Showing papers in "Cogent psychology in 2017"
TL;DR: The authors showed that higher levels of self-esteem are associated with better academic performance, however, there is no evidence if make-up can indirectly influence academic achievement, and they also found that self-confidence is positively associated with academic performance.
Abstract: Previous studies have shown that higher levels of self-esteem are associated with better academic performance. However, there is no evidence if make-up can indirectly influence academic achievement...
56 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a relatively new self-report questionnaire (the depression, anxiety, and stress scale) was used alongside an established instrument (the self-reported questionnaire) to evaluate the psychological well-being of medical students.
Abstract: To evaluate the psychological well-being of medical students a relatively new self-report questionnaire (the depression, anxiety, and stress scale) was used alongside an established instrument (the...
48 citations
TL;DR: There have been a number of electrophysiological and neuroimaging studies in altered states of consciousness including dissociative conditions, hypnosis, and meditation; however, the nature and nature and c...
Abstract: There have been a number of electrophysiological and neuroimaging studies in “altered” states of consciousness including dissociative conditions, hypnosis, and meditation; however, the nature and c...
40 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an open access article is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY-4.0) 4.0 license, where the authors present a set of guidelines for the use of open-source data.
Abstract: © 2017 The Author(s). This open access article is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) 4.0 license.
39 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the positivity effect in music-evoked autobiographical memories or MEAMs was found to be evident in cases of Alzheimer's disease (AD), where a preserved memory for music in AD might also be reflected in an ability to retrieve memories associated with music.
Abstract: We present a study designed to assess the presence of the positivity effect in music-evoked autobiographical memories or MEAMs. In particular, we sought to determine whether the positivity effect was evident in cases of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), where a preserved memory for music in AD might also be reflected in an ability to retrieve memories associated with music. The positivity effect refers to instances where, compared to younger adults, older adults reveal a relative preference in attention and memory for positive over negative information. It is considered to be a hallmark of healthy aging. Three groups of participants—20 younger adults, 20 older adults, and 20 adults with mild-to-moderate AD—were asked to listen to familiar musical excerpts and describe any memories evoked by the excerpts. Word usage and topics in the memory transcripts were analyzed, as well as ratings of the memories provided by the participants in order to detect any positive bias or absence-of-negativity bias in older a...
37 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe deindividuation as the situation in which individuals act in groups and do not see themselves as individuals, thereby facilitating antinormative behavior.
Abstract: Deindividuation may be described as the situation in which individuals act in groups and do not see themselves as individuals, thereby facilitating antinormative behavior. The present article analy...
36 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors evaluated the validity of additionally developed ethical aspects that are supplementary to the NMSBA (Neuromarketing Science & Business Association) code of ethics, contained in the EGNM (Ethical Guideli...
Abstract: Understanding consumer behavior has always been a marketer’s goal. No wonder that, with the emergence of consumer neuroscience, which promised to shed light into what made consumers tick, companies were attracted to this new field. A major downside of this promising field is that especially commercial studies have struggled in the past with ethical issues. This may be the effect of less transparent ethical standards in the business world compared to academia. The potential of neuromarketing can only be exploited effectively, if trust in the industry rises and this correlates strongly with ethical behavior. Therefore, guidelines for conducting ethical neuromarketing studies have already emerged, but have not been evaluated from a practitioner perspective so far. Hence, the aim of this study is first to check the validity of additionally developed ethical aspects that are supplementary to the NMSBA (Neuromarketing Science & Business Association) code of ethics, contained in the EGNM (Ethical Guideli...
36 citations
TL;DR: A purposive sample of 200 (100 active and 100 inactive) adolescent students between 11 and 17 years (mean age of active students 1340±164 and inactive students 1318±140) were invited to par
Abstract: A purposive sample of 200 (100 active and 100 inactive) adolescent students between 11 and 17 years (mean age of active students 1340 ± 164 and inactive students 1318 ± 140) were invited to par
34 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the influence of personality factors on RDB and the mediating process was examined and the authors concluded that personality factors are one of the human factors contributing to the majority traffic injuries and crashes.
Abstract: Risky driving behavior (RDB) is one of the human factors contributing to the majority traffic injuries and crashes. This paper examines the influence of personality factors on RDB and the mediating...
33 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the Inventory of the personal profile and support (IPS) is used for assessment in persons with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities (PIMD) to provide appropriate support.
Abstract: Providing appropriate support for people with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities (PIMD) is challenging, since valid and reliable instruments that can be used for assessment in persons with PIMD are scarce. Therefore, this study analyzes the usability and validity of an instrument developed for persons with PIMD, the Inventory of the personal Profile and Support (IPS). This instrument is part of a person-centered, goal-oriented, interdisciplinary intervention for persons with PIMD, which is called the “support program.” A first step in the support program is to draw up a personal profile, on which a long term goal for the person with PIMD can be based. When the IPS is used in combination with another instrument, the Behavior Assessment Scales (BAS), a support profile can be written. However, the IPS has not been studied on psychometric qualities yet. To look into the usability and content validity of the IPS, two questionnaires that were developed for this study were used for eight dir...
32 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigate how positive emotions and intrinsic motivation affect each other over time, and test the effect of positive emotions on intrinsic motivation over time by comparing the two over time.
Abstract: This paper has two major aims. First, to investigate how positive emotions and intrinsic motivation affect each other over time. Second, to test the effect of positive emotions and intrinsic motiva...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide an update of exactly these updates, and to use this novel understanding to challenge a dominating category of consumer choice and communication effects, going under the headings such as "response hierarchy models", and demonstrate that even the basic assumptions in these models need to be reconsidered.
Abstract: Application and significance of neuroscience and its related techniques to comprehend and analyse consumer behaviour and psychology have recently attracted the interest of researchers and practitioners. In doing so, models of consumer choice and communication effects that were originally conceived during a non-neuroscience psychology era should now be challenged with the recent and plentiful advances that neurobiology has made in reshaping our understanding of the human mind and decision-making processes. This study aims at providing an update of exactly these updates, and to use this novel understanding to challenge a dominating category of consumer choice and communication effects, going under the headings such as “response hierarchy models”. By using examples of these models, we will demonstrate that even the basic assumptions in these models need to be reconsidered, and that the overall tenants of the models are equally problematic. Based on our overall understanding and an in-depth analysis o...
TL;DR: This study contributes data from the food field to the converging evidence in the literature that the lateral and medial parts of the prefrontal cortex have discrete and independent influences on decision-making.
Abstract: Introduction: Organic food has become increasingly popular with consumers. People seem to recognize it as a valuable alternative to popular brands from conventional food producers. Still, the basis of such consumer behavior remains unclear, with the literature supporting motivations ranging from health-related to more hedonic. Methods: To investigate the underlying brain processes, we looked for neural correlates of the perceptions of two types of psychological added value that brands could provide (popular/organic). Eighteen subjects were exposed to logos of brands of either category for the very same types of food that was typed below the logo (i.e. French fries) and blood-oxygen-level dependent brain activation was recorded using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Results: The results show higher activations in medial prefrontal cortex for popular brands, as expected with respect to the existing literature on decision-making and self-control. For organic brands, we found relatively h...
TL;DR: Assessment of cognition is possible even when children have severe speech and movement impairments, and type of response mode did not impact test results in typically developing children.
Abstract: Objective: Assessment of cognition is important for providing children with developmentally appropriate interventions. Often children with severe speech and motor disorders are not assessed, as sta...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors applied the heuristic-based approach to the problem of why programmers trust code they did not create and found that it is not easy to understand why they do so.
Abstract: Computer programs (code) are integral to the functions of current society. Yet, little is known about why programmers trust code they did not create. The current paper applied the heuristic-systema...
TL;DR: A unidimensional scale with a good model of fit across the four samples, acceptable reliability and appropriate convergent validity is suggested, and the meaning in life scale is a promising tool to be used in health settings.
Abstract: Meaning in life or lack of it is frequently associated to the psychological adjustment to disease. This study aims at contributing to the clarification of the concept and developing a meaning in life scale which may be applied either in a clinical population or in the general population as well as presenting its psychometric evaluation. Four samples were used to perform the psychometric analyses, of which three of them represented different diseases. Sample one consists of 200 patients with colorectal cancer, where 51% are males, sample two consists of 150 females with breast cancer and sample three consists of 92 male patients mainly with prostatic cancer. Sample four consists of 88 healthy subjects of which 37.5% are males. Confirmatory Factorial Analysis was performed, and the maximum likelihood extraction method was applied. Findings suggested a unidimensional scale with a good model of fit across the four samples, acceptable reliability and appropriate convergent validity. There was a negativ...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the effect of sex, body mass index (BMI), psychological characteristics (self-esteem, trait anxiety, social physique anxiety) on motives for exercise participation in the context of recreation and leisure.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of sex, body mass index (BMI), psychological characteristics (self-esteem, trait anxiety, social physique anxiety) on motives for exercise participation in the context of recreation and leisure. The sample consisted of 306 exercise participants. The results showed significant sex and BMI differences. More specifically, exercise motives were based on competition/ego for males, whereas females preferred psychological condition and appearance motives. Also, individuals low in BMI were motivated by physical appearance to participate in exercise programs. Psychological factors were also studied indicating that self-esteem was a significant predictor of competition/ego, affiliation, and physical condition motives, trait anxiety predicted motives of psychological condition, and to meet others’ expectations, whereas social physique anxiety predicted the appearance motive. Individuals with increased levels of the above psychological characteristics we...
TL;DR: Convergence properties, accuracy, and elapsed time of Oakes and Supplemental EM family algorithms are compared for a diverse selection IFA models and Oakes exhibits the best accuracy and elapsedTime among algorithms compared.
Abstract: The Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm is a method for finding the maximum likelihood estimate of a model in the presence of missing data. Unfortunately, EM does not produce a parameter covariance matrix for standard errors. Both Oakes and Supplemented EM are methods for obtaining the parameter covariance matrix. SEM was discovered in 1991 and is implemented in both open-source and commercial item response model estimation software. Oakes, a more recent method discovered in 1999, had not been implemented in item response model software until now. Convergence properties, accuracy, and elapsed time of Oakes and Supplemental EM family algorithms are compared for a diverse selection IFA models. Oakes exhibits the best accuracy and elapsed time among algorithms compared. We recommend that Oakes be made available in item response model estimation software.
TL;DR: In this paper, a pre/post-testing is conducted to evaluate the framing effect of ecolabel exposure in a brand advertisement on the enhancement of brand knowledge, on both implicit and explicit levels.
Abstract: An increasing number of brands rely on ecolabelling as associative branding strategy for communicating their sustainability performance Specifically, associative branding aims to link a brand to an ecolabel to embed sustainability into brand knowledge to provide an added value for consumers In this regard, the present study applies a combined measurement approach that examines both implicit and explicit information processing to assess consumers’ brand associations related to sustainability Specifically, a pre/post-testing is conducted to evaluate the framing effect of ecolabel exposure in a brand advertisement on the enhancement of brand knowledge The results of the current study provide evidence that in particular implicit brand sustainability is a favorable brand association that positively affects consumers’ decision-making and preferences Furthermore, the results reveal a relevant framing effect of ecolabelling on the enhancement of brand knowledge, on both implicit and explicit levels
TL;DR: Several psychological theories and models of wisdom have been developed as discussed by the authors. Despite converging trend from different theories in the understanding of wisdom, intervention plans or attempts to attempt to combine them have been unsuccessful.
Abstract: Several psychological theories and models of wisdom have been developed. Despite converging trend from different theories and models in the understanding of wisdom, intervention plans or attempts t...
TL;DR: Understanding of how regions of the parkinsonian face move independently and in conjunction with other regions will provide a new focus for future research aiming to model how facial expression in PD relates to disease progression, stigma, and quality of life.
Abstract: People with Parkinson's disease (PD) often experience a decrease in their facial expressivity, but little is known about how the coordinated movements across regions of the face are impaired in PD. The face has neurologically independent regions that coordinate to articulate distinct social meanings that others perceive as gestalt expressions, and so understanding how different regions of the face are affected is important. Using the Facial Action Coding System, this study comprehensively measured spontaneous facial expression across 600 frames for a multiple case study of people with PD who were rated as having varying degrees of facial expression deficits, and created correlation matrices for frequency and intensity of produced muscle activations across different areas of the face. Data visualization techniques were used to create temporal and correlational mappings of muscle action in the face at different degrees of facial expressivity. Results showed that as severity of facial expression deficit increased, there was a decrease in number, duration, intensity, and coactivation of facial muscle action. This understanding of how regions of the parkinsonian face move independently and in conjunction with other regions will provide a new focus for future research aiming to model how facial expression in PD relates to disease progression, stigma, and quality of life.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the trauma inflicted by the Rwandan genocide and its aftermath among Rwandans who nowadays reside in the Diaspora in Finland, their ways of coping with their trauma,
Abstract: The study investigated the trauma inflicted by the Rwandan genocide and its aftermath among Rwandans who nowadays reside in the Diaspora in Finland, their ways of coping with their trauma,
TL;DR: In this paper, a review and integration of established ambivalence and parental alienation theory incorporating clinical examples is presented, where clinical examples are cited from real interviews conducted by the authors from 2010 to 2016.
Abstract: Parental alienation is a construct which describes a campaign of disenfranchisement from children on the part of one parent against another, particularly during divorce. It has been at the forefront of child custody research aimed at explaining its short- and long-term effects on the children affected by it. During a time when tension between parents is at its highest and conflict regarding parenting responsibilities and parenting time arises, parents resort to parental alienation in an effort to control and hinder the emotional relationship the children would otherwise forge with the other parent. This paper is a review and integration of established ambivalence and parental alienation theory incorporating clinical examples. The clinical examples are cited from real interviews conducted by the authors from 2010 to 2016. The purpose and diagnostic utility of the examination of this subject matter is to exemplify the need for making a fine grain clinical analysis of ambivalence in order to most acc...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors extend the rater motivation research by introducing a work design perspective of appraisal and exploring the ways in which the job characteristics of appraisals can be used to motivate raters.
Abstract: In general, raters are responsible for evaluating their subordinates’ performance and delivering their final performance ratings. As most organizations prefer accurate ratings, past research has focused on encouraging raters to produce more accurate appraisals. Extant research on rater motivations has highlighted the various factors affecting rating accuracy, but the job characteristics of appraisals represent an unexplored area. The current study attempts to extend the rater motivation research by introducing a work design perspective of appraisal and exploring the ways in which the job characteristics of appraisals can be used to motivate raters. First, rater motivation theory and Hackman and Oldham’s job characteristics model (JCM) are reviewed. Then, the current study illustrates how the JCM can be applied to the performance appraisal context.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors show that distracted walking using a mobile phone can affect several parameters of gait and it would be prudent to not read or text on a mobile device while walking.
Abstract: Reading or texting with a mobile phone while walking requires cognitive resource allocation and consequently induces changes in gait. Fifty-six young adults walked along the GAITRite© walkway under baseline, low-, and high-cognitive loads. Participants’ Functional Ambulation Profile (FAP), velocity, and stride length decreased while double-support time increased under higher cognitive load. This result shows that during cognitively loaded multitasking conditions participants are unable to stabilize their gait. In addition, lower FAP scores across the conditions suggest an increased risk for future injurious falls. This study demonstrates that distracted walking using a mobile phone can affect several parameters of gait and it would be prudent to not read or text on a mobile phone while walking.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors found that spousal carers differ in terms of whether they perceive their relationship with the person with dementia as continuous with the pre-morbid relationshi...
Abstract: Background: Research in dementia suggests that spousal carers differ in terms of whether they perceive their relationship with the person with dementia as continuous with the pre-morbid relationshi...
TL;DR: The present paper argues that Sulloway mistook a literal truth for an analogy, and sibling personality variation is herein explained as a hedge against lineage extinction.
Abstract: Notwithstanding their relatedness, siblings vary as much as strangers with respect to personality traits. Attempting to explain this paradox across many publications, Frank J. Sulloway invokes evolutionary theory, specifically emphasizing Malthusian competition and referencing the concept of adaptive radiation, which produced beak variation among Darwinian finches as they spread across the Galapagos Archipelago. However, Sulloway understands birth order and other familial dynamics to create personality variation among siblings, using evolutionary concepts only as illustrative comparisons. The present paper argues that Sulloway mistook a literal truth for an analogy. Sibling personality variation does not mirror a process of evolution, it is a process of evolution. Substituting the macroevolutionary process of adaptive radiation for the microevolutionary process of adaptive diversification, and emphasizing the perpetuation of genetic material above the survival of the organism, sibling personality ...
TL;DR: In this article, Asperger's Syndrome affects communication and social reciprocity, adults with this condition are more likely to suffer from depression, anxiety, and depression in intimate relationships.
Abstract: Reciprocal communication between couples is central to sustaining strong intimate relationships. Given that Asperger’s Syndrome (AS) affects communication and social reciprocity, adults with this d...
TL;DR: In a moment of spiritual enlightenment, Sydney Banks claimed to “see how three psycho-spiritual principles (Universal Mind, Consciousness and Thought) coalesce to create all psychological ex...
Abstract: In a moment of spiritual enlightenment, Sydney Banks claimed to “see” how three psycho-spiritual principles—Universal Mind, Consciousness and Thought—coalesce to create all psychological ex...
TL;DR: In this paper, three potential UAS operator groups were explored for suitability (i.e., video game players [VGP]; private pilots; professional pilots) and examined to assess levels of accuracy, confidence and confidence-accuracy judgements (W-S C-A) during a simulated civilian cargo flight.
Abstract: Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) operations have outpaced current training regimes resulting in a shortage of qualified UAS pilots. Three potential UAS operator groups were explored for suitability (i.e. video game players [VGP]; private pilots; professional pilots) and examined to assess levels of accuracy, confidence and confidence-accuracy judgements (W-S C-A) during a simulated civilian cargo flight. Sixty participants made 21 decision tasks, which varied across three levels of danger/risk. Scales of Tolerance of Ambiguity, Decision Style and NEO-PIR were also completed. Professional pilots and VGPs exhibited the highest level of decision confidence, with VGPs maintaining a constant and positive W-S C-A relationship across decision danger/risk. As decision danger/risk increased, confidence, accuracy and W-S C-A decreased. Decision danger also had a role to play in the confidence expressed when choosing to intervene or rely on automation. Neuroticism was negatively related, and conscientiousness positively related, to confidence. Intolerance of ambiguity was negatively related to W-S C-A. All groups showed higher levels of decision confidence in decisions controlled by the UAS in comparison to decisions where the operator manually intervened. VGPs display less overconfidence in decision judgements. Findings support the idea that VGPs could be considered a resource in UAS operation.