Showing papers in "Journal of The Society for Information Display in 2016"
TL;DR: Using the hybridization approach, two types of 10-μm pixel pitch GaN microdisplay prototypes were developed: directly driven, 300 ×-252 pixels and active-matrix, 873 × 500 pixels.
Abstract: High-brightness GaN-based emissive microdisplays can be fabricated with different approaches that are listed and described. They consist either of hybridizing a GaN LED array on a CMOS circuit or building a monolithic component on a single substrate. Using the hybridization approach, two types of 10-μm pixel pitch GaN microdisplay prototypes were developed: (1) directly driven, 300 × 252 pixels and (2) active-matrix, 873 × 500 pixels. Brightness as high as 1 × 106 and 1 × 107 cd/m2 for blue and green arrays, respectively, were reached. GaN-based emissive microdisplays are suitable for augmented reality systems or head-up displays, but some challenges remain before they can be put in production.
142 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the possibility of fabricating quantum dot light-emitting diodes (QLEDs) using inkjet printing technology, which is the most attractive method for the full-color patterning of QLED displays.
Abstract: We have investigated the possibility of fabricating quantum dot light-emitting diodes (QLEDs) using inkjet printing technology, which is the most attractive method for the full-color patterning of QLED displays. By controlling the quantum dot (QD) ink formulation and inkjet printing condition, we successfully patterned QLED pixels in the 60-in ultrahigh definition TV format, which has a resolution of 73 pixels per inch. The inkjet-printed QLEDs exhibited a maximum luminance of 2500 cd/m2. Although the performance of inkjet-printed QLEDs is low compared with that of QLEDs fabricated using the spin-coating process, our results clearly indicate that the inkjet printing technology is suitable for patterning QD emissive layers to realize high-resolution, full-color QLED displays.
49 citations
TL;DR: This design can be made lightweight, compact, with high resolution, and large depth range from near the eye to infinity and thus holds great potential for fatigue‐free AR HMDs.
Abstract: Augmented reality (AR) display technology greatly enhances users' perception of and interaction with the real world by superimposing a computer-generated virtual scene on the real physical world. The main problem of the state-of-the-art 3D AR head-mounted displays (HMDs) is the accommodation-vergence conflict because the 2D images displayed by flat panel devices are at a fixed distance from the eyes. In this paper, we present a design for an optical see-through HMD utilizing multi-plane display technology for AR applications. This approach manages to provide correct depth information and solves the accommodation-vergence conflict problem. In our system, a projector projects slices of a 3D scene onto a stack of polymer-stabilized liquid crystal scattering shutters in time sequence to reconstruct the 3D scene. The polymer-stabilized liquid crystal shutters have sub-millisecond switching time that enables sufficient number of shutters to achieve high depth resolution. A proof-of-concept two-plane optical see-through HMD prototype is demonstrated. Our design can be made lightweight, compact, with high resolution, and large depth range from near the eye to infinity and thus holds great potential for fatigue-free AR HMDs.
46 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used K2SiF6:Mn as an alternate red phosphor, which has a sharp emission spectrum and showed a wide-color gamut, which covers the hole NTSC triangle.
Abstract: The sharp β-sialon (Si6-zAlzOzN8-z : 0 < z < 0.1):Eu green phosphor, combining with a blue LED and CaAlSiN3:Eu red phosphor, is suitable for the wide-color gamut white LEDs backlighting system, because of its sharp and asymmetric emission spectrum shape. However, the color gamut and the brightness of the aforementioned display is restricted because of the wide emission band of the CaAlSiN3:Eu red phosphor. In this work, we used K2SiF6:Mn as an alternate red phosphor, which has a sharp emission spectrum. The display with the white LED using sharp β-sialon:Eu and K2SiF6:Mn shows a wide-color gamut, which covers the hole NTSC triangle. The use of K2SiF6:Mn enables to realize not only a wider color gamut but also a higher brightness of displays, compared with the use of CaAlSiN3:Eu. Furthermore, it is confirmed that the white LED using sharp β-sialon:Eu and K2SiF6:Mn is stable against temperature and also durable under the accelerated drive conditions.
34 citations
TL;DR: There was a strong effect of panel contrast on perceived quality and also a strong trend toward preference for a larger number of dimming zones, demonstrating that the use of a high-contrast panel remains of critical importance.
Abstract: We evaluated the perceived image quality of High Dynamic Range (HDR) content rendered using different types of local dimming and organic light-emitting diode (OLED) displays. Using an OLED display that is capable of achieving high contrast at a pixel level, we emulated local dimming displays to evaluate their image quality. In a set of subjective experiments, observers compared HDR images and videos rendered with different local dimming densities and native panel contrast. There was a strong effect of panel contrast on perceived quality and also a strong trend toward preference for a larger number of dimming zones. We also evaluated the panel contrast and number of local dimming zones necessary to achieve image quality comparable with OLED. The findings of these experiments demonstrated that the use of a high-contrast panel remains of critical importance. Also, the preference for panel rendering mode remains robust to normal levels of indoor ambient light.
31 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a robust methodology is established to predict the critical bending radius of a flexible AMOLED by modulating the layer stack thickness, which can reduce the bending radius from 7mm to 4mm.
Abstract: A robust methodology is established to predict the critical bending radius of a flexible AMOLED. According to the methodology, the critical bending radius of display manufactured by the same process could be reduced from 7 mm to 4 mm by modulating the layer stack thickness.
28 citations
TL;DR: Flexible displays using back-channel-etched In–Sn–Zn–O (ITZO) thin-film transistors (TFTs) and air-stable inverted organic light-emitting diodes (iOLEDs) are developed and the approach of the simultaneous formation of ITZO film as both of a channel layer in TFTs and of an EIL in iolEDs offers simple fabrication process.
Abstract: We developed flexible displays using back-channel-etched In–Sn–Zn–O (ITZO) thin-film transistors (TFTs) and air-stable inverted organic light-emitting diodes (iOLEDs). The TFTs fabricated on a polyimide film exhibited high mobility (32.9 cm2/Vs) and stability by utilization of a solution-processed organic passivation layer. ITZO was also used as an electron injection layer (EIL) in the iOLEDs instead of conventional air-sensitive materials. The iOLED with ITZO as an EIL exhibited higher efficiency and a lower driving voltage than that of conventional iOLEDs. Our approach of the simultaneous formation of ITZO film as both of a channel layer in TFTs and of an EIL in iOLEDs offers simple fabrication process.
23 citations
TL;DR: It is found that enhancement of the accommodative range by the SMV images is noticeable with binocular viewing, indicating that vergence‐induced accommodation plays an important role in viewing SMV displays.
Abstract: A conflict between accommodation and vergence is one possible cause of visual fatigue and discomfort while viewing conventional three-dimensional displays. Previous studies have proposed the super multi-view (SMV) display technique to solve the vergence–accommodation conflict, in which two or more parallax images enter the pupil of the eye with highly directional rays. We simultaneously measured accommodative, vergence, and pupillary responses to SMV three-dimensional displays to examine whether they can reduce the conflict. For comparison, responses to two-view stereo images and real objects were also measured. The results show that the range of the accommodative response was increased by the SMV images compared with the two-view images. The slope of the accommodation–vergence response function for the SMV images was similar to that for the real objects rather than the two-view images. We also found that enhancement of the accommodative range by the SMV images is noticeable with binocular viewing, indicating that vergence-induced accommodation plays an important role in viewing SMV displays. These results suggest that SMV displays induced a more natural accommodative response than did conventional, two-view stereo displays. As a result, SMV displays reduced the vergence–accommodation conflict.
21 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a tunable transmittance liquid crystal (LC) cell and a thin functional reflective polarizer are combined to improve the ambient contrast ratio of the AR system under different lighting conditions.
Abstract: We have proposed a compact, yet high ambient contrast ratio augmented reality (AR) system by incorporating a tunable transmittance liquid crystal (LC) cell and a thin functional reflective polarizer. The broadband polarization-independent guest–host LC cell can change the transmittance from ~73% to ~26% with merely 8 V. Its response time (~50 ms) is at least 10× faster than that of photochromic materials used in commercial transition glasses. Combining the LC cell with a light sensor, the tunable transmittance LC cell can efficiently improve the ambient contrast ratio of the AR system under different lighting conditions. Meanwhile, the functional reflective polarizer works similarly to a polarizing beam splitter, except that it is much more compact and lighter weight. With some modification, we also designed a functional reflective polarizer to help people with color vision deficiency.
20 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a physics-based model for carrier transport in an amorphous semiconductor TFT was developed to estimate the mobility limits of TFTs, and the model involves band tail state trapping of a diffusive mobility.
Abstract: The mobility limiting scattering mechanisms for amorphous semiconductors and polar polycrystalline semiconductors are studied in the context of developing new high-performance thin-film transistor (TFT) channel layer materials for large-area electronics. A physics-based model for carrier transport in an amorphous semiconductor is developed to estimate the mobility limits of amorphous semiconductor TFTs. The model involves band tail state trapping of a diffusive mobility. Simulation reveals a strong dependence on the band tail density of states. This consideration makes it difficult to realize a high-performance p-type oxide TFT. A polar crystalline semiconductor may offer a higher mobility but is fundamentally limited by polar optical phonon scattering. Any crystalline TFT channel layer for practical large-area applications will not be a single crystal but polycrystalline, and therefore, grain size and grain boundary-dependent scattering will further degrade the transport properties.
20 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a mixed-mode twisted nematic liquid-crystal-on-silicon (LC) was used for near-to-eye wearable projection displays and head-up displays in vehicles.
Abstract: We report a new LC with low viscosity and high clearing point (Tc ~102 °C) for color-sequential projection displays. Using a 1.95-µm mixed-mode twisted nematic cell, the averaged gray-to-gray response time is less than 1 ms, which is ~3.6× faster than the current state of the art. Such a mixed-mode twisted nematic liquid-crystal-on-silicon can be used for near-to-eye wearable projection displays and head-up displays in vehicles.
TL;DR: A portable driving scheme that can display 4-bit gray scale dynamic video using an active matrix electrowetting display and an electronic system and a dynamic driving waveform design is proposed.
Abstract: Electrowetting display technology is realized by tuning the surface energy of a hydrophobic surface by applying a voltage based on electrowetting mechanism. Electrowetting displays have favorable optical properties combined with reflective paper-like performance. It has been successfully demonstrated in reflective mode with high switching speed. In this paper, we propose a portable driving scheme that can display 4-bit gray scale dynamic video using an active matrix electrowetting display. The proposed driving scheme includes an electronic system and a dynamic driving waveform design. High-performance multi-gray video playing and quick response were obtained for a Quarter Video Graphics Array electrowetting display cell fabricated by our team.
TL;DR: In this paper, a foldable organic light-emitting diode display integrating a touch sensor is fabricated and demonstrated that touch on the entire panel surface, including a bent portion, is detected and that the touch panel operates correctly after 100,000 folding operations.
Abstract: A foldable organic light-emitting diode display integrating a touch sensor is fabricated. The touch sensor has an in-cell structure where metal-mesh sensor electrodes are formed in a counter substrate. It is demonstrated that touch on the entire panel surface, including a bent portion, is detected and that the touch panel operates correctly after 100,000 folding operations with a radius of curvature of 5 mm.
TL;DR: Indium oxide-based precursor solution has been coated on bare glasses and thin-film transistor substrates by a mass production-type slot die coater and Mobility of over 10 cm2/Vs is achieved for the first time for a large area at an annealing temperature of 350C.
Abstract: An indium oxide-based precursor solution has been developed by spin coating method. In order to apply this material to mass production, material, process, and equipment optimizations for slot die coating have been implemented. Slot die coating is a cost-effective and scalable process and already applied to photoresist materials in the display industry. The indium oxide-based precursor solution has been coated on bare glasses and thin-film transistor substrates by a mass production-type slot die coater. Mobility of over 10 cm2/Vs is achieved for the first time for a large area at an annealing temperature of 350 °C. The homogeneity of the film will be presented.
TL;DR: Novel organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) display panel compensation technologies for large‐sized ultra‐high‐definition OLED TVs considering variations of threshold voltage, mobility, channel size, OLED efficiency, and OLED uniformity are presented.
Abstract: In this paper, we present novel organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display panel compensation technologies for large-sized ultra-high-definition OLED TVs considering variations of threshold voltage, mobility, channel size, OLED efficiency, and OLED uniformity. Using these technologies, we have successfully launched 55-, 65- and 77-in. ultra-high-definition OLED TVs.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explore oscillator circuits using zinc-oxide thin-film transistors (ZnO TFTs) deposited by the conformal, layer-by-layer growth technique of plasmaenhanced atomic layer deposition.
Abstract: Thin-film circuits on plastic capable of high-frequency signal generation have important applications in large-area, flexible hybrid systems, enabling efficient wireless transmission of power and information. We explore oscillator circuits using zinc-oxide thin-film transistors (ZnO TFTs) deposited by the conformal, layer-by-layer growth technique of plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition. TFTs on three substrates—glass, 50-µm-thick freestanding polyimide, and 3.5-µm-thick spin-cast polyimide—are evaluated to identify the best candidate for high-frequency flexible oscillators. We find that TFTs on ultrathin plastic can endure bending to smaller radii than TFTs on commercial 50-µm-thick freestanding polyimide, and their superior dimensional stability furthermore allows for smaller gate resistances and device capacitances. Oscillators on ultrathin plastic with minimized parasitics achieve oscillation frequencies as high as 17 MHz, well above the cutoff frequency fT. Lastly, we observe a bending radius dependence of oscillation frequency for flexible TFT oscillators and examine how mitigating device parasitics benefits the oscillator frequency versus power consumption tradeoff.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed facile solution processes for AgNW patterning based on wettability, aligning with microchannel, and transferring onto arbitrary substrates to study how it can be used for actual applications.
Abstract: Silver nanowire (AgNW) has drawn tremendous attention and is regarded as one of the candidate materials for future flexible displays and sensors. Compatible coating, patterning, and transferring processes are essential for device fabrications. We proposed facile solution processes for AgNWs patterning based on wettability, aligning with microchannel, and transferring onto arbitrary substrates to study how it can be used for actual applications. Also, piezoelectric-type and projected capacitive-type of touch sensors were demonstrated, respectively.
TL;DR: In this article, the coloration mechanism of an Ag deposition-based multicolor electrochromic device was investigated in terms of measurement of the actual absorption and actual reflection of the device.
Abstract: Electrochromism, phenomenon of reversible color change induced by electrochemical redox reactions, is one of the prime candidates for full-color electronic paper. Recently, we reported Ag-deposition based multicolor electrochromic device showing color change between three primary colors of cyan, magenta, and yellow. These observed spectra include both absorbing and reflectance components. Therefore, it is necessary to separate these components in order to analyze coloration mechanism of the device. In this paper, coloration mechanisms of Ag deposition-based multicolor electrochromic device were investigated in terms of measurement of the actual absorption and actual reflection of the device. Morphologies of the deposited Ag nanoparticles were also investigated by FE-SEM, and then relationship between optical properties and deposited Ag morphologies was examined. As the results, color appearances of magenta and yellow state of the device were mainly dominated by absorption component of localized surface plasmon resonance of the deposited Ag nanoparticles. On the other hand, cyan state of the device was based on absorption as well as reflection component induced by thin film structure of the Ag deposit.
TL;DR: This work proposes three customized virtual models, which are the USAF‐E model, the view angle model, and the concave/convex object model for accurate measurement of spatial resolution, viewing angle, and depth resolution for MLLFDs.
Abstract: Multi-layer light field displays (MLLFDs) are a promising computational display type that can not only display hologram-like 3D content but will also be well compatible with normal 2D applications. However, the quality of experience measurement for MLLFDs is always an important yet challenging issue. Despite existing research works on MLLFDs, most of them only provide quality of experience results with qualitative evaluation, for example, software simulation of a few 3D images/videos, rather than rigorous quantitative evaluation. This work targets at building a unified software and hardware measurement platform for different MLLFD methods, and comprehensively measuring both objective and subjective performance based on virtual object models. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first time that such performance has been measured for MLLFDs. In addition, to use the existing disclosed virtual object sequences, this paper further proposes three customized virtual models, which are the USAF-E model, the view angle model, and the concave/convex object model for accurate measurement of spatial resolution, viewing angle, and depth resolution. A toolbox for MLLFD measurement with proposed models is also released in this paper. The experimental results demonstrate that our proposed measurement method, models, and toolbox can well measure MLLFDs in different configurations.
TL;DR: This paper presents a practical prototype of a multi-primary image projector system in which light source spectra can be programmable for suiting any purpose and is mainly configured with a light source component and an image projection component.
Abstract: This paper presents a practical prototype of a multi-primary image projector system in which light source spectra can be programmable for suiting any purpose. Our multi-primary projection system is mainly configured with a light source component and an image projection component. The programmable light source can reproduce any spectral curve. Spatial images are then generated using a digital mirror device chip that quickly controls the intensity of the light source spectra in 2D image plane. The multi-primary images in our projection system are reproduced by multiplexing the time-sequential images with different primary colors. Our multi-primary image projector realizes not only wide gamut projection but also spectral projection. To achieve this, we also show how light source spectra of four or six primary colors are designed.
TL;DR: Partial laser anneal silicon (PLAS) thin-film transistor (TFT) of novel low-temperature polycrystalline-silicon (LTPS) technology, which had the mobility more than that of mass produced oxide TFT and photo-stability comparable with that of LTPS TFT in bottom gate structure, enables the conversion from an α-Si TFT to a high-mobility TFT most easily and inexpensively.
Abstract: — We developed partial laser anneal silicon (PLAS) thin-film transistor (TFT) of novel low-temperature polycrystalline-silicon (LTPS) technology, which had the mobility of 28.1 cm2/Vs lager than that of mass produced oxide TFT and photo-stability comparable with that of LTPS TFT in bottom gate structure. This innovative technology enables the conversion from an α-Si TFT to a high-mobility TFT most easily and inexpensively. Moreover, there is no limit of substrate size, such as Gen10 and more. Photo-stability of PLAS will be suitable to organic light-emitting diode backplane, high-dynamic range TV, and outdoor IDP.
TL;DR: In this paper, the use of quantum rods (QRs) in two configurations for display applications, including the backlight and emissive color pixels for liquid crystal and organic light-emitting diode displays, was examined.
Abstract: We examined the use of quantum rods (QRs) in two configurations for display applications, including the backlight and emissive color pixels for liquid crystal and organic light-emitting diode displays, respectively. For the backlight, we used an electrospun nanofiber sheet embedded with QRs, and found the nanofiber-aligned sheet showed polarized emission with a very high outcoupling efficiency. We then fabricated emissive color pixels with QRs using an inkjet printer, and evaluated their optical properties. The color gamut area size was 82% of the BT2020 standard and the overlap with it was 69%.
TL;DR: A range of design parameters for an on-edge QD light bar are identified and investigated, and it is shown that these parameters have significant influence on system efficiency and color uniformity.
Abstract: Quantum dots (QDs) are increasingly the technology of choice for wide color gamut displays. Two popular options to incorporate QDs into displays include on-edge and on-surface solutions. The opto-mechanical design for an on-edge QD solution including a LED light bar (“on-edge QD light bar”) is more complex than the design for a standard white phosphor LED light bar. In this paper, we identify and investigate a range of design parameters for an on-edge QD light bar, and we show that these parameters have significant influence on system efficiency and color uniformity. The effects of varying these parameters are explored through the use of a custom adjustable testbed and optical raytracing methods. Our testbed data demonstrate the inherent trade-offs between efficiency and color uniformity and provide guidance for the design of high-performing displays. The optical raytracing data demonstrate a good predictive capability and support the use of optical modeling methods for a detailed exploration of a wider range of design parameters.
TL;DR: In this paper, a flexible vertically stacked flexible polychromatic color-tunable OLED has been developed by means of low resistive intermediate electrode technology, which can produce arbitrary shape with arbitrary colors, suitable for artistic expressions.
Abstract: A flexible vertically stacked flexible polychromatic color-tunable OLED has been developed by means of low resistive intermediate electrode technology. The polychromatic OLED has a capability to show 16 million colors with 105% National Television Committee Standard (NTSC) color reproduction. The device can produce arbitrary shape with arbitrary colors, suitable for artistic expressions, just as many as those used in information displays. Independently controlled red, green, and blue light-emitting layers are stacked vertically. With conventional indium tin oxide technology, because of the temperature restriction, it was quite difficult to achieve low resistance on plastic substrate. The reported numbers were all more than 80 Ω/□. According to the surface mobility control using Fick's law analysis, low sheet resistance 7.34 Ω/□ on plastic film was developed. At first, flexible 7.17 cm2 transparent OLED was fabricated for the performance confirmation of transparent electrode. And then polychromatic color-tunable OLED with the same size were successfully fabricated on plastic. With optical length optimization for each color stack of polychromatic OLED, more than 100% color reproduction in National Television Committee Standard was achieved by stack design. The polychromatic device can be used for colored illumination, as well as for organic-light-emitting display pixels for three times emission than conventional pixel design. The device is fabricated on plastic substrate so that the polychromatic organic-light-emitting-diode device is manufacturable with roll-to-roll production line.
TL;DR: In this article, two simple pixel circuits are proposed for high resolution and high image quality organic light-emitting diode-on-silicon microdisplays using a 90 nm CMOS process.
Abstract: Two simple pixel circuits are proposed for high resolution and high image quality organic light-emitting diode-on-silicon microdisplays. The proposed pixel circuits achieve high resolution due to simple pixel structure comprising three n-type MOSFETs and one storage capacitor, which are integrated into a unit subpixel area of 3 × 9 µm2 using a 90 nm CMOS process. The proposed pixel circuits improve image quality by compensating for the threshold voltage variation of the driving transistors and extending the data voltage range. To verify the performance of the proposed pixel circuits, the emission currents of 24 pixel circuits are measured. The measured emission current deviation error of the proposed pixel circuits A and B ranges from −2.59% to +2.78%, and from −1.86% to +1.84%, respectively, which are improved from the emission current deviation error of the conventional current-source type pixel circuit when the threshold voltage variation is not compensated for, which ranges from −14.87% to +14.67%. In addition, the data voltage ranges of the proposed pixel circuits A and B are 1.193 V and 1.792 V, respectively, which are 2.38 and 3.57 times wider than the data voltage range of the conventional current-source type pixel circuit of 0.501 V.
TL;DR: Even in the displays with such high resolution exceeding 1000 ppi, crosstalk that was observed in the lower luminance region was suppressed and the displays achieved high color reproducibility and reduced viewing angle dependence.
Abstract: We fabricated new 2.78-in 1058-ppi organic light-emitting diode (OLED) displays. The displays used OLED devices with a tandem structure and a single structure and a field effect transistor (FET) using c-axis aligned crystalline In–Ga–Zn–O (CAAC-IGZO) for an active layer and employing the 1.5-µm rule over a glass substrate. Even in the displays with such high resolution exceeding 1000 ppi, crosstalk that was observed in the lower luminance region was suppressed. The displays achieved high color reproducibility and reduced viewing angle dependence.
TL;DR: In this paper, a threshold polymer concentration to reconstruct the blue phase (BP) template with the chiral three-dimensional template was confirmed in different kinds of polymer systems, and the anchoring energy of the template may reassemble the double twist cylinder structure of BP liquid crystal (BPLC) by refilling either the same-handed or reverse-handed chiral materials within a certain range of helical twisting power (HTP).
Abstract: The reconstruction capability of the blue phase (BP) template with low polymer concentration was investigated. A threshold polymer concentration to reconstruct the BP with the chiral three-dimensional template was confirmed in different kinds of polymer systems. The anchoring energy of the template may reassemble the double twist cylinder structure of BP liquid crystal (BPLC) by refilling either the same-handed or reverse-handed chiral materials within a certain range of helical twisting power (HTP). Meanwhile, because of the lowered anchoring energy, the kerr constant of the reconstructed BPLC increased by 104%, from 1.81 nm/V2 to 3.70 nm/V2, by refilling the reverse-handed chiral material.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the aesthetic judgment of large-size curved displays and found out the most preferred radius of curvature of them, which varies depending on the display size.
Abstract: This study investigated the aesthetic judgment of large-size curved displays and found out the most preferred radius of them. For the survey, 1:1 scale curved display mock-ups were presented to subjects, and the displays were made of acrylic frame with various sizes and curvatures. The subjects were asked to assess their preference for the displays in both aesthetic appeal and visual comfort at a distance of 2.5 m. The survey results showed that the most preferred radius of curvature varies depending on the display size, and it increases as the display size becomes larger. For 55-in. displays, the most preferred radius of curvature was found as 2000 mm across the contents attached on the displays. With regard to the 65- and 75-in. displays, the subjects' preference was increased to 3000 mm that lightly varied depending on the presented contents.
TL;DR: An auto‐calibration technique that projects a series of Gray code structured light patterns is used to build a 3D model of the scene, which in turn with the dense pixel correspondence can be used for geometric screen correction on any arbitrary surface.