Showing papers in "European Journal of Personality in 2006"

Personality and team performance: a meta analysis

Abstract: Using a meta-analytical procedure, the relationship between team composition in terms of the Big-Five personality traits (trait elevation and variability) and team performance were researched. The number of teams upon which analyses were performed ranged from 106 to 527. For the total sample, significant effects were found for elevation in agreeableness ( = 0.24) and conscientiousness ( = 0.20), and for variability in agreeableness ( = -0.12) and conscientiousness ( = -0.24). Moderation by type of team was tested for professional teams versus student teams. Moderation results for agreeableness and conscientiousness were in line with the total sample results. However, student and professional teams differed in effects for emotional stability and openness to experience. Based on these results, suggestions for future team composition research are presented.

From BIS/BAS to the big five

Abstract: Gray (1987) proposed two systems that underlie much of our behaviour and personality. One system relates to avoidance or withdrawal behaviour, called the Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS), wherea...

Congruence Between Social Values and Implicit Motives: Effects on Life Satisfaction Across Three Cultures

Abstract: This study examines the relationship between implicit motives for intimacy-affiliation and power, explicit value orientations, and life satisfaction. The Satisfaction With Life Scale, the Schwartz Value Survey, and a bias-free TAT-type picture-story-test were administered to 319 adult participants in Cameroon, Costa Rica, and Germany. The stories were coded for motive imagery reflecting needs for intimacy-affiliation and power. Based on motives associated with the domain intimacy-affiliation, the results revealed that an alignment of implicit motives and self-attributed values is associated with an enhanced life satisfaction across cultures. In contrast, no such relationship could be found for motives and values associated with the domain of power. Copyright # 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Stability and Change in Adolescents' Personality: A Longitudinal Study

Abstract: The present study examined three types of personality change and continuity (mean-level, individual-level, and rank-order stability) over the 2-year period in a nationally representative longitudinal sample of Estonian adolescents (N ¼ 876) aged 12–18. According to the Reliable Change Index, 82.1% of adolescents maintained the same level on any given personality trait measured by the NEO Five-Factorial Inventory (NEO-FFI) indicating that the individual-level continuity of adolescents did not differ compared to young adults. A reliable increase was found in Openness. Across the five dimensions, the average test– retest correlations were 0.51, 0.56 and 0.67, and the computed biennial stability values were 0.80, 0.83 and 0.89 for age groups 12 ! 14, 14 ! 16 and 16 ! 18 years, respectively. Neither intelligence nor school performance moderated the differential continuity. Copyright # 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Paranormal beliefs : Their dimensionality and correlates

Abstract: Lack of conceptual clarity and multivariate empirical studies has troubled research on superstitious, magical and paranormal beliefs. We defined paranormal beliefs as beliefs in physical, biological or psychological phenomena that feature core ontological properties of another ontological category. The aim was to bring together a range of beliefs and their potential correlates, to analyse whether the beliefs form independent subsets, and to test a structural model of the beliefs and their potential correlates. The results (N = 3261) showed that the beliefs could be best described by one higher-order factor. There were also four lower-order factors of paranormal beliefs but their explanatory power was low. Magico-religious beliefs were best explained by high intuitive thinking, a humanistic world view and low analytical thinking. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Personality, Identity Styles and Authoritarianism: An Integrative Study among Late Adolescents

Abstract: The relations between five personality factors, three identity styles, the prejudice dispositions of right-wing authoritarianism (RWA), social dominance orientation (SDO) and racial prejudice were investigated in a Flemish-Belgian late adolescent sample (N ¼328). Results show that Openness to Experience and Agreeableness relate to racial prejudice but that these relations were fully mediated by RWA and SDO. In addition, results show that whereas RWA relates to Conscientiousness and lack of Openness to Experience, SDO relates to lack of Agreeableness and lack of Openness to Experience. The relation between Conscientiousness and RWA and between Openness to Experience and SDO was fully mediated by the identity styles. However, Openness to Experience had a direct influence on RWA and Agreeableness had a direct influence on SDO. The implications of these findings are discussed. Copyright # 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Social support as a moderator of day-to-day relationships between daily negative events and daily psychological well-being

Abstract: Every day for 3 weeks, a sample of college students described the events that occurred each day and provided measures of their self‐esteem, depressogenic thinking and mood. They also provided measu...

Should i stay or should i go? Attachment and personality in stable and instable romantic relationships:

Abstract: Attachment, relationship satisfaction and personality were measured in a representative longitudinal sample of young adults over 8 years with three measurement occasions. The dynamics between personality and relationship development were examined in two groups: stable continuers (N = 133), who remained with the same partner, and relationship changers (N = 92), who ended their partnership and entered into a new relationship. Partnership satisfaction but not personality predicted relationship stability. Neuroticism and attachment quality were more stable in continuers than in changers. Cross-lagged analyses of personality and relationship quality revealed a more consistent pattern of reciprocal influences in stable relationships, showing that dynamic transactions between personality and relationship quality are more likely to occur in stable social environments. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The personality-identity interplay in emerging adult women: Convergent findings from complementary analyses

Abstract: The present study examined whether identity development occurs in tandem with personality development in emerging adulthood. Three-wave longitudinal data on a sample of 351 female college students were used to answer questions about stability and change, direction of effects, and interrelated developmental trajectories. Four identity dimensions (i.e. commitment making, exploration in breadth, identification with commitment, and exploration in depth) and the Big Five were assessed. Identity and personality were found to be meaningfully related at the level of both the time-specific adjacent measures and the underlying developmental trajectories with various degrees of convergence. Cross-lagged analyses substantiated reciprocal influences and Latent Growth Curve Modelling substantiated common developmental pathways that partially mirrored the concurrent relations. Implications and suggestions for future research are discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Beyond resilients, undercontrollers, and overcontrollers? an extension of personality prototype research

Abstract: Prototypes of personality were investigated in two studies. In study I, clusters of Big‐Five‐based prototypes were examined using a general population sample of 1908 German adults. Convergent evide...

Regulatory mode and the joys of doing: effects of ‘locomotion’ and ‘assessment’ on intrinsic and extrinsic task‐motivation

Abstract: This research investigates the relation between regulatory-mode (Higgins, Kruglanski, & Pierro, 2003; Kruglanski et al, 2000) and task motivation Four studies conducted in diverse field and laboratory settings support the notions that ‘locomotion’, ie a self-regulatory emphasis on movement from state to state, is positively related to intrinsic task motivation, whereas ‘assessment’, ie a self-regulatory tendency to emphasize comparative appraisal of entities and states (such as goals and means) is positively related to extrinsic motivation It is further found that ‘locomotion’, but not ‘assessment’, is positively related to effort investment, which, in turn, is positively related to goal attainment Attainment is, additionally, predicted by an interaction of locomotion and assessment, such that individuals are most likely to reach their goals if they are high on both these dimensions Taken as a body, these findings highlight the relevance of regulatory-mode concepts to the study of task motivation and activity experience Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Midlife concerns and short-term personality change in middle adulthood

Abstract: In this study, it was expected that personality change would be related to parents’ concerns in various domains of midlife functioning. Personality was found to be moderately stable, but small but reliable change was also found. Fathers’ change in personality was uniquely related to their life satisfaction, work stress and perceptions of the level of their adolescent children’s internalising problems, but not to perceived partner support. By comparison, mothers’ change in personality was only uniquely related to their life satisfaction. These results suggest that personality change in midlife is associated with the successful adaptation to midlife concerns. This pattern is consistent with social investment theories of personality development, though cross-lagged longitudinal research is needed to substantiate this conclusion. Copyright # 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Female physical attractiveness in britain and Japan : A cross-cultural study

Abstract: Two purported cues to female physical attractiveness are body mass index (BMI) and body shape as measured by the waist-to-hip ratio (WHR). This study examined the relative contribution of both cues in two culturally distinct populations. Eighty-two male participants from Britain and Japan were asked to rate a set of images of real women with known BMI and WHR. Results showed that BMI is the primary determinant of female physical attractiveness, whereas WHR failed to emerge as a significant predictor. Results also showed that there were significant differences in preferences for physical attractiveness, with Japanese participants preferring images of women with significantly lower BMIs than Britons. Finally, results showed that the Japanese are more reliant on body shape than Britons when judging physical attractiveness. The findings are discussed in terms of evolutionary psychological explanations of mate selection, and sociocultural theories which emphasise the learning of preferences in social and cultural contexts. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Social desirability and consensual validity of personality traits

Abstract: The effect of socially desirable responding (SDR) on the consensual validity of personality traits was studied. SDR was operationalized as the sum of items weighted by their respective social desirability values (Social Desirability Index, SDI), which could be computed for both self- and peer-reports. In addition, the Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding (BIDR) was used as a measure of SDR. It was shown that both self-peer and peer-peer agreement rose significantly for most studied traits when SDI was controlled in both self- and peer-reports. BIDR was a significant suppressor variable in only one of the analyses involving Neuroticism. The SDI detected faking on personality scales somewhat better than the BIDR scales. It is argued that the SDI is a measure of evaluativeness of a person description, and that people agree more on descriptive than on evaluative aspects of a target’s personality traits. Copyright # 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

De-investment in work and non-normative personality trait change in young adulthood

Abstract: The present study investigated the relationship between experiences of de-investment in work and change in personality traits in an 8-year longitudinal study of young adults (N = 907). De-investment was defined as participating in activities that run counter to age-graded norms for acceptable behaviour. De-investment in work was operationalised with a measure of counterproductive work behaviours (CWBs), which included actions such as stealing from the work place, malingering and fighting with co-workers. CWBs were used to predict changes in personality traits from age 18 to age 26. Consistent with hypotheses, greater amounts of CWB was associated with changes in the broad trait domains of negative emotionality and constraint. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Personality, creativity and latent inhibition

Abstract: The current study set out to investigate the relationship between creativity, multi‐dimensional schizotypy and personality more generally. This was achieved by analysing scores on a range of person...

Does materialism predict racism? Materialism as a distinctive social attitude and a predictor of prejudice.

Abstract: Previous research reported that Right‐Wing Authoritarianism (RWA) and Social Dominance Orientation (SDO) constitute the individual's ideological space and are strong dispositional determinants of r...

Disinhibitory trait profile and its relation to Cluster B personality disorder features and substance use problems

Abstract: Certain personality and motivational traits may present vulnerability towards disinhibitory psychopathology (e.g. antisocial personality disorder, substance abuse). Cluster analysis was used to sep...

Adolescent personality, problem behaviour and the quality of the parent–adolescent relationship:

Abstract: The relationship between adolescent personality and problem behaviour has been well established. However, relatively little attention has been given to the role of the social environment in the ass...

Typeness of personality profiles : A continuous person-centred approach to personality data

Abstract: I propose a new method of analysing personality profiles based on multiple traits. Personality profiles are regressed within individuals on prototypic profiles for personality types. To increase reliability, empirical Bayes estimates as obtained from hierarchical linear modelling (HLM) are used. The regression coefficients are interpreted as typeness, the extent to which the individual personality profile deviates from the mean profile in the sample consistent with the deviations of the personality types. These continuous parameters of typeness are subsequently used in between-person analyses. This method was applied to two studies of Big Five profiles that were related to prototypic profiles for overcontrollers and undercontrollers. The typeness parameters, if reliable, showed a longitudinal stability and an external validity similar to the Big Five scales. The merits and limits of the proposed approach for the description of, and prediction from, personality are discussed. Copyright # 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Person‐factors in the California Adult Q‐Set: closing the door on personality trait types?:

Abstract: To investigate recent hypotheses of replicable personality types, we examined data from 1540 self‐sorts on the California Adult Q‐Set (CAQ). Conventional factor analysis of the items showed the exp...

Who shapes the self of independents and interdependents? Explicit and implicit measures of the self's relatedness to family, friends and partner

Abstract: We suggest that social relationships shape the self in different ways, depending on whether persons define themselves as independent or interdependent. While the self of independents is most strong...

Reciprocal support provision: personality as a moderator?:

Abstract: In some cases, support provision can be predicted by the history of prior social exchange. Receiving may encourage providing. Moreover, personality dispositions may moderate the degree to which persons reciprocate support. Co-student dyads (N ¼ 43) facing an exam repeatedly reported their levels of received and provided support. Data revealed both direct and moderated reciprocal support provision. Actors’ receipt of emotional support predicted the subsequent change in actors’ provision of emotional support, indicating reciprocity. Also, more reciprocal emotional support provision was found in introverted and open individuals, whereas more reciprocal instrumental support provision was observed in introverts and less open individuals. Findings were partially validated when partner-provided support instead of actor-received support served as the predictor of later support provision. Copyright # 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Neediness and connectedness and the five‐factor model of personality:

Abstract: This study examined maladaptive and relatively more adaptive forms of dependency, as measured by the neediness and connectedness factors of the Depressive Experiences Questionnaire (DEQ; Blatt, D'A...

A spherical conceptualization of personality traits

Abstract: This research utilizes the geometric structure of the two-dimensional Interpersonal Circumplex (IPC), and adds the Five-Factor Model (FFM) dimension of conscientiousness to create a three-dimensional spherical model of personality; the interpersonal sphere (IPS) A sample of 250 participants was initially used to select items that conformed to the geometric locations of 26 different characteristics on the IPS A separate sample of 251 participants confirmed the geometric structure of these characteristic measures using randomization tests To demonstrate an application of this three-dimensional model, the IPS was employed as a geometric taxonomy to map various personality constructs The combined sample of 501 participants was used to cartographically locate 164 scales from the NEO Personality Inventory, (NEO-PI-R), the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF), the California Psychological Inventory (CPI), the Hogan Personality Inventory (HPI), the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI), the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (MPQ), and the Jackson Personality Inventory (JPI-R) onto the IPS The spherical conception of traits provided by the three-dimensional IPS is discussed as both an extension of the FFM and the two-dimensional IPC Copyright # 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Humour's role in the relation between attributional style and dysphoria

Abstract: The present study empirically investigated the role of adaptive and maladaptive components of humour in the relation between attributional style and dysphoria. Four hundred eighteen students (134 m...

Parents' optimism is related to their ratings of their children's behaviour:

Abstract: Associations between parents' dispositional optimism-pessimism (LOT-R) and their ratings of their children's behaviour were studied prospectively from infancy (M = 6.3, SD = 1.3 months) to middle childhood (M = 5.5, SD = 0.23 years) (n = 212). One parent's higher optimism (overall LOT-R and component score) and/or lower pessimism (component score) at infancy predicted the same parent's own but not the other parent's ratings of the child's behaviour as less internalising and less externalising, and socially more competent and greater in self-mastery in middle childhood, even when controlling for child's positive and negative affectivity 5 years earlier. Ratings of lower negative affectivity in their infant predicted the same parent's increasing optimism and decreasing pessimism over 5 years. The associations between parental optimism and the child's social competence and self-mastery survived after adjustments for parental neuroticism and depressive symptoms. Neither parent nor child gender systematically moderated the associations. The current findings shed light on the developmental paths of children's positive behavioural outcomes. (n = 144). Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Expected consequences of anger‐related behaviours

Abstract: In a study with 140 participants (66 men, 74 women), we investigated behaviour outcome expectancies (cognitive, affective and relational) regarding a broad group of anger-related behaviours (e.g. hit someone, run away). Results of a three-mode component analysis indicated that behaviour outcome expectancies vary considerably, depending on the behaviour (aggressive versus nonaggressive ones), the consequence (consequences related to the self versus consequences for the anger) and the individual. The findings are discussed in the context of catharsis theory, emotion regulation and functionalistic accounts of emotion-related behaviour. Copyright # 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Police interview competencies : Assessment and associated traits

Abstract: The present study empirically examines the structure of police interview competencies in self-reports of 230 police investigators suggesting five major underlying dimensions, that is, ‘Careful-tenacious’, ‘Controlled-non-reactive’, ‘Dominant-insisting’, ‘Communicative’ and ‘Benevolent’. These dimensions discriminate performance in a series of interview vignettes, grouped in terms of type of case (interviewing a suspect, a witness or a victim) and type of suspect. In addition self-ratings on these dimensions are related to self-estimated interview effectiveness in the same vignettes. Participants are further administered the NEO PI-R (Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). Professional manual: Revised NEO personality inventory (NEO-PI-R) and NEO five-factor-inventory (NEO-FFI). Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources), enabling an examination of the relationship between the competence dimensions and their personality trait building blocks. The implications of this study for the development and coaching of police interview competencies are discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Personality types as derived from parental reports on 3‐year‐old

Abstract: Three internally replicable clusters of personality were empirically derived in a sample of 3-year-old children who were assessed by mothers and fathers using the Inventory of Child Individual Differences (Halverson et al., 2003). The clusters were structurally consistent across the parental data sources and did not, except for resilients, fully overlap with the under- and overcontrolled types. The average children scored within less than half of a standard deviation from the mean across the ICID dimensions, while the wilful 3-year-old appeared extraverted and disagreeable. Child type membership was moderately consistent across the spouses and it predicted teacher-reported child social behaviour. Compared to the dimensions, the predictive utility of the types was lower, but considerably improved with consistently classified children. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.