Showing papers in "Neurochemistry International in 2004"

TL;DR: Mechanisms for the involvement of the NMDA receptor complex and its interaction with polyamines in the pathogenesis of AD are discussed andNMDA receptor antagonists have potential for the therapeutic amelioration of AD.

TL;DR: The bulk flow of ISF has implications for non-synaptic cell:cell communication (volume transmission); for drug delivery, distribution, and clearance; for brain ionic homeostasis and its disturbance in brain edema; for the immune function of the brain; and for the clearance of beta-amyloid deposits.

TL;DR: It is demonstrated that peripheral nerve injury induces an early spinal microglial activation that precedes astrocytic activation at the transcriptional level following an L5 nerve transection that results in behavioral hypersensitivity using real-time RT-PCR.

TL;DR: Glia are described as newly recognized mediators of exaggerated pain, and as new therapeutic targets for pathological pain, which are likely to play significant roles in other behavioral phenomena.

TL;DR: This essay takes a historical and philosophical approach to the question of astrocytic identity, and critically evaluates the use of protein markers measured by immunoreactivity, as well as the newer technique of marking living cells by using promoters for these same proteins to drive reporter genes.

TL;DR: Increased release of ATP from the urothelium of spinal cord injured bladders may contribute to the development of bladder hyperactivity and mechanoreceptor stimulated vesicular ATP release, as opposed to basal non-vesicular release, is significantly inhibited in spinal cordjured bladders by intravesical instillation of botulinum toxin A.

TL;DR: This review focuses on recent data establishing a survival and differentiation role for NO in several neural in vitro and in vivo models and proposes that most controversial results are related to the intrinsic property of NO to compensate among functionally opposed effects.

TL;DR: During aglycaemia and increased metabolic demand, astrocytic glycogen was degraded to form lactate, which was used as a supplemental energy source when ambient normoglycaemic glucose was incapable of meeting immediate tissue energy demands.

TL;DR: Findings supporting the exocytotic release of glutamate, as well as two new pathways implicated in this release, the ionotropic (P2X) purinergic receptors and gap junction hemichannels are discussed.

TL;DR: Evidence suggests that the alpha2-subunit mediates the membrane association of the alpha1beta1-isoform via interaction with a PDZ domain of the post-synaptic scaffold protein PSD-95 thereby enabling the NO sensor to respond to locally elevated NO concentrations.

TL;DR: The working hypothesis that activated astrocytes have high energy demands in their fine perisynaptic processes (filopodia) that might be met by glycogenolysis and glycolysis coupled to rapid lactate clearance is proposed.

TL;DR: The implication is that acute neurological disorders that exhibit electrical conductivity changes should also exhibit ADC changes that are detectable by DWI, and results indicate that reduced ADC values are associated with reductions in the extracellular volume fraction and increased Extracellular tortuosity.

TL;DR: The results and those reported in other studies indicate that elevated hippocampal cGMP levels are required to improve the memory performance of rodents in object recognition and passive avoidance learning, but not in spatial learning.

TL;DR: The fine tuning of both glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission is to a large extent dependent upon optimal function of astrocytic transport processes, and this opens for a number of therapeutic strategies by which the efficacy of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission may be manipulated.

TL;DR: S-allylcysteine ameliorates the in vivo quinolinate striatal toxicity by a mechanism related to its ability to scavenge free radicals; decrease oxidative stress; and preserve the striatal activity of Cu, Zn-superoxide dismutase (Cu,Zn-SOD).

TL;DR: DA has been shown to be a double-edged sword, because it displays antioxidant properties in relation to both the Fenton reaction and lipid peroxidation and exhibits pro-oxidant properties by causing both generation *OH and oxidation of mitochondrial proteins.

TL;DR: The data suggest that crocin combats the serum/glucose deprivation-induced ceramide formation in PC-12 cells by increasing GSH levels and prevents the activation of JNK pathway, which is reported to have a role of the signaling cascade downstream ceramide for neuronal cell death.

TL;DR: NMR spectroscopy, assisted by previously obtained knowledge of metabolic pathways, has allowed accurate determination in the human brain in situ of actual metabolic fluxes through the neuronal tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, the glial, presumably mainly astrocytic, TCA cycle, pyruvate carboxylation, and the 'glutamate-glutamine cycle,' connecting neuronal and astroCytic metabolism.

TL;DR: The fact that transmitters can even be released from nonsynaptic varicosities without being coupled to frequency-coded neuronal activity and they are able to diffuse over large distances indicates that there is a complementary mechanism of interneuronal communication to classical synaptic transmission.

TL;DR: Recent transfection studies suggest that members of the MRP (multidrug resistance protein) family; MRP4, MRP5 and MRP8 translocate cGMP across the cell membrane, and tertiary active transport by the organic anion transporter family has also been identified.

TL;DR: Changes in ECS volume, tortuosity and anisotropy significantly affect neuron-glia communication, the spatial relation of glial processes towards synapses, the efficacy of glutamate or GABA 'spillover' and synaptic crosstalk, the migration of cells, the action of hormones and the toxic effects of neuroactive substances and can be important for diagnosis, drug delivery and new treatment strategies.

TL;DR: In this article, Rasagiline induced phosphorylation of inhibitory subunit (IkappaB) and translocation of active p65 subunit from cytoplasm into nuclei.

TL;DR: A signal transduction pathway responsible for light-induced phase advances of the circadian clock which could be summarized as follows: Glu-Ca2+-CaMKII-nNOS-GC-cGMP- cGK-->-->clock genes is suggested, which offers a signaling window that allows peering into the circadian Clock machinery in order to decipher its temporal cogs and wheels.

TL;DR: During physiological conditions that enhance central and peripheral release of oxytocin (OT), adjacent somata and dendrites of OT neurons become extensively juxtaposed, without intervening astrocytic processes and receive an increased number of synapses, expected to potentiate activated neuronal firing.

TL;DR: The present review discusses the mechanisms for the cerebral uptake of ammonia and suggests that protein mediated transport of NH(4)(+) through the brain capillary wall is a realistic possibility that should be more intensely studied.

TL;DR: The data indicate that NO exerts an inhibitory effect on DA transporters, which represents a new form of interneuronal communication, a nonsynaptic interaction without receptors.

TL;DR: The results showed that when elongation is initiated, PI3K is still essential for maintenance of the neuronal morphology, whereas PKA or MAPK (ERKs or p38) activation does not appear to be necessary during this process.

TL;DR: It is discussed that the spontaneous hypertension in rats carrying the GTK/KAT I mutation may be due in part to disruption of glutamine transamination, and one of several pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP)-containing enzymes that can catalyze non-physiological beta-elimination reactions with cysteine S-conjugates containing a good leaving group attached at the sulfur.

TL;DR: Using an isolated guinea pig spinal cord model, it is found that acrolein inflicts severe membrane disruption, a factor thought to be critical in triggering axonal deterioration and cell death, and may further serve as an initiating toxin triggering secondary injury cascades following the initial physical insult to the spinal cord.

TL;DR: It is suggested that differential usage of these transporters by rod and cone photoreceptors may influence the kinetics of glutamate transmission by these neurons.