Showing papers in "Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies in 2003"

The Role of Transformational and Transactional Leadership in Creating, Sharing and Exploiting Organizational Knowledge:

Abstract: Strategy scholars have argued that managing knowledge effectively can provide firms with sustainable competitive advantages. Leaders are central to the process of managing knowledge effectively. Managing knowledge includes three key processes: creating, sharing, and exploiting knowledge. Leaders are central to each of these processes at multiple levels of the firm. Examining the role of leadership in converting knowledge into competitive advantages is important to our understanding of leaders and organizations. Transformational leadership may be more effective at creating and sharing knowledge at the individual and group levels, while transactional leadership is more effective at exploiting knowledge at the organizational level. This paper begins to integrate the transformational leadership literature with the organizational knowledge literature.

From Transactional to Transcendental: Toward An Integrated Theory of Leadership

Abstract: In this article we explore the spiritual dimensions of leadership by setting forth a theory that both integrates and extends the transactional and transformational theories of leadership. Specifically, we propose that the transcendental theory of leadership set forth in this article comprises three dimensions of spirituality (consciousness, moral character, and faith) that incorporate the managerial aspects of transactional theory and the charismatic aspects of transformational theory to enhance leader effectiveness.Utilizing a conceptual model, we show the hierarchical relationship that exists between transcendental, transformational, and transactional theories of leadership and set forth several propositions related to the development of spiritual dimensions as leaders develop along the hierarchical continuum. Implications of the model for leadership theory and practice are discussed.

Character Not Charisma is the Critical Measure of Leadership Excellence

Abstract: The leadership crisis in ethics in many organizations partially stems from the crisis in character of our leaders. The character of the leader is grounded on such core values as integrity, trust, t...

In the Eyes of the Beholder: The Relationship Between Subordinates' Felt Trustworthiness and their Work Attitudes and Behaviors:

Abstract: This study extends the literature on trust and leadership by examining trust from a new perspective. Specifically, we investigate how subordinates' perceptions of their leaders' trust in them, which we label subordinates' felt trustworthiness, influence their performance, organizational citizenship behavior and job satisfaction. Results demonstrated a positive relationship between felt trustworthiness and these dependent measures. Furthermore, felt trustworthiness was a more significant predictor of these outcomes than the subordinates' perceptions of their leaders' trustworthiness. Implications of these_findings are discussed.

Leadership Across Cultures: Attachment Style Influences:

Abstract: As organizations are challenged to global leadership competence and to manage increasing diversity, it is critical to select and develop effective cross-cultural leaders. Technical competence and organizational experience are inadequate criteria; among the most crucial leadership characteristics are relationship competence and openness to new perspectives. These are difficult to train or develop in leaders because they derive from personal relationship tendencies called attachment styles, based on relatively enduring assumptions about self and others. Attachment styles affect work relationships and, thus, cross-cultural leadership effectiveness, and need to be considered by managers and their organizations in leadership selection and development programs.

Leading Generation X: Do the Old Rules Apply?

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to quantify the generational preferences for leadership behavior. The dependent variable was the preference of leadership behavior associated with generational themes....

Leadership and the Glass Ceiling: Gender and Ethnic Group Influences on Leader Behaviors at Middle and Executive Managerial Levels

Abstract: This study investigated influences of gender and ethnic group through the perspective of four leader behaviors deemed important by top managers and exhibited by 658 middle managers and executives in a large professional services business organization. As rated by subordinates, female and male executives were similar in that they generally engaged in greater amounts of the leader behaviors valued by top management than did male and female middle manager. However, both female middle managers and female executives were rated higher than males counterparts not only interpersonal, but also goals and task leader behaviors. Results support socialization and gender norms explanations. Few ethnic group differences were found, but areas for future research are identified.

Foreign Investment by Multinationals from Emerging Countries: The Case of China

Abstract: China has become a leading foreign investor among all emerging countries, however, the existing literature seldom deals with this important topic. Based upon both macro and micro data, this paper attempts to fill this gap. In particular, the paper focuses on such critical issues on the topic: What are the motivations for Chinese multinationals to invest abroad? While investing abroad, how do they differ from others? And how do FDI theories explain the investment activities? The results of this study shed some light on the question of foreign investment by Chinese companies, thereby contributing to the existing literature on multinationals from emerging countries.

"Yo Tengo La Camiseta (I Have the Shirt On)": An Exploration Of Job Satisfaction and Commitment Among Workers In Mexico:

Abstract: One major challenge faced by expatriate managers is developing reasonable levels of worker commitment and satisfaction among host nation employees. This study adds to the growing knowledge base regarding worker motivation, commitment, satisfaction, and company image among automotive workers in Mexico. This paper uses a longitudinal MTMM methodology to verify attributes of job attitudes surrounding satisfaction and commitment thereby expanding the methodology and interpretation of prior research. Questionnaire, interview, and observational data collected over a 42-month period were used to uncover previously unexplored components to commitment and job satisfaction among Mexican workers. Results of our analyses indicated that work satisfaction, supervision, coworker relationships, pay, and promotion potential were predictive of overall job satisfaction. Also predictive of overall job satisfaction were supervisor conduct, and perception of company financial and social status. Behavioral, affective, and conti...

African-American Female College Presidents: Self Conceptions of Leadership:

Abstract: This paper explores how the interaction of race and gender influences African-American female college presidents' origins and conceptions of leadership. Traditional leadership literature focuses on...

Using the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator as a Tool for Leadership Development? Apply With Caution:

Abstract: Despite its wide use as a tool to enhance leadership development, the current way in which the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is administered provides limited value to managers. This paper revi...

Outsourcing HR Functions: When-And When Not-To Go Outside

Abstract: Deciding whether and what to outsource is not as patently obvious as some managers might think. This paper examines issues HR executives should consider before outsourcing HR activities. The findings are based on published research and is supported by the experience of the members of the International Personnel Association, which represents 60 of the top 100 multinationals in the U.S. and Canada.

Out of Role? Out of Luck: The Influence of Race and Leadership Status on Performance Appraisals:

Abstract: Although the American workforce is becoming more diverse, Black managers continue to face obstacles to success. One of the greatest challenges facing Black leaders is aversive racism, a subtle but ...

Can Electronic Performance Monitoring Be Fair? Exploring Relationships Among Monitoring Characteristics, Perceived Fairness, and Job Performance

Abstract: With the increased use of technology in all areas of human resource management, many organizations are using electronic and computerized means for monitoring and assessing employee performance. We ...

The Effects- of Positive Affect and Gender on the Influence Tactics - Job Performance Relationship:

Abstract: Influence tactics are goal-oriented behaviors that individuals use to obtain desired outcomes. Thus, it is important that managers understand subordinates' use of influence tactics and the effects of these tactics on organizational outcomes. In this paper, we argue that positive affect (PA) will moderate the relationship between upward influence tactics and job performance ratings, and that the form of the relationship will differ for males and females. Data were gathered from 287 university administrators to test these questions. Results indicated that PA moderated the relationship between influence tactics and job performance ratings for the entire sample, such that those possessing higher levels of PA were the recipients of higher performance ratings when all influence tactics (i.e., a "Shotgun" approach) were employed and when "hard" influence tactics were employed. Moreover, findings indicated that the use of these approaches was associated with greater performance ratings for females with high PA, b...

The Road Less Traveled: How to Manage the Recycling Career Stage:

Abstract: This article examines how organizations can better respond to the needs of individuals who are reexamining and changing their chosen career paths. The term, "career recycling ", reflects a new, growing segment of the workforce describing individuals who are reexamining and changing their career paths. Through exploratory interviews, we found that recylers were dissatisfied with their careers and willing to accept the risks associated with changing career direction. Recycling is generally triggered by organizational change, personal plateauing and/or personal crisis. Firms may need to reassess, redesign, and reevaluate key human resource activities, such as employee counseling, job sharing, and compensation benefits in the light of this new phenomenon.

Enhancing Incremental Influence: A Focused Approach To Leadership Development:

Abstract: In an effort to construct a framework for understanding leadership development (LD), this paper examines the available evidence regarding exactly what organizations attempt to develop under the rubric of LD, and how they attempt to develop it. After considering the conceptual and practical implications associated with various LD perspectives, the paper builds on the notion of leadership as "incremental " influence (Katz & Kahn, 1978) to propose a more precise approach to LD. This more precise approach argues that LD is the process of acquiring particular personal qualities and skills that create influence independent of the individual's positional influence. The paper then suggests how this more precise view provides a useful lens for organizations interested in assessing their LD undertakings.

Community Based Civic Leadership Programs: A Descriptive Investigation:

Abstract: This paper focuses on the development and operational practice of civic leadership programs within the entire state of California. The intention of this paper is to provide a clearer understanding ...

Developing Communities of Leaders: Outcomes of a Statewide Initiative

Abstract: Community leadership programs are the most common approach to leadership development in the United States and traditionally emphasize community education and professional networking. Directors and ...

Context and Control in Foreign Subsidiaries: Making a Case for the Host Country National Manager

Abstract: Conventional wisdom has equated expatriate managers with increased control of foreign subsidiaries of multinational corporations (MNCs). Integrating theory from the control, leadership, and organiz...

The Persistence Process: Development of a Stage Model For Goal-Directed Behavior:

Abstract: This paper provides a theoretical framework for persistence as a process in goal-directed behavior. The theoretical foundation builds on the recent formulation of an instability function in planned behavior and develops a stage model of persistence. Stages discussed in this paper include those related to decision-making, implementation and evaluation.

A Methodology for Assessing Performance-Based Scenario Planning

Abstract: Scenario planning is an expensive organizational intervention and experts have often justified their high salaries based on the assertion that expertise in conducting the process is rare. As the popularity of scenario planning has increased, so has the number of consultants and firms claiming expertise in facilitating the process, thus making scenario planning more available to organizations than ever before. This unique situation poses a challenge as scenario planning becomes more frequently applied in more diverse settings. As the process of scenario planning itself becomes more mature,

Spanning Two Worlds: Social Identity and Emergent African-American Leaders

Abstract: The literature that explores African-American leadership has largely examined the institutional and societal factors that threaten the likelihood that African-Americans will emerge or be successful...

The Rhetoric of Women's Leadership: Language, Memory and Imagination

Abstract: This study examines women's leadership through a rhetorical lens. Thirty women leaders in church, business, and higher education were interviewed with an eye toward discovering ways in which their use of language shapes and is shaped by their sense of themselves as leaders, the legacy of leadership they bring to their roles, and the importance of their words for the people with whom they work. The women included Euro-American, African-American and African leaders ranging in age from thirty-five to seventy years old.

Cultural and Leadership Similarities and Variations in the Southern Part of the European Union

Abstract: This paper examines the similarities and differences in cultural (societal and organizational) and leadership aspects in the southern part of the European Union. The study is based on data from the GLOBE project for five countries (Greece, Italy, France, Spain, and Portugal). Even though there are quite a few studies clustering European countries either along the North-South axis or the North/West — South/East axis, we still need to better understand cultural and leadership similarities and differences among countries that for various reasons, such as sociopolitical, economic, cultural, historical, geographical and so forth, may form a unit for purposes of comparative study. The findings of the present study suggest that there are more similarities than differences among these five countries that may support the thesis for considering them as the southern band of EU countries.

Leadership and Decision Making: A Retrospective Application and Assessment:

Abstract: This paper examines the applicability of the Vroom-Yetton model of leadership and decision making to the battlefield behavior of ten commanding generals in six major battles of the American Civil War. The purpose of the paper was twofold. The first objective was to see if it is possible to utilize official war records, autobiographies, biographies of close associates, and scholarly works to reconstruct the thinking of decision makers in the past and frame this thinking within a contemporary theory of leadership and decision making. The second objective was to illustrate the potential value of using prior events as retrospective test cases for a contemporary leadership theory.Although no attempt was made to suggest that the selection of the appropriate decision making and leadership style was the determining factor in the outcome of major battles of the Civil War, the study provided some interesting findings. The findings suggest that when the selected commanders on the field acted consistently with the pr...

Creating and Maintaining Networks Among Leaders: An Exploratory Case Study of Two Leadership Training Programs

Abstract: This research explores the link and importance of creating and maintaining networks with statewide and county-wide leadership training programs The first section provides a review of literature on

Leadership/followership Similarities between People in a Developed and a Developing Country: The Case of Dominicans in NYC and Dominicans on the Island

Abstract: This article presents the descriptive findings of two small-scale surveys regarding four organizational-behavior dimensions conducted in the Dominican Republic (a developing country) and New York City (in a developed country) with subjects of Dominican origin. The four dimensions studied are: managerial styles, followership types, power bases at work, and delegation of authority. The comparison of the two groups showed that they share more similarities than differences in terms of the four organizational-behavior dimensions investigated. The study provided an opportunity to begin to explore how much the workplace values of the mother culture prevail and how much the values of the host country's culture influence organization behavior in the case of immigrants at work. The implications of this small-scale study for leadership development in the Dominican Republic and for managing workplace diversity in the U.S. are discussed.

A Model of Factors That Influence Global Product Standardization

Abstract: The need to maximize long-term profits is causing companies to globalize markets for their products, and evaluate the role that global product standardization plays in the achievement of strategic cost advantage. The literature proposes a number of factors to be associated with global product standardization. In this paper, the background of global product standardization is reviewed, and the factors associated with global product standardization are identified. This paper also presents a model showing the relationships between these factors and the dimensions of global product standardization, and provides suggestions for future research on the topic.

A Dynamic View of Organizational Transformation: The Changing Face of Chinese SOEs Under Transition

Abstract: The controlled process of economic reform in China has attracted growing attention from around the world due to its significance for theory and practice. What has been missing in the literature is ...