Showing papers in "Cognition in 1986"

TL;DR: A communication task in which pairs of people conversed about arranging complex figures is described and how the proposed model accounts for many features of the references they produced is shown.

TL;DR: Rats were tested in place finding tasks in a rectangular environment with distinct featural panels in the corners and it was theorized that in orienting in space by using landmarks, the rat uses primarily a purely geometric module, which also serves as a basis for coordinating the locations of non-geometric data.

TL;DR: The present work addresses how expectations about natural kinds originate by examining how young children, with their usual reliance on perceptual appearances and only rudimentary scientific knowledge, might not induce new information within natural kind categories.

TL;DR: This paper explores possible relations obtaining between unconscious meta-processes and those available to conscious access and verbal statement, and speculations with respect to the plausibility of considering modularity as a product of some aspects of development, rather than restricting modularity solely to innate givens.

TL;DR: Chinese adults literate only in Chinese characters could not add or delete individual consonants in spoken Chinese words, but a comparable group of adults, literate in alphabetic spelling as well as characters, could perform the same tasks readily and accurately.

TL;DR: G gesture/speech discordance appears to be both a useful marker of inconsistency in the explanatory system underlying understanding of a concept and of receptivity to training in that concept.

TL;DR: In a picture memory task, the illiterates showed a phonological similarity effect, which is consistent with other results suggesting that the use of phonological codes for short-term retention does not require explicit phonetic analysis.

TL;DR: The results of these experiments suggest that infants understood that the box continued to exist, in its same location, after it was occluded by the screen, and the car continued to existence, and pursued its trajectory, after It disappeared behind the screen.

TL;DR: This paper considers a complex of language-related problems that research has identified in children with reading disorder and attempts to understand this complex in relation to proposals about the language processing mechanism.

TL;DR: A cross-cultural study of Japanese and American children has examined the development of awareness about syllables and phonemes as mentioned in this paper using counting tests and deletion tests, which revealed that in contrast to first graders in America, most of whom tend to be aware of both syllables (phonological units roughly equivalent to syllables) but relatively few are aware of phoneme.

TL;DR: The hypothesis that the difficulties of poor readers reflect common stages in the processes that underlie reading and naming is supported, as well as the possibility that these problems are related.

TL;DR: A model of the effects of context and frequency on word recognition is presented and it is shown that models of this form provide an accurate account of the effect of context on both speed and accuracy of word recognition in reaction time tasks.

TL;DR: This study shows that the reading patterns reported by Temple and Marshall and of Coltheart et al. do not provide an explanation of the causes of these children's reading difficulties, and finds strong and systematic individual differences in the normal group along a “phonological to surface” continuum.

TL;DR: Results from 3 studies comparing short-term memory for digits between native speakers of Chinese and of English provide evidence for a temporally limited store of digits.

TL;DR: Evidence is reviewed for two opposing developmental hypotheses based on the dual-route model: fluent readers use both direct and indirect access to lexical meaning, while beginning readers use only indirect access, and it was concluded that neither mode of access predominates in early reading.

TL;DR: Analysis of the requirements of this simple map task suggests that a core of the knowledge required to use maps is a readily accessible product of a spatial knowledge system common to both the blind and sighted.

TL;DR: This paper found that Japanese speakers are sensitive to the acoustic consequences of coarticulating /l/ and /r/ with /d/ or /g/ while being unable to categorize the phonemes as different phoneme.

TL;DR: Predictions derived from the Cohort Model of spoken word recognition were tested in four experiments using an auditory lexical decision task and an alternative account is put forward that allows for mispronounced and misperceived words to be correctly recognized.

TL;DR: A tutorial examination of recent developments important to understand current research on reading acquisition is offered, putting the accent on the interrelations between studies of skilled adult performance, of effects of neurological damage and of early reading.

TL;DR: An adequate cross-linguistic account of relative clause comprehension must be based upon an integrated view of multiple universal processing strategies, whose application will depend upon language-specific structural properties of relative clauses and upon the developmental stage of the child.

TL;DR: The uncomputable parts of thinking (if there are any) can be studied in much the same spirit that Turing (1950) suggested for the study of its computable parts using ideas from the mathematical theory of uncomputability.

TL;DR: For instance, the authors argued that the two principal peculiarities of human language (syntactic classes and structure-dependent rules) are an evolutionary embarrassment because they make language "vastly more powerful than one can account for in terms of selective fitness" and "one wonders if there are any functions of language for which they are needed".

TL;DR: It is shown that not all forms of consistent mapping lead to automatic processing, and attempts to generalize Schneider and Shiffrin's work should be concerned with the issues of which forms of consistency are effective.

TL;DR: The authors proposed a model for the evolution of language which consists of a trained-ape-like stringing together of meaningful sym-paths, and the emphasis on situation is far greater.

TL;DR: C categories like agrammatism are viewed as impediments to useful analysis in neurolinguistics and cognitive neuropsychology, and their place in this research is reaffirmed: they have none.

TL;DR: It is argued that one can approach agrammatism in a way that renders it an appropriate category for aphasia, and that leads to a number of interesting research topics regarding this category.

TL;DR: Seven theoretical approaches to argument strength are presented and evaluated and transmission of belief among statements is construed in terms of the “psychological strength” of associated arguments.

TL;DR: For instance, the authors pointed out that Thompson and Cowan (1986) were right about Pearl Harbor Day: no one plays baseball in December, and that this example does not cast doubt on the basic accuracy of flashbulb memories.

TL;DR: The study of context will be best continued in relation to analyses of the knowledge and strategies children have available in a task in the context of a game in which the experimenter was said to be trying to trick the child.