Showing papers in "Comptes Rendus Physique in 2002"

TL;DR: Nunzi et al. as discussed by the authors reviewed the principles and techniques needed for their development: organic semiconductors, their transport properties and photophysical characteristics, photovoltaic molecule and polymer structures, device technologies, electrical and optical behaviour of the cells, state of the art, limitations and perspectives.

TL;DR: Williams et al. as mentioned in this paper explored the origin of the difference in lightning between land and sea, and found that strong electrified continental convection is then favored by a larger surface Bowen ratio, and by larger, more strongly buoyant boundary layer parcels which more efficiently transform CAPE to kinetic energy of the updraft in the moist stage of conditional instability.

TL;DR: Gallimberti et al. as discussed by the authors analyzed the fundamental processes of the subsequent phases of long air gap discharges, from the first corona inception and development to the leader channel formation and propagation.

TL;DR: In this paper, the fundamental processes of the subsequent phases of long air gap discharges are analyzed, from the first corona inception and development to the leader channel formation and propagation, in order to develop sequential time-dependent simulation of the laboratory breakdown, with both positive and negative voltages.

TL;DR: Madic et al. as mentioned in this paper highlighted the main achievements of the research performed at the CEA in this field, including the development of separation processes for some long-lived radionuclides (LLRNs).

TL;DR: Schmidt and Haberland as discussed by the authors studied the solid to liquid transition of clusters, mainly from an experimental point of view, and showed that the melting temperatures are about 30% less than the bulk value and fluctuate strongly, one additional atom can change it by ±10 K.

TL;DR: In this paper, a self-coherent simulation of triggered lightning leaders for both polarities is presented, which makes it possible to define the stable progress of a leader from a ground structure, expressed as a height and curvature function of this structure.

TL;DR: Roux et al. as discussed by the authors used discrete numerical simulations to compare features of rheological laws applied to solid-like granular materials and confronted microscopic approaches via discrete numerical simulation.

TL;DR: Mazur et al. as mentioned in this paper reviewed the physical processes in lightning flashes during their development within or outside a cloud, following lightning initiation, with an emphasis on the unifying nature of the bi-directional leader concept.

TL;DR: Eroshenko et al. as mentioned in this paper determined a ressort moleculaire for the eau-silicalite-1 (F − ) and the zeolithe β (F− ) heterogenes.

TL;DR: Pellaud et al. as mentioned in this paper proposed the adoption of three categories of plutonium for material security and non-proliferation control systems for light-water nuclear power plants, in order to better reflect the risks and to better focus their controls.

TL;DR: Guy et al. as discussed by the authors have shown that long-lived radionuclides such as I129, Cs135 and minor actinides can be incorporated in crystalline structures of several specific materials with high chemical durability, including apatites, zirconolite, monazites, thorium phosphate-diphosphate and hollandite.

TL;DR: Bocquet et al. as mentioned in this paper discuss the first approaches for describing the cohesion forces acting between spherical rough beads and their effect on the maximum avalanche angle of a granular heap, and discuss the time dependency of these cohesive forces leading to ageing effects in the properties of the medium.

TL;DR: Larsson et al. as mentioned in this paper investigated the physics of the lightning strike on an aircraft and the underlying physics of selected processes during the strike, and concluded that every commercial airliner is struck by lightning at least once per year.

TL;DR: In this article, the behavior of dense assemblies of dry grains submitted to continuous shear deformation is still not well understood, and the main rheological models and their predictions are described.

TL;DR: Michalet et al. as mentioned in this paper used high-resolution single-molecule microscopy to explore molecular structure, conformational dynamics, local environment and intermolecular interactions of individual species.

TL;DR: Cocco et al. as mentioned in this paper reviewed statistical-mechanical theories of single-molecule micromanipulation experiments on nucleic acids and showed how combining the elasticity of two single nucleic acid strands with a description of the base-pairing interactions between them explains much of the phenomenology and kinetics of RNA and DNA "unzipping" experiments.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors present results of a series of experiments on the formation argileuse du Mesozoique, les Argiles a Opalinus, in the laboratoire souterrain du Mont Terri.

TL;DR: Blanchard-Desce et al. as mentioned in this paper proposed molecular engineering approaches toward NLO-probes specifically designed for SHG and/or TPEF imaging of lipid membranes and biological cells, providing an illustration of their intriguing potential in the area of real-time, nondamaging imaging of biological structures.

TL;DR: The electric polarizability and the electric permanent dipole are important quantities for understanding the electronic properties of a cluster, and a review of measurements on atomic and mixed clusters are presented in this article.

TL;DR: A short review of recent theoretical descriptions of flows occuring at the surface of granular piles, and focus mainly on two models: the phenomenological "BCRE" model and the hydrodynamic model, based on Saint-Venant equations as discussed by the authors.

TL;DR: Manetta et al. as mentioned in this paper discussed different methods to grow organic single crystalline thin films from solution and applied them on the highly nonlinear material DAST (4′-dimethylamino-N-methyl-4-stilbazolium tosylate) in a DAST/methanol system.

TL;DR: Giacobino et al. as discussed by the authors investigated the effects of coherent exciton-exciton scattering in semiconductor quantum-well microcavities interacting with laser light in the strong-coupling regime.

TL;DR: Van Damme et al. as mentioned in this paper analyzed a few typical aspects of the rheological or mechanical behavior of pastes, defined as dense and liquid-saturated assemblies of grains with or without physical-chemical interactions.

TL;DR: De Gennes et al. as discussed by the authors proposed that the standard free volume picture may be transposed: clusters move rather than molecules, and the required cavity space (vacancy) for cluster motion is not empty, but filled with the low density matrix.

TL;DR: Labbe et al. as mentioned in this paper presented polarization insensitive modulators, switching devices using an asymetric X coupler and optic-to-RF converters based on difference frequency mixing.

TL;DR: In this article, the experimental observation of multiply charged clusters and their critical sizes are reviewed, including the apparently contradicting findings for metal clusters, and theoretical approaches towards a description of the Coulomb explosion are summarized.

TL;DR: Gauthier-Lafaye et al. as discussed by the authors have shown the complexity of the geochemical system at Oklo and Bangombe (Gabon) and the lack of precise data about uranium and fission products retention and migration mechanisms in geological environments.

TL;DR: Polson et al. as discussed by the authors demonstrate that the power Fourier transform (PFT) of the emission spectrum exhibits a certain peak-like structure, which also depends on the position of the excitation spot.

TL;DR: Busch et al. as mentioned in this paper provide an assessment on the current state of photonic bandstructure theory, a field of research which is at the heart of rapid progress in photonic crystal research.