Showing papers in "Comparative Haematology International in 2017"
TL;DR: It can be concluded that the antihyperglycemic properties of a bitter fraction of S. rebaudiana are better than glibenclamide, and at high dose, it can ameliorate structural nephropathy in diabetic mice.
Abstract: Ethanolic extract of bitter fraction of Stevia rebaudiana (Srbf) was extracted to investigate its antihyperglycemic and protective effects on renal structural changes in STZ-induced diabetes. Thirty-five male mice were divided into five groups randomly; the first group as non-diabetic control, the second group as untreated diabetic, the third group treated with glibenclamide 0.5 mg/kg, and the fourth and fifth groups treated with Srbf by 200 and 400 μg/kg bw through gavage, respectively, for 15 days. Diabetes was induced in the second to fifth groups by administration of 60 mg/kg bw of streptozotocin intraperitoneally. Serum glucose level was monitored every day. At the 16th day, the subjects were sacrificed and their left kidneys were removed. Tissue sections were stained by periodic acid Schiff and used for stereological analysis. The means were compared by one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc test at the significance level of p ≤ 0.05. The results showed that Srbf significantly restored the blood glucose level toward normal level faster than glibenclamide. High dose of Srbf could significantly decrease the length and volume of proximal and distal tubules and vessels and the volume of the interstitial tissue in the diabetic treated group. Both doses of Srbf could significantly prevent the glomerular hypertrophy and reduction of glomerular number in comparison with the untreated diabetic group. It can be concluded that the antihyperglycemic properties of a bitter fraction of S. rebaudiana are better than glibenclamide, and at high dose, it can ameliorate structural nephropathy in diabetic mice.
105 citations
TL;DR: Dietary garlic supplementation positively influenced the immune status of rainbow trout, in particular under ammonia stress, and exhibited reduced plasma cortisol and glucose levels and increased survival rates under ammonia exposure conditions.
Abstract: A feeding trial was conducted for 60 days to determine the effects of fish meal (FM) replacement with meat and bone meal (MBM) supplemented with garlic powder on the physiological and immunohematological status of juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss; 8.26 ± 1.10 g). Eight isonitrogenous (46% crude protein) and isoenergetic (22 mJ kg−1) diets were formulated containing increasing levels of MBM 0 (control), 25, 45, and 65% with or without garlic powder (3%). Our findings indicated that garlic supplementation increased red blood cell (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Ht), white blood cell (WBC), lysozyme, ACH50, and plasma protein, whereas decreased cholesterol, urea, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), and creatinine. The increase in dietary MBM without garlic supplementation resulted in elevated levels of urea, creatinine, GOT, and GPT, and reduced lysozyme, ACH50, Hb, and WBC. At the end of the feeding trial, 24-h exposure to un-ionized ammonia at 1 mg l−1 resulted in increase in cortisol and glucose, and decrease in Hb and Ht in treatments without supply of garlic. Fish fed feeds with garlic supplementation, regardless of inclusion levels of MBM, exhibited reduced plasma cortisol and glucose levels and increased survival rates under ammonia exposure conditions. In summary, dietary garlic supplementation positively influenced the immune status of rainbow trout, in particular under ammonia stress.
45 citations
TL;DR: The use of alternative feedstuffs in rabbit and poultry diets and their effects on blood chemistry and haematology was reviewed and the review also covered their chemical compositions, economics and availability.
Abstract: The demand for meat in developing countries is on the increase, and this trend is expected to continue over the years. The ability of poultry and rabbit to meet the animal protein demand in developing countries cannot be overemphasized. However, the main constraint limiting effective and efficient use of these choice animals is the high cost of traditional feed ingredients such as maize, soybean meal, fish meal and groundnut cake which are in strict competition with man’s dietary need. However, it is also becoming clear that the requirements for the traditional feed ingredients cannot be met, even according to optimistic forecasts. The gap between local supply and demand for these traditional ingredients is expected to widen over the coming decades, providing a compelling reason for exploring the usefulness of locally available, alternative feedstuffs in feed formulations. Alternative feedstuffs include, but not limited to, agro-industrial by-products and leaf meals of some common tropical plant species. They are good nutrient sources, but their use in animal production has been limited owing to constraints imposed by anti-nutritional and socio-economic factors. Protein from the leaf and seed meals of tropical plants is perhaps the most naturally abundant and cheapest source of plant protein. Several studies regarding the nutritive values of alternative feedstuffs and their usefulness in animal nutrition have been published. The effect of alternative feedstuffs based diets on some physiological parameters of rabbits and chickens have been reported by several authors. The use of alternative feedstuffs in rabbit and poultry diets and their effects on blood chemistry and haematology was reviewed. The review also covered their chemical compositions, economics and availability.
26 citations
TL;DR: Results showed a significant elevation of serum adiponectin concentrations in the curcumin group, but this effect was not caused by phospholipid-curcumin complex.
Abstract: In modern societies, metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a highly common disease, which is closely associated with the increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Metabolic syndrome is usually accompanied by low levels of adiponectin, which is a key regulator of insulin sensitivity and reduced inflammation of the tissue. Adiponectin also reduces systemic insulin resistance and predicts cardiovascular disease. Curcumin has several beneficial effects on risk factors of metabolic syndrome. This polyphenol can affect almost all components of metabolic syndrome including insulin resistance, hypertension and obesity. According to the low oral bioavailability of curcumin, several phospholipid-complex formulations have been developed to address this issue. The present study aims to evaluate the impact of unformulated curcumin and a phospholipid complex of curcumin on serum adiponectin in subjects with metabolic syndrome. Subjects (n = 120) with metabolic syndrome were randomly assigned to three groups which received capsules of phospholipidated curcumin (1 g/day), (n = 40), unformulated curcumin (n = 40) and placebo (n = 40) for a period of 6 weeks. The serum concentrations of adiponectin were measured at baseline and at the end of study using ELISA. The results showed a significant elevation of serum adiponectin concentrations in the curcumin group (mean change 28.9 ± 30.5) in comparison to both curcumin-phospholipid complex (mean change 4.1 ± 15.4) and placebo (mean change −3.5 ± 20.4) groups. Curcumin supplementation increased serum adiponectin concentrations, but this effect was not caused by phospholipid-curcumin complex.
18 citations
TL;DR: The first molecular prevalence of Candidatus A. camelii in Iranian dromedary camels is described, highlighting the role of this tick species as a potential vector for camel Anaplasmosis.
Abstract: Molecular investigation of Anaplasmataceae species in the dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) is still lacking in Iran. In this study, the presence of Anaplasma and Ehrlichia species was investigated in a total of 100 camels in southern Iran. A total number of six camels (6.0 %) were infected by Candidatus Anaplasma camelii genetically related to Anaplasma platys. However, Ehrlichia spp. were not detected in any of the examined dromedary camels. Genetic analysis of the 16S rDNA gene of Iranian strain showed 100 % identity to Anaplasma strains previously reported from Tunisian and Saudi Arabian dromedary camels (accession nos. KM401907 and KF843825, respectively). Furthermore, phylogenetic studies based on the 16S rDNA gene provided more evidence for the circulation of a host-adapted Anaplasma species closely related to A. platys in dromedary camels. In this study, Hyalomma dromedarii were recovered from positive camels in studied regions. These findings highlight the role of this tick species as a potential vector for camel Anaplasmosis. This study describes the first molecular prevalence of Candidatus A. camelii in Iranian dromedary camels.
18 citations
TL;DR: The results showed that CHEK2 1100elC, del5395bp, and I157T mutations are not associated with genetic susceptibility for BC among Iranian population.
Abstract: CHEK2 gene is known as a tumor suppressor gene in breast cancer (BC), which plays a role in DNA repair. The germ line mutations in CEHK2 have been associated with different types of cancer. The present study was aimed at studying the association between CHEK2 mutations and BC. Peripheral blood was collected from patients into a test tube containing EDTA, and DNA was extracted from blood samples. Then, we analyzed mutations including 1100delc, IVS2+1>A, del5395bp, and I157T within CHEK2 gene in patients with BC and 100 normal healthy controls according to PCR-RFLP, allelic specific PCR, and multiplex-PCR. Although IVS2+1G>A mutation within CHEK2 gene was found in two BC patients, other defined mutants were not detected. For the first time, we identified CHEK2 IVS2+1G>A mutation, one out of four different CHEK2 alterations in two Iranian BC patients (2%). Also, our results showed that CHEK2 1100elC, del5395bp, and I157T mutations are not associated with genetic susceptibility for BC among Iranian population.
16 citations
TL;DR: Results showed that inclusion of Moringa oleifera leaf meal had a beneficial effect on health status of goats, and up to 15% MOLM supplementation was recommended for optimum performance in West African Dwarf goats.
Abstract: West African Dwarf (WAD) goat is one of the most prolific goat species in Nigeria, and its production fulfils important socio-economic functions. In Nigeria, high cost of feed and inadequate nutrient intake undermines this goat breed in expressing their full potential. Therefore, the effect of 90 days of feeding MOLM diets on blood chemistry and haematology of WAD goats were investigated. Thirty six, 10–11-months old WAD goats were divided into four groups of nine , and each group was replicated thrice. Each group was assigned to one of the experimental diets in a completely randomized design tagged A (0%), B (5%), C (10%) and D (15%). Blood samples for analysis were obtained from one animal in each replicate, and data-generated were analysed statistically. The haematology showed that mean cell volume (MCV) and packed cell volume (PCV) were significantly improved (p < 0.05) at 10 and 15% inclusion levels, respectively. Goats in treated groups had improved (p < 0.05) white blood cell (WBC) count than those on control. Serum biochemistry results showed that serum creatinine values of goats in group A (control) were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than those in group C and D, but similar (p < 0.05) to those in group B. Total bilirubin value at 15% and AST at 10% inclusion differed significantly (p < 0.05) with the control value. These results showed that inclusion of Moringa oleifera leaf meal had a beneficial effect on health status of goats. Therefore, up to 15% MOLM supplementation was recommended for optimum performance in West African Dwarf goats.
16 citations
TL;DR: The innate immunity arms in these five fish species encompassed the similar function pattern, although they were differently present in their organs.
Abstract: The lysozyme activities were investigated in three catfish: hybrid catfish [Clarias macrocephalus (Gunther 1864) x Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822)], Hemibagrus filamentus (Fang and Chaux 1949), and Kryptopterus apogon (Bleeker 1851) and two carps: Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus 1758) and Channa striata (Bloch 1793) Fish samples used in this study were from two sites of Chiang Mai province; C macrocephalus x C gariepinus and O niloticus were from Ton Payom Market, Amphoe Muang H filamentus, K apogon, and C striata were from Doi Tao Lake, Amphoe Doi Tao The serum, brain, liver, and kidney of the catfish and carps from both sites were spectrophotometrically measured at 450 nm by ELISA reader C macrocephalus x C gariepinus and H filamentus showed the highest lysozyme activity in the serum, followed by the kidney, brain, and liver, respectively, while the highest lysozyme activity was observed in the brain of K apogon, and the least one was observed in the liver Among the catfish, lysozyme activities of K apogon were significantly higher than those of the other fish (P < 001) However, no significant difference in lysozyme activity from the three investigated visceral organs was found In carps, O niloticus had the highest lysozyme activity in the serum, followed by the kidney, brain, and liver, respectively Meanwhile, the highest lysozyme activity in C striata was recorded in the serum, followed by the liver, brain, and kidney However, there was no significant difference in lysozyme activity from the serum and the internal organs in these two fish In conclusion, the innate immunity arms in these five fish species encompassed the similar function pattern, although they were differently present in their organs The data will be used as reference ranks for these species to evaluate health status when they are exposed to some pathogens or chemical contamination in streams and reservoirs
13 citations
TL;DR: Analysis of oxidative stress markers showed a significant decrease in the mean values of GPx and CAT enzymes in pyoderma-infected dogs while showing a significant increase of the mean value of SOD enzymes along with a decrease of the plasma zinc level in ACD-affected dogs.
Abstract: Skin diseases are a common problem in dogs that may lead to increased risk of oxidative stress. This work was designed to estimate selected oxidative stress markers (superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT) and plasma zinc) in pyoderma- and allergic contact dermatitis (ACD)-affected dogs. This study was carried out on 25 dogs, in which ten dogs were used as controls, nine dogs were affected with pyoderma, and six dogs had ACD. Analysis of oxidative stress markers showed a significant decrease of the mean values of GPx and CAT enzymes in pyoderma-infected dogs while showing a significant increase of the mean value of SOD enzymes along with a decrease of the plasma zinc level in ACD-affected dogs. Pyoderma and ACD are associated with significant changes in plasma biomarkers of oxidative stress.
13 citations
TL;DR: Hematological and histopathological evaluations of pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) that had been naturally infected with Aeromonas sp.
Abstract: Fish species are impacted by multiple pathogens, and they are exposed to the chemicals used to treat these diseases at several stages during the aquaculture production cycle. This study performed hematological and histopathological evaluations of pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) that had been naturally infected with Aeromonas sp., Streptococcus sp., Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Trichodina heterodentata, and Anacanthorus penilabiatus and treated with enrofloxacin and toltrazuril or with florfenicol and thiamethoxam. After 7 days of treatment from nine fishes were collected blood, via caudal puncture, and samples of the gills, liver, and kidneys. Following toltrazuril and enrofloxacin treatment, fish exhibited leukocytosis with lymphocytosis. With thiamethoxam and florfenicol treatment, the fish showed an increase in hematocrit, hemoglobin level, mean corpuscular volume, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration and a decrease in red blood cells. The infected control fish presented aneurysms and a disruption of the secondary lamellae, which can cause death. The drugs used in this study stimulated the immune systems in the fish or caused electrolyte imbalances, which were temporary.
13 citations
TL;DR: The present research is the first report of A. phagocytophilum infection in Iranian domesticated small ruminants and their zoonotic potential as a carrier of the Anaplasma species infection.
Abstract: Rickettsia from the genus Anaplasma is obligated intracellular microorganism of animal host and human. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and distribution of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in domesticated small ruminant of Iran. Three hundred seventy blood samples of sheep and goat were collected from different regions in Hamedan province, Iran. The DNA was extracted from blood samples and subsequently, 16S rRNA and MSP4 genes were analyzed by Nested-PCR method and overall 1.08% (4/370) of domesticated small ruminants were positive for A. phagocytophilum infection. The data recorded were analyzed by the Chi-square test and did not show any significant relation between infection and variables such as location, tick infestion, age, and sex of the host (p > 0.05). No significant correlation was found between the altitude and the Anaplasma species infection (Mann-Whitney test: p > 0.05). The present research is the first report of A. phagocytophilum infection in Iranian domesticated small ruminants and their zoonotic potential as a carrier of A. phagocytophilum.
TL;DR: The greatest enrofloxacin-induced damage was observed in the hepatopancreas, in which necrosis, aggregate transformed microvilli, atrophy, inflammatory cell infiltration and plasma leaking from blood vessels were observed.
Abstract: The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of enrofloxacin on vannamei shrimp (Litopenaeus vanammei) by measuring its accumulation and withdrawal time, in addition to its histopathological effects. The effect of enrofloxacin on the cells of vannamei shrimp has not yet been reported. The enrofloxacin levels were analysed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and several tissues and organs, including the hepatopancreas, gills and muscles, were histopathologically analysed. Regarding the withdrawal time from shrimp tissue, the optimum enrofloxacin dose is 26.06 ± 13.67 μg/kg. The greatest enrofloxacin-induced damage was observed in the hepatopancreas, in which necrosis, aggregate transformed microvilli, atrophy, inflammatory cell infiltration and plasma leaking from blood vessels were observed. In addition, necrosis was found in the muscle tissue. However, no damage was found in the gills, and enrofloxacin did not affect the lymphoid organ, midgut caeca or gastric organ.
TL;DR: The result of present study showed no significant differences in salivary level of IL-10 between OLP and healthy people.
Abstract: Oral lichen planus is an inflammatory disorder with T-cell-mediated immunological etiology. The aim of this study was to evaluate the IL-10 in saliva of OLP patients and compare it with healthy people. In this cross-sectional study, 44 patients with oral lichen planus and 44 healthy people were enrolled to the study. Five to 10 ml un-stimulated whole saliva samples were collected in the morning, and concentration of IL-10 was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The mean of salivary IL-10 was more in the patient group (0.2 ± 0.92) than the healthy group (0.1 ± 0.04), but there was no significant difference between these groups. No significant relation was found between salivary IL-10 level and type of OLP. The result of present study showed no significant differences in salivary level of IL-10 between OLP and healthy people.
TL;DR: BPA has an inverse correlation with fish hematological parameter abnormalities; increasing concentration of BPA leads to a decrease in the RBC, Ht, Hb, secondary indices, and lymphocytes, and it was concluded that all the studied hematology parameters can be used as biomarkers for the presence of xenobiotic such as BPA in the natural environment.
Abstract: Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the industrial chemical compounds which is produced in large volume throughout the world. It is a monomeric compound that is used in the manufacture of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins. The widespread use of BPA and its entry to aquatic ecosystems are serious problems. The aim of this study is to assess the change in the hematological parameters of Acanthopagrus latus as biomarkers after exposure to BPA in low concentrations at 1, 5, 10, and 50 (μg/g BPA). The experimental period was 21 days, and the injections were conducted in 0, 7, and 14 days in complete dose form. The blood collection from fishes was carried out in 14 and 21 days. Hematological profile, including red blood cells (RBCs), hematocrit (Ht), hemoglobin (Hb), MCH, MCV, MCHC, and white blood cell differential counts (lymphocytes, monocytes, basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) was conducted. The results of this study indicated that BPA has an inverse correlation with fish hematological parameter abnormalities; increasing concentration of BPA leads to a decrease in the RBC, Ht, Hb, secondary indices, and lymphocytes. Therefore, it was concluded that all the studied hematological parameters can be used as biomarkers for the presence of xenobiotic such as BPA in the natural environment.
TL;DR: Sperm concentration, viability, and motility were adversely affected by LA, while concurrent treatment with NS significantly improved these parameters, and these adverse effects were alleviated by oral NS administration.
Abstract: Lead acetate (LA) is a toxic compound that has detrimental effects on the male reproductive system, such as decreased testicular size and function, low androgen hormone concentration, and altered testicular histology. While Nigella sativa (NS) has been shown to possess a handful of therapeutic benefits, few studies have shown its effect on damage caused by lead acetate toxicity in the male reproductive system. In this study, 75 Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 3 groups of 25 rats, which were further subdivided into 5 subgroups each. Group 1 (negative control) was given distilled water, group 2 (positive control (PC)) administered 10 mg/kg of lead acetate (LA) orally/daily, while groups 3 (T1), 4 (T2), and 5 (T3) were given LA 10 mg/kg and graded concentrations (100, 150, and 200 mg/kg) each of NS. One group each, comprising of 25 rats, was euthanized at days 30, 60, and 90 for collection of blood plasma, epididymis, and organ tissues fixed in 10 % buffered formalin at each time interval. The right caudal epididymis was homogenized and used for the determination of spermiogram. Plasma was used for the determination of testosterone (TS), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH) and estradiol (EST) using radioimmunoassay kits. There was reduced number of spermatogenic cells and epididymal sperm reserves in the PC group in comparison to the treatment groups. The level of TS was lower (p < 0.05) in the PC group at 90 days, while FSH was lower (p < 0.05) in T3 at 30 days and LH was higher (p < 0.05) in T1 at 90 days. The concentration of EST was lower (p < 0.05) in the PC, T1, and T2 at all time points, while the T3 group had the higher EST concentration that was similar to the control group. There was a decreased level of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and total glutathione (GSH) in the PC group and an increased GSH level in the T3 group. Sperm concentration, viability, and motility were adversely affected by LA, while concurrent treatment with NS significantly (p < 0.05) improved these parameters. This study showed the detrimental effects of LA on spermatogenesis, TS levels, and antioxidant defenses; however, these adverse effects were alleviated by oral NS administration.
TL;DR: This study shows the time dependent effect of C. pseudotuberculosis infection on lesion severity in the reproductive system of goats, which necessitates the need for prompt diagnosis in order to prevent infertility and abortion in goat herds.
Abstract: Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis is the etiological agent for caseous lymphadenitis (CLA), which is a chronic zoonotic disease that mostly infects sheep and goats worldwide. CLA causes significant financial losses in endemic countries due to decreased productivity and impaired reproduction in goats, sheep, and other small ruminants. In this study, 18 non-pregnant healthy Katjang does aged 2 years old were randomly divided into two groups of nine goats each. The first group were all experimentally inoculated with 1 ml of 107 cfu of live C. pseudotuberculosis through intradermal route while the second group was given 1 ml PBS (pH 7) intradermally. Three animals from each group were withdrawn and culled after 30, 60 and 90 days post infection and the reproductive organs (vagina, cervix, uterus, uterine horns, and ovaries) and iliac lymph nodes were collected in 10 % buffered formalin, processed, sectioned, and stained with H&E. Histopathological findings showed evidence of inflammation, degeneration, necrosis, and vascular changes in all the tissues examined. Inflammatory cell infiltration made up of neutrophils and macrophages were observed in all tissues. However, while neutrophil response was higher (p < 0.05) at the early phase (1 month) of the infection, macrophage response predominated at 3-months post infection. The distribution of necrosis and degeneration also increased (p < 0.05) between 1 and 3 months of infection in all tissues. Multifocal distribution of microabscesses indicative of pyogranuloma were observed in the cervix and iliac lymph nodes, with a higher (p < 0.05) distribution in the lymph nodes. Vascular congestion was also observed in all tissues, with varying severity of distribution at all sampling points. This study shows the time dependent effect of C. pseudotuberculosis infection on lesion severity in the reproductive system of goats, which necessitates the need for prompt diagnosis in order to prevent infertility and abortion in goat herds.
TL;DR: In this article, a wound model was used for the assessment of wound-healing activity of topical co-administration of hydroethanolic extracts of Pistacia atlantica hulls and Quercus infectoria galls (Q. infectoria) in diabetic mice.
Abstract: Pistacia atlantica hulls and Quercus infectoria galls have been used in traditional medicine for treatment of many disorders. In the current study, excision wound model was used for the assessment of wound-healing activity of topical co-administration of hydroethanolic extracts of Pistacia atlantica hulls (P. atlantica) and Quercus infectoria galls (Q. infectoria) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Four groups of diabetic mouse model were used; control group (received soft yellow paraffin), treated groups P. atlantica 5%; Q. infectoria 5% and Q. infectoria 5% + P. atlantica 5% mixed soft yellow paraffin. Two circular, full-thickness skin wounds with 5 mm diameter were created on the back of each of the mice. During the healing time, wound rate was measured and wound sample was obtained at the end of days 3, 7, and 14 for histopathological evaluation. Moreover, immunohistochemistry staining for GLUT-1 and GPC3 was done. According to the results, topical application of each hydroethanolic extract of pistachio and quercus extract alone and co-administrated together cause improved wound-healing activity in diabetic mice via decrease in inflammation phases with decrease of edema and immune cell migration scores, and proliferation stage with increase in new vessels formation, fibroblast infiltration, collagen synthesis scores, and GLUT-1- and GPC3-positive cells in diabetic mice. These results suggest that the topical application of P. atlantica hulls and Q. infectoria galls hydroethanolic extracts has beneficial effect on full-thickness wound-healing activity in diabetic mice and it might be useful for treating various types of chronic wounds.
TL;DR: Experimental and clinical evidence that EMF acts as a male-mediated teratogen and contributor to infertility is reviewed.
Abstract: The use of mobile phones and other wireless transmitting devices is increasing dramatically in developing and developed countries, as is the rate of infertility. A number of respected infertility clinics in Australia, India, USA, and Iran are reporting that those who regularly use mobile phones tend to have reduced sperm quantity and quality. Some experimental studies have found that human sperm exposed to electromagnetic fields (EMF), either simulated or from mobile phones, developed biomarkers of impaired structure and function, as well as reduced quantity. These encompass pathological, endocrine, and proteomic changes. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within living organisms, and the proteome is the entire array of proteins—the ultimate biomolecules in the pathways of DNA transcription to translation. Proteomics is the art and science of studying all proteins in cells, using different techniques. This paper reviews proteomic experimental and clinical evidence that EMF acts as a male-mediated teratogen and contributor to infertility.
TL;DR: Detomidine produced a rapid and reliable sedation and antinociception, and could be used for a variety of diagnostic and surgical procedures in C. dromedarius without cardiopulmonary disease in the field.
Abstract: The aim of this study was to document sedation and analgesic effects, electrocardiographic (ECG) parameters, and some physiologic variable and serum concentrations of electrolytes after intravenous (IV) administration of detomidine in camels. Five healthy female dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) aged 2 years and average weight of 200 ± 20 kg were used. Data were recorded before and 3, 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, 60, and 90 min after IV administration of detomidine (50 μg kg−1). Sedation and antinociception response were recorded. The ECG was attached as a bipolar base-apex lead, and indices measured and analyzed were P, QRS, and T wave amplitude, duration and configuration, and duration of P-R, Q-T, and R-R intervals. Venous blood was collected for the measurement of sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), chloride (Cl−), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), and phosphorus (P−) concentrations. Posture and behavioral observed after detomidine administration were depression, swaying, tremors, muscular weakness, nasal discharge, drooling, drooping of head and lower lip, hind limb ataxia, anorexia, frequent urination, staggering, snoring, and nystagmus. Significantly increased in sedation scores and antinociception grades were seen. Heart rate (HR) was significantly decreased. Amplitude of P, QRS, and T waves, and P-R interval durations were not significantly changed from baseline during sedation. Durations of Q-T and R-R intervals were significantly prolonged after detomidine injection (p 0.05). Detomidine produced a rapid and reliable sedation and antinociception, and could be used for a variety of diagnostic and surgical procedures in C. dromedarius without cardiopulmonary disease in the field.
TL;DR: Effects of the methanol extract of Nigerian red propolis (NRP) in trypanosome-infected rats were studied and rats treated with NRP had significant reduction in parasitaemia, higher PCV, Hbc and weight gain than the DMSO control.
Abstract: Propolis has a long history of use in folk medicine and possesses various biological activities. Effects of the methanol extract of Nigerian red propolis (NRP) in trypanosome-infected rats were studied. Mature albino Wistar rats (30) were randomly grouped into six (A–F). Groups A–E were infected with 1.0 × 106 Trypanosoma brucei brucei organisms intraperitoneally. Group F was uninfected. On establishment of infection, groups A–C were treated orally with NRP at 600, 400 and 200 mg/kg body weight for five consecutive days while group D received diminazene aceturate at 7 mg/kg body weight intraperitoneally. Group E received equal volumes of DMSO solution for five consecutive days. Parameters monitored were mean group parasitaemia, packed cell volumes (PCV), haemoglobin concentrations (Hbc) and bodyweight changes. By day 16 post-infection (PI) parasitaemia was significantly higher in the DMSO control group E than in the NRP-treated groups. Mean group PCV, Hbc and weight loss were significantly (p < 0.05) lower in DMSO control group when compared with all the other experimental groups. Rats treated with NRP (600 and 400 mg/kg) had significant (p < 0.05) reduction in parasitaemia (day 16 PI), higher PCV, Hbc and weight gain than the DMSO control.
TL;DR: The elevated values of serum glucose, insulin, cortisol, NEFA, and BHBA are suggestive of impaired whole-body insulin sensitivity and were consistent with decreased RQUICKI in the diseased cows.
Abstract: Up to now, there have been several endeavors describing the extent of insulin resistance (IR) in dairy cows with particular emphasis on transition period, but it is not fully explicit what IR plays in the etiology of subclinical ketosis (SCK) in transition cows. The present study was therefore conducted on a commercial dairy herd with a stock population of 730 Holstein-Friesian cows to evaluate the extent of IR in transition cows with SCK. Blood samples were collected initially from each of the transition cows (n = 24) to estimate serum levels of β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA). Cows with no clinical signs but having serum BHBA >1.20 to 2.9 mmol/l were considered to have SCK (n = 20), while those having serum BHBA concentrations <1.00 mmol/l were considered as controls (n = 4). Blood samples were then used for estimating values of serum non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA), glucose, insulin, and cortisol. Different surrogate indices for insulin sensitivity were also calculated. Our findings demonstrated that values of BHBA, NEFA, and insulin were significantly higher in cows with SCK than those of controls (P < 0.05), while values of cortisol and glucose, despite being higher in diseased cows than controls, did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.605 and 0.269). Indices of insulin sensitivity showed a significant decrease in revised quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (RQUICKI) (P = 0.047) and a significant increase in homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) in diseased cows compared with controls (P = 0.007). The elevated values of serum glucose, insulin, cortisol, NEFA, and BHBA are therefore suggestive of impaired whole-body insulin sensitivity and were consistent with decreased RQUICKI in the diseased cows. Further studies are needed to use prophylactic feed additives to enhance insulin sensitivity and to help mitigate the deleterious consequences of bovine ketosis during the transition phase.
TL;DR: It is indicated that applying protocols of management and applying preventative methods and treatment of infected cases are necessary to restrict parasitic infections in domestic ducks and other birds in this region.
Abstract: This study was carried out to assess the levels of parasitic infection in domestic ducks (Anas platyrhynchas) in Gilan Province, Northern Iran During the summer of 2015, samples were collected randomly from local markets at different villages in Gilan Province Blood samples were collected in EDTA-treated tubes, blood smear slides created, stained with giemsa and examined for the presence of blood protozoa Ectoparasites samples were collected and identified according to Wall and Shearer (2001) To assess endoparasitic infection, the ducks’ gastrointestinal tracts were removed and the various parts identified and opened Parasites were collected, fixed in methanol, cleared with lactophenol and stained with borax carmine Collected parasites were identified according to the descriptions given by Soulsby (1982) and Yamaguti (1958a, b) 566 % of ducks were infected with protozoan parasites, with the most prevalent of which being Tricomonas gallinae (prevalence 233 %, intensity 18 ± 25) followed by Cryptosporidium bailey (prevalence 166 %, intensity 1544 ± 165) and Eimeria oocyst (prevalence 166 %, intensity 1756 ± 125) Also found on the feathers and body surface were two species of lice (Menocanthus stranineus and Liperus squalidus), one species of tick (Argas persicus) and one of flea (Ctenocephalides canis) Prevalence and intensity of the parasite infestation varied from species to species: M
stranineus (prevalence 100 %, intensity 4333 ± 175), L squalidus (prevalence 100 %, intensity 3920 ± 1242), A persicus (prevalence 75 %, intensity 3524 ± 127) and C canis (prevalence 60 %, intensity 3016 ± 155) Helminthes parasite infection rate was 50 % in collected samples which consisted of Railletina tetragona (prevalence 266 %, intensity 1934 ± 165), Heterakis gallinarum (prevalence 1333 %, intensity 1465 ± 125) and Capillaria (prevalence 10 %, intensity 1256 ± 165) This study shows the prevalence of parasitic infection in domesticated ducks in Gilan Province, Iran Findings indicate that applying protocols of management and applying preventative methods and treatment of infected cases are necessary to restrict parasitic infections in domestic ducks and other birds in this region
TL;DR: Hydatid cyst fluid collected from fertile cyst had high levels of calcium, phosphorus, potassium, chloride, iron, and alkaline phosphatase activity but a low level of sodium, glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, and total protein as compared to infertile hydatid fluid.
Abstract: Hydatid disease is a foremost public health and economic problem causing morbidity and mortality. This study was done to investigate the parasitological studies and biochemical and histopathological changes of hydatid cyst infection in livers of sheep. Our study was carried out prospectively on sheep slaughtered in a southern slaughterhouse, Hail city, conducted from January 2015 to December 2015 to determine the prevalence, cyst viability, and biochemical analysis of fertile and infertile hydatid fluids. Out of 53,981 slaughtered sheep, 3811 were found infected with hydatid cyst; specifically, hydatid cyst was detected in the liver of sheep. The overall infection rate in slaughtered sheep in this period (from 1 January 2015 to 30 December 2015) was 7.06%. The fertility rate of 330 examined hydatid cysts selected from the overall slaughtered sheep was observed to be 18.18%. Hydatid cyst fluid collected from fertile cyst had high levels of calcium, phosphorus, potassium, chloride, iron, and alkaline phosphatase activity but a low level of sodium, glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, and total protein as compared to infertile hydatid fluid. Sections from infected liver showed distinct hydatid cyst structures and fibrous tissue; also, hepatic tissue showed necrosis of variable degrees. The prevalence of cystic Echinococcus in Hail area was at an overall rate of 7.06% and the majority of cysts in sheep were infertile. Additionally, biochemical analysis of HF could be helpful for the diagnosis of hepatic hydatid cysts which have a deleterious effect on morbidity and mortality in sheep.
TL;DR: The findings of the study indicated that B. abortus infection in pregnant dromedary camels causes necrotizing placentitis and fetal pneumonia resulting into abortion during mid to last trimester of pregnancy.
Abstract: Brucellosis is a significant zoonotic disease that is emerging or reemerging in many parts of the world. This study was carried out to diagnose and investigate the pathological lesions associated with Brucella abortus in the fetuses and placenta of naturally infected dromedary camels. For diagnosis, the blood samples from infected dams were subjected to Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and blood PCR. The placental and fetal lung tissue samples were subjected to pathological examination and PCR. Nine cases of abortions and one case of early neonatal mortality was reported in the infected camels. The hematological parameters in infected dams revealed anemia and leukocytosis. The important pathological lesions in the infected fetuses were subcutaneous edema, moderate amount of serohemorrhagic fluid in the body cavities, interstitial pneumonia, degenerative changes in the liver, severe congestion with mononuclear infiltration in the kidney, and congestion in other visceral organs. The placentas were thickened, edematous, and showed necrosis along with mononuclear infiltration in histopathology. The RBPT and PCR for placental and fetal lung tissues detected all ten cases positive for B. abortus infection. However, blood PCR was positive only in two pregnant camels. The findings of the study indicated that B. abortus infection in pregnant dromedary camels causes necrotizing placentitis and fetal pneumonia resulting into abortion during mid to last trimester of pregnancy. The RBPT was found to play an important role in early serological diagnosis, whereas PCR was useful in confirmatory diagnosis of brucellosis from placental and fetal lung tissue samples.
TL;DR: Results suggest the antioxidative burst activity of fatty acids from C. volubile stem is suggested, indicating a phagocytic action which may be attributed to the synergetic effect of the identified fatty acids.
Abstract: Oil and fatty acids from the flowers and stems of Clerodendrum volubile were investigated for their antioxidative burst activities. The oils were methylated to obtain fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs). The oils and fatty acids were then subjected to GC-MS analysis to identify the compounds present. Their inhibitory potentials on oxidative burst were investigated on blood phagocytes using the luminol-amplified chemiluminescence technique after activation with serum opsonized zymosan. Succinate derivatives were observed to be the most predominant compounds. C. volubile stem fatty acids showed potent inhibitory activity (IC50 = 18.52 ± 0.12) on blood ROS production. No cytotoxic effect was observed on treatment of CC-1 normal cell lines with the fatty acids. Oral toxicity prediction of the identified fatty acids of C. volubile stem via ProTox revealed their safety on swallowing. These results suggest the antioxidative burst activity of fatty acids from C. volubile stem, indicating a phagocytic action which may be attributed to the synergetic effect of the identified fatty acids.
TL;DR: In this paper, the antioxidant and antileukemic activity of chemical components from bark of Mangifera casturi was investigated, and the results showed that several extracts of M. casturi have potent bioactivity.
Abstract: In this study, antioxidant and antileukemic activity of chemical components from bark of Mangifera casturi was investigated. Research findings have shown that several extracts of M. casturi have potent bioactivity. The methanol extract of M. casturi bark was partitioned successively to yield n-hexane fraction (6.7%), ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fraction (24.1%), and n-butanol (n-BuOH) fraction (28.1%). Five compounds were isolated from EtOAc fraction and one compound was isolated from n-hexane fraction. These compounds were identified as methyl gallate (1), taxifolin (2), pyrocatechuic acid (3), gallic acid (4), glucogallin (5), and β-sitosterol (6), respectively; they were confirmed by spectroscopic analysis and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. All compounds were isolated from bark of M. casturi for the first time. The EtOAc fraction as well as the isolated gallic acid (4) showed potent antioxidative and antileukemic activity against human leukemia HL-60 cells.
TL;DR: Both extracts exhibited a strong antioxidant properties as typified by their radicals (OH and DPPH) scavenging and Fe2+ chelating abilities, as well as inhibition of Fe2-induced lipid peroxidation in rat brain homogenate.
Abstract: This study investigated the possible neuroprotective properties of two commonly consumed tropical vegetables. The modulatory effects of Vernonia amygdalina (VA) and Struchium sparganophora (SS) on the activities of Na+/K+ ATPase, ecto-5′-nucleotidase, monoamine oxidase (MAO), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and FeSO4-induced oxidative stress in rat brain homogenate were assessed. The result revealed that both vegetables inhibited AChE, BChE, MAO, and ecto-5’nucleotidase activities, but stimulated Na+/K+ ATPase activity in a concentration-dependent manner. The SS had a significantly higher (P ˂ 0.05) inhibitory effect on AChE (IC50 = 4.83 μg/mL), BChE (IC50 = 5.61 μg/mL), MAO (IC50 = 26.11 μg/mL), ecto-5′ nucleotidase (IC50 = 23.04 μg/mL) than VA [AChE (IC50 = 7.53 μg/mL), BChE (IC50 = 7.32 μg/mL), MAO (IC50 = 26.11 μg/mL), and ecto-5′ nucleotidase (IC50 = 42.35 μg/mL)]. Furthermore, SS (IC50 = 28.30 μg/mL) had a significantly higher (P < 0.05) stimulatory effect on Na+/K+ ATPase activity than VA (IC50 = 34.87 μg/mL). Both extracts exhibited a strong antioxidant properties as typified by their radicals (OH and DPPH) scavenging and Fe2+ chelating abilities, as well as inhibition of Fe2+-induced lipid peroxidation in rat brain homogenate. The HPLC fingerprint of VA and SS extracts revealed the presence of catechin, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, rutin, orientin, quercitrin quercetin, and luteolin. The stimulation of Na+/K+ ATPase activity, inhibition of 5′-nucleotidase, AChE, BChE, and MAO activities as well as Fe2+-induced oxidative stress could be a possible mechanism through which VA and SS exerts neuroprotective properties.
TL;DR: Phage cocktails used in this study with broad spectrum activity can be as a good alternative of antibiotics against antibiotic resistant strains of P.aeruginosa.
Abstract: The appearance of antibiotic resistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa especially pan-drug resistant (PDR) strains has caused efforts to identify alternative antibacterial methods such as phage therapy. The purposes of this study were the isolation and preparing of effective phage cocktails against antibiotic resistant strains of P.aeruginosa. Determination of acquired resistance profiles of these isolates was performed according to new definition of CDC and European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control as multidrug-resistant (MDR), extended-drug resistant (XDR) and PDR, and data were analyzed using WHONET5.6 software. The MDR, XDR, and PDR isolates were selected for finding of their specific bacteriophages from waste waters and hospital sewages. After phage investigation by plaque formation, enrichment, and staining of samples, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) microscope was used for phage morphology and their size determination. Among 96 isolates of P.aeruginosa, 2 (2.1%), 94 (97.9%), 63 (65.6%), and 1 (1.1%) isolates were non-MDR, MDR, XDR, and PDR, respectively. In addition, these 96 strains were in 38 different resistotypes including two non-MDR patterns and 36 MDR patterns that 14 patterns of them belonged to XDR and one pattern corresponded to PDR. In addition, effective antibiotics were polymyxin B, colistin, and fosfomycin and high antibiotic resistance were observed among other antibiotics. The phage cocktails of P.aeruginosa phages was isolated that had extended host range activity against all MDR, XDR, and PDR strains. According to TEM data, three bacteriophages belonging to Cystoviridae, Leviviridae, and Inoviridae families were identified. Phage cocktails used in this study with broad spectrum activity can be as a good alternative of antibiotics against antibiotic resistant strains of P.aeruginosa.
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of parenteral supplementation of a mineral blend composed by selenium, copper, magnesium, phosphorus, and potassium on hematological, biochemical, immunological, and antioxidant status in transition period dairy cows and newborn calves were evaluated.
Abstract: The dairy cattle production rises worldwide, with genetically selected animals. Consequently, they present high nutritional requirements, especially during the transition period. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of parenteral supplementation of a mineral blend composed by selenium, copper, magnesium, phosphorus, and potassium on hematological, biochemical, immunological, and antioxidant status in transition period dairy cows and newborn calves. The Holstein cows were divided into the control group (A, n = 3) and treated group (B, n = 4), which were supplemented twice with an intramuscularly dose of 10 mL/animal, at approximately 20 days prior to the parturition, and a subsequent dose at the parturition. Total blood was collected from cows on days 20 and 5 antepartum, and 2 and 7 postpartum, and from calves, at the birth. We observed a decreased in concentrations of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARSs) for cows fed mineral blend during the transition period (P < 0.05), as well as a greater number of total leukocyte, total protein and globulin levels, and reduction of hemoglobin levels (P < 0.05). The catalase activity was increased in supplemented cows and in its calves (P < 0.05). Therefore, based on these evidences, the parenteral supplementation with mineral provides beneficial effects in pregnant cows and during the transition period, as well as in their calves.
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that dexamethasone-induced stress distort the redox balance significantly and for a prolonged period, consequentially leading to enhanced infectiousness of B. melitensis.
Abstract: Oxidative stress and its biomarkers are considered emerging fields in ruminant medicine. Data on this emerging field in dexamethasone-treated goats infected with Brucella melitensis is limited. This study aimed at evaluating biomarkers of oxidative stress in dexamethasone-treated non-pregnant Boer goats experimentally infected with B. melitensis. Eighteen healthy, non-pregnant goats were divided into three groups: A, B, and C of six animals each. Group A was treated with dexamethasone (2 mg/kg) for 7 days prior to inoculation with 107 CFU of B. melitensis ocularly. Group B was not treated but inoculated with similar dose of B. melitensis as in group A above while group C was administered normal saline. Blood samples were collected periodically through day 42 post inoculation (pi). Plasma cortisol, malondialdehyde (MDA), xanthine oxidase (XO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), and serological responses (independent enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Rose Bengal Plate Test) were analyzed. Three animals from each group were sacrificed at days 21 and 42 pi and samples from the liver, kidney, and lungs were collected and processed for further analysis. Superoxide dismutase, GSH, and XO activities increased significantly (P < 0.001) in group A during dexamethasone treatment while MDA and cortisol decreased. Following Brucella inoculation, MDA, cortisol, and XO increased significantly while GSH and SOD decreased. In group B, MDA, cortisol, and XO activities increased with less significance as compared to group A. This study demonstrated that dexamethasone-induced stress distort the redox balance significantly and for a prolonged period, consequentially leading to enhanced infectiousness of B. melitensis.