtze Block, South China, are recognized by Sm-Nd dating.
Abstract: Some 1.95 Ga metamorphism of high-grade Archean rocks in Kongling terrain, continental nucleus of Yangtze Block, South China, are recognized by Sm-Nd dating. This event is further confirmed by the ages of single zircon SHRIMP U-Pb and K-Ar analyses of TTG and (or) paragneisses, and intrusions of potassic-granitic batholith in the region. The coincidence in period between the high-grade metamorphism in the Kongling area and the creation of major basement rocks of its neighborhoods of the Yangtze Block around the Kongling Archean nucleus makes it a favorable explanation for their tectonic connections that, in the whole Yangtze Block there was some tectono-thermal event of ca. 2.0-1.8 Ga, which resulted in the formation of unitive Yangtze basement.
TL;DR: In this article, a combination of weighted averaging with finite difference techniques was used to upgrade particle interactions to a fluid element level, which conforms to the Navier-Stokes equation.
Abstract: Pseudo-particle modeling (PPM) is a particle method (PM) proposed in 1996. Though it is effective for the simulation of microscopic particle-fluid systems, its application to practical systems is still limited by computational cost. In this note, we speed up the computation by using a combination of weighted averaging with finite difference techniques to upgrade the particle interactions to a fluid element level, which conforms to the Navier-Stokes equation. The approach, abbreviated to MaPPM, is then applied to the problem of one-dimensional Poiseuille flow with a quantitative comparison to the results of another related PM-smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH), where the accuracy and efficiency of MaPPM is found to be much better than that of SPH. Flows around a cylinder and multiple freely moving particles are also simulated with the new model, resulting in reasonable flow pattern and drag coefficient. The convergence and robustness of the algorithm prove promising.
TL;DR: In this article, a 1H MAS NMR was used to detect surface hydroxyl groups of diatomite, which include isolated hydronexyl groups and hydrogen-bonded groups.
Abstract: High spinning speed1H magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (1H MAS NMR) was used to detect surface hydroxyl groups of diatomite, which include isolated hydroxyl groups and hydrogen-bonded hydroxyl groups, and water adsorbed on diatomite surface that include pore water and hydrogen-bonded water. The corresponding proton chemical shifts of above species are ca. 2.0, 6.0–7.1, 4.9 and 3.0 respectively. Accompanied by thermal treatment temperature ascending, the pore water and hydrogen-bonded water are desorbed successively. As a result, the relative intensities of the peaks assigned to protons of isolated hydroxyl groups and hydrogen-bonded hydroxyl groups increase gradually and reach their maxima at 1000°C. After 1100°C calcination, the hydroxyl groups that classified to strongly hydrogen-bonded ones and the isolated hydroxyl groups condense basically. But some weakly hydrogen-bonded hydroxyl groups may still persist in the micropores.
TL;DR: This animal has several derived characteristics, such as well-developed dentary/squamosal articulation, reduced number of tooth, differentiation of premolars and molars in postcanine teeth, and presence of a dorsal process of the premaxilla that is not in contact with the nasal.
Abstract: A fairly well-preserved specimen of a new primitive mammal, Repenomamus robustus gen. et sp. nov., has been described from the Yixian Formation (Lower Cretaceous), western Liaoning, China. This animal has several derived characteristics, such as well-developed den-tary/squamosal articulation, reduced number of tooth, differentiation of premolars and molars in postcanine teeth, presence of a dorsal process of the premaxilla that is not in contact with the nasal, closed medial wall of the orbit, and presence of fingerlike promontorium on the petrosal. It also retains some primitive reptile-like features. It is the most primitive taxon among the three mammals known from the Jehol Biota, and also represents the largest mammal of Mesozoic age over the world.
TL;DR: In this article, an FTIR spectrometer was used on minerals in UHP eclogites from the Bixiling and Shuanghe areas, the Dabie Mountains.
Abstract: Infrared spectra in the region of 3 000 to 4 000 cm−1 have been measured by an FTIR spectrometer on minerals in UHP eclogites from the Bixiling and Shuanghe areas, the Dabie Mountains. It is shown that omphacite is the most important hydrous mineral (100–200 μg/g) in UHP eclogites. Garnet and quartz contain virtually no H2O or OH. Accessory mineral rutile contains a significant amount of OH (>1 000 μg/g). Coesite gives no indication of the presence of OH but apparent H2O bands. The results have considerable implications for existing forms and contents of hydroxyl in the continental deep subduction zone, the eastern Dabie Mountains.