Showing papers in "Physical Review D in 1984"
TL;DR: In this paper, a first-order QCD phase transition that occurred reversibly in the early universe would lead to a surprisingly rich cosmological scenario, which is at least conceivable that the phase transition would concentrate most of the quark excess in dense, invisible quark nuggets, providing an explanation for the dark matter in terms of QCD effects only.
Abstract: A first-order QCD phase transition that occurred reversibly in the early universe would lead to a surprisingly rich cosmological scenario. Although observable consequences would not necessarily survive, it is at least conceivable that the phase transition would concentrate most of the quark excess in dense, invisible quark nuggets, providing an explanation for the dark matter in terms of QCD effects only. This possibility is viable only if quark matter has energy per baryon less than 938 MeV. Two related issues are considered in appendices: the possibility that neutron stars generate a quark-matter component of cosmic rays, and the possibility that the QCD phase transition may have produced a detectable gravitational signal.
2,553 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the Weinberg-Salam solution of the classical field equations is given, where the weak mixing angle is considered to be small and the energy increases from 8 TeV to 14 TeV as the Higgs coupling.
Abstract: We give a close approximation to a static, but unstable, solution of the classical field equations of the Weinberg-Salam theory, where the weak mixing angle ${\ensuremath{\Theta}}_{w}$ is considered to be small. Its energy increases from \ensuremath{\sim}8 TeV to \ensuremath{\sim}14 TeV as the Higgs coupling $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ runs from $0 \mathrm{to} \ensuremath{\infty}$. Furthermore, it has a large magnetic dipole moment and its baryonic (and leptonic) charge is \textonehalf{}. The possible physical relevance of this solution is discussed.
1,026 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the phase transition restoring chiral symmetry at finite temperatures is considered in a linear σ-sigma model. But the model is not suitable for the case of massless flavors.
Abstract: The phase transition restoring chiral symmetry at finite temperatures is considered in a linear $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ model. For three or more massless flavors, the perturbative $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ expansion predicts the phase transition is of first order. At high temperatures, the ${\mathrm{U}}_{A}(1)$ symmetry will also be effectively restored.
897 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the Euler-Heisenberg effective action due to fermions coupled to a homotopically nontrivial gauge transformation with winding number n is calculated in the SU(2) theory.
Abstract: The effective gauge field action due to fermions coupled to $\mathrm{SU}(N)$ gauge fields in three dimensions is found to change by $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}\ensuremath{\pi}|n|$ under a homotopically nontrivial gauge transformation with winding number $n$. This gauge noninvariance can be eliminated by adding a parity-violating topological term to the action, or by regulating the theory in a way which produces this term automatically in the effective action. The Euler-Heisenberg effective action is calculated in the SU(2) theory and in QED.
647 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a cosmological wave function describing the tunneling of the universe from "nothing" into a de Sitter space is found in a simple minisuperspace model.
Abstract: A cosmological wave function describing the tunneling of the Universe from "nothing" into a de Sitter space is found in a simple minisuperspace model. The tunneling probability is proportional to $\mathrm{exp}(\frac{\ensuremath{-}3}{8{G}^{2}{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{v}})$, where ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{v}$ is the vacuum energy density at an extremum of the effective potential $V(\ensuremath{\varphi})$. The tunneling is most probable to the highest maximum of $V(\ensuremath{\varphi})$.
515 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a large set of high-${Q}^{2}$ data on deep-inelastic scattering, dimuon mass distributions, and $\frac{J}{\ensuremath{\psi}}$ ${x}_{F}$ distributions were used to extract estimates of the quark and gluon distribution functions in nucleons.
Abstract: We have used a large set of high-${Q}^{2}$ data on deep-inelastic scattering, dimuon mass distributions, and $\frac{J}{\ensuremath{\psi}}$ ${x}_{F}$ distributions to extract estimates of the ${Q}^{2}$-dependent quark and gluon distribution functions in nucleons. The ${Q}^{2}$ dependence of these functions is parametrized in a manner convenient for predicting a large variety of reactions for ${Q}^{2}\ensuremath{\simeq}4\ensuremath{-}200$ ${(\mathrm{G}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}/\mathit{c})}^{2}$ and for extrapolation to the ultrahigh values of ${Q}^{2}$ that will be probed by future accelerators in the TeV energy range.
470 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the detection of MeV-range neutrinos through elastic scattering on nuclei and identification of the recoil energy was studied and a realization in terms of the superconducting-grain idea appeared, in principle, to be feasible through extension and extrapolation of currently known techniques.
Abstract: We study detection of MeV-range neutrinos through elastic scattering on nuclei and identification of the recoil energy. The very large value of the neutral-current cross section due to coherence indicates a detector would be relatively light and suggests the possibility of a true "neutrino observatory." The recoil energy which must be detected is very small (10-${10}^{3}$ eV), however. We examine a realization in terms of the superconducting-grain idea, which appears, in principle, to be feasible through extension and extrapolation of currently known techniques. Such a detector could permit determination of the neutrino energy spectrum and should be insensitive to neutrino oscillations since it detects all neutrino types. Various applications and tests are discussed, including spallation sources, reactors, supernovas, and solar and terrestrial neutrinos. A preliminary estimate of the most difficult backgrounds is attempted.
442 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an analytic approach based on a connection between the quasinormal modes and the bound states of the inverted black-hole effective potentials has been proposed for the problem of black hole oscillations, which has been investigated numerically thus far.
Abstract: We describe a new analytic approach to the problem of black-hole oscillations, which has been investigated numerically thus far. Our treatment is based on a connection between the quasinormal modes and the bound states of the inverted black-hole effective potentials. Approximate analytic formulas for the quasinormal frequencies of Schwarzschild, Reissner-Nordstr\"om, and slowly rotating Kerr black holes are provided. We find that a real quasinormal frequency for an extreme Kerr black hole has vanishing amplitude in the ordinary (i.e., nonsuperradiant) regime; therefore, extreme Kerr black holes are not marginally unstable in this case. These results are significant for the question of the stability of a black hole as well as for the late-time behavior of radiation from gravitationally collapsing configurations.
430 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the nature of the interaction between a quantum field and an accelerating particle detector is analyzed from the point of view of an inertial observer, and it is shown in detail for the simple case of a two-level detector how absorption of a Rindler particle corresponds to emission of a Minkowski particle.
Abstract: The nature of the interaction between a quantum field and an accelerating particle detector is analyzed from the point of view of an inertial observer. It is shown in detail for the simple case of a two-level detector how absorption of a Rindler particle corresponds to emission of a Minkowski particle. Several apparently paradoxical aspects of this process related to causality and energy conservation are discussed and resolved.
382 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the mass and couplings of the invisible axion are derived, followed by suggestions for experiments to detect axions via the macroscopic forces they mediate.
Abstract: The forces mediated by spin-0 bosons are described, along with the existing experimental limits. The mass and couplings of the invisible axion are derived, followed by suggestions for experiments to detect axions via the macroscopic forces they mediate. In particular, novel tests of the T-violating axion monopole-dipole forces are proposed.
363 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the fractal dimension of the strings and the size distribution of closed loops are determined, and it is shown that infinite strings contribute about 80% to the total length of strings in the universe.
Abstract: Statistical properties of the system of strings produced at a phase transition in the early universe are studied using a Monte Carlo simulation. The fractal dimension of the strings and the size distribution of closed loops are determined, and it is shown that infinite strings contribute about 80% to the total length of strings in the universe. The results are used to analyze the cosmological evolution of strings. Formation of domain walls and of walls bounded by strings is also discussed, and it is shown that in both cases the system is dominated by one infinite cluster of very complicated topology. The results of the simulations may also be of interest in condensed-matter systems where similar topological defects can be formed.
TL;DR: In this article, a renormalization-scheme-invariant Green's function and Wilson coefficients are introduced for perturbative field theories, and the authors discuss the applications of these coefficients to deep-inelastic phenomena.
Abstract: We review, extend, and give some further applications of a method recently suggested to solve the renormalization-scheme-dependence problem in perturbative field theories. The use of a coupling constant as a universal expansion parameter is abandoned. Instead, to each physical quantity depending on a single scale variable is associated an effective charge, whose corresponding St\"uckelberg---Peterman---Gell-Mann---Low function is identified as the proper object on which perturbation theory applies. Integration of the corresponding renormalization-group equations yields renormalization-scheme-invariant results free of any ambiguity related to the definition of the kinematical variable, or that of the scale parameter $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$, even though the theory is not solved to all orders. As a by-product, a renormalization-group improvement of the usual series is achieved. Extension of these methods to operators leads to the introduction of renormalization-group-invariant Green's function and Wilson coefficients, directly related to effective charges. The case of nonzero fermion masses is discussed, both for fixed masses and running masses in mass-independent renormalization schemes. The importance of the scale-invariant mass $\stackrel{^}{m}$ is emphasized. Applications are given to deep-inelastic phenomena, where the use of renormalization-group-invariant coefficient functions allows to perform the factorization without having to introduce a factorization scale. The Sudakov form factor of the electron in QED is discussed as an example of an extension of the method to problems involving several momentum scales.
TL;DR: The relation between the recently discovered three-dimensional chiral anomaly and fermion zero modes is drawn and application to planar systems of electrons in an external magnetic field is suggested.
Abstract: Attention is drawn to a relation between the recently discovered three-dimensional chiral anomaly and fermion zero modes. Application to planar systems of electrons in an external magnetic field is suggested.
TL;DR: When there are many flavors of massless fermions, both three-dimensional electrodynamics, and a supersymmetric variant thereof, each spontaneously break chiral symmetry.
Abstract: When there are many flavors of massless fermions, both three-dimensional electrodynamics, and a supersymmetric variant thereof, each spontaneously break chiral symmetry. For the latter, this occurs without breaking supersymmetry, and without a photino condensate.
TL;DR: In this article, the Gauss-Codazzi formalism is used to obtain exact solutions to Einstein's equations in the presence of domain walls and the motion of a spherical domain wall in an asymptotically flat space-time is derived.
Abstract: The Gauss-Codazzi formalism is used to obtain exact solutions to Einstein's equations in the presence of domain walls. Domain walls are shown to have repulsive gravitational fields. The most general solution to Einstein's equations for a planar domain wall is obtained. Also, the motion of a spherical domain wall in an asymptotically flat space-time is derived.
TL;DR: In this paper, an extension of the old, fairly successful, phenomenological prescription for adding spin-1 fields to the chiral Lagrangian of pseudoscalar mesons to the case where the Wess-Zumino term is present was proposed.
Abstract: We propose an extension of the old, fairly successful, phenomenological prescription for adding spin-1 fields to the chiral Lagrangian of pseudoscalar mesons to the case where the Wess-Zumino term is present. This leads to the possibility of describing within the effective-Lagrangian framework a whole class of ''unnatural-parity'' hadronic reactions. In particular, we study the well-known (pure hadronic) ..omega -->..3..pi.. and (radiative) ..omega --> pi../sup 0/..gamma.. processes, and find good agreement with experiment, comparable to that for any of the current-algebra ''theorems.'' The construction of the Lagrangian is seen to involve subtle theoretical issues. We are led to examine in more detail Witten's ''trial-and-error'' gauging of the Wess-Zumino term and note that the Bardeen form of the anomaly seems more suitable than the left-right-symmetric form for constructing an effective model with phenomenological spin-1 fields.
TL;DR: In this paper, the performance of phase-sensing interferometers employing squeezed states and homodyne detection is analyzed and compared to a system employing direct detection, and it is shown that both detection schemes reach the standard quantum limit on position-measurement sensitivity.
Abstract: The performance of phase-sensing interferometers employing squeezed states and homodyne detection is analyzed and compared to the performance of systems employing direct detection Standard differenced direct-detection Michelson and Mach-Zehnder interferometers are shown to be suboptimal in the sense that an observation/measurement-noise coupling occurs, which can degrade performance Homodyne-detection interferometers in which the phase shift in one arm is the conjugate of that in the other arm do not suffer from the preceding drawback Overall, however, the performance of differenced direct-detection and homodyne-detection interferometers is similar in single-frequency operation In particular, both detection schemes reach the standard quantum limit on position-measurement sensitivity in single-frequency interferometric gravity-wave detectors at roughly the same average photon number This limit arises from back action in the form of radiation pressure fluctuations entering through the energy-phase uncertainty principle Multifrequency devices can circumvent this uncertainty principle, as illustrated by the conceptual design given for a two-frequency interferometer which can greatly surpass the standard quantum limit on position sensing This configuration assumes that ideal photodetectors respond to photon flux rather than energy flux
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that the assumption of Lorentz invariance of the integrals, coupled with the validity of the Ward (BRS) identity, leads to a nonlocal Yang-Mills self-energy.
Abstract: A prescription for massless Feynman integrals in the light-cone gauge ${n}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}{A}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{a}=0$, ${n}^{2}=0$, is suggested which leads to well-defined and exact, but Lorentz-noninvariant, integrals. As a result the Yang-Mills self-energy is likewise Lorentz noninvariant, but remains transverse in agreement with the Ward and Becchi-Rouet-Stora (BRS) identities. It is also shown that the assumption of Lorentz invariance of the integrals, coupled with the validity of the Ward (BRS) identity, leads to a nonlocal Yang-Mills self-energy.
TL;DR: In this article, the complete Lagrangian of extended supergravity in ten dimensions was constructed by dimensional reduction of the eleven-dimensional theory, and a compactification of the model to the $D=4$ model with internal manifold was found.
Abstract: We construct the complete Lagrangian of extended supergravity in ten dimensions by dimensional reduction of the eleven-dimensional theory. We find a compactification of the $D=10$ model to the $D=4$ model with internal manifold ${M}_{4}(\mathrm{compact})\ensuremath{\bigotimes}{S}_{2}$.
TL;DR: In this paper, the conditions on the effective (de Sitter space) scalar potential that are required to obtain a successful new-inflationary-Universe scenario are codified into a general prescription, which ensures that sufficient inflation, density fluctuations of an acceptable magnitude, and reheating to a high enough temperature to produce the astrophysically observed baryon asymmetry result.
Abstract: The conditions on the effective (de Sitter space) scalar potential that are required to obtain a successful new-inflationary-Universe scenario are codified into a general prescription. These conditions ensure that sufficient inflation, density fluctuations of an acceptable magnitude, and reheating to a high enough temperature to produce the astrophysically observed baryon asymmetry result. We exemplify our prescription for a quartic potential and show that if the scalar field is a gauge singlet, then it is possible to tune the parameters of the potential to satisfy the conditions we have prescribed.
TL;DR: In this article, a new phase structure for lattice QCD in the presence of Wilson fermions is proposed based on analysis of the lattice Gross-Neveu model.
Abstract: Based on analysis of the lattice Gross-Neveu model we propose a new phase structure for lattice QCD in the presence of Wilson fermions. A new method for improving the scaling behavior of the chiral order parameter is also proposed.
TL;DR: In this article, the CPT, CP, and C properties of Majorana neutrinos with opposite CP parity were derived and examined for neutrinoless double-beta-decay.
Abstract: In neutrinoless double-..beta.. decay, the contributions of two virtual Majorana neutrinos with opposite CP parity will interfere destructively. This makes it evident that the amplitudes for reactions involving Majorana particles contain significant new phase factors, reflecting the special discrete-symmetry properties of these particles. To study this phenomenon, we derive and examine the CPT, CP, and C properties of Majorana particles. We then apply these properties, especially to the study of neutrinoless double-..beta.. decay, and to the neutral weak and electromagnetic interactions of Majorana particles. We show how the new phase factors in the Feynman amplitudes for Majorana-particle processes arise, and see that their precise form and location within these amplitudes depends on one's choice of formalism.
TL;DR: In this article, the principle of equivalence is extended to reference frames described by quantum states and a consistent discription of such frames is obtained which resolves a variety of apparent paradoxes associated with such a description.
Abstract: Frames of reference attached to quantum-mechanical objects of finite mass are considered. A consistent discription of such frames is obtained which resolves a variety of apparent paradoxes associated with such a description. The main result of the present work is a formalism wherein the principle of equivalence is extended to reference frames described by quantum states.
TL;DR: In this article, an estimate of the gravitational power spectrum at a point on the Earth is given, where a random gravitational force can be generated by seismic noise, by atmospheric acoustic noise, and by moving massive bodies.
Abstract: A random gravitational force can be generated by seismic noise, by atmospheric acoustic noise, and by moving massive bodies. An estimate of the gravitational power spectrum at a point on the Earth is given. Such a force is an important source of noise in an interferometric gravitational wave antenna below $f=10$ Hz.
TL;DR: In this article, a new approach to the left-rightsymmetric models of weak interactions where parity and parity-and R-breaking scales are decoupled from each other was proposed.
Abstract: We propose a new approach to the left-right-symmetric models of weak interactions where parity-and ${\mathrm{SU}(2)}_{R}$-breaking scales are decoupled from each other. This changes the spectrum of Higgs bosons, which in turn affects the evolution of various gauge coupling constants with energy. This has profound implications for mass hierarchies in partial unification models based on ${\mathrm{SU}(2)}_{L}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{\mathrm{SU}(2)}_{R}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{\mathrm{SU}(4)}_{C}$ and grand unified SO(10) models. We find several interesting SO(10)-breaking chains with and without an intermediate ${\mathrm{U}(1)}_{R}$ symmetry for which both ${M}_{{W}_{R}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}}$ and ${M}_{{Z}_{R}}$ masses are in the range of 1-20 TeV. We also find a symmetry-breaking pattern for which the ${\mathrm{SU}(4)}_{C}$-breaking scale is in the range of ${10}^{5}$ GeV. These patterns lead to observable $\ensuremath{\Delta}B=2$ as well as other right-handed-current effects at low energies.
TL;DR: In this article, an analytic approximation to the energy eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of the Schrodinger equation can be obtained using the shifted $\frac{1}{N}$ expansion, where N is the number of spatial dimensions.
Abstract: We show that an excellent analytic approximation to the energy eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of the Schr\"odinger equation can be obtained using the shifted $\frac{1}{N}$ expansion, where $N$ is the number of spatial dimensions. This technique, which was physically motivated for power-law potentials, is extended in this paper to general spherically symmetric potentials. The calculations are carried out for states with arbitrary quantum numbers $n$ and $l$ using fourth-order perturbation theory in the shifted expansion parameter $\frac{1}{\overline{k}}$, where $\overline{k}=N+2l\ensuremath{-}a$. We obtain very accurate agreement with numerical results for a variety of potentials for a very large range of both $n$ and $l$. Our results using the shift $a$ are consistently better than those previously obtained using the unshifted expansion parameter $\frac{1}{k}$, $k=N+2l$. The shifted $\frac{1}{N}$ expansion is seen to be applicable to a much wider class of problems than are most other approximation methods.
TL;DR: In this paper, a model of the spinning electron is proposed in which this particle is the source of the Kerr-Newman field, and the electron is regarded as a charged rotating shell endowed with surface tension.
Abstract: A classical model of the spinning electron is proposed in which this particle is the source of the Kerr-Newman field. The electron is regarded as a charged rotating shell endowed with surface tension. It is the boundary where the exterior Kerr-Newman solution is matched to the interior flat spacetime metric. The shell is the surface of an oblate ellipsoid of revolution having a minor axis equal to the classical electron radius and a focal distance of the order of the corresponding Compton wavelength. This surface is undergoing rigid rotation with its equator at a velocity almost equal to the velocity of light. The arrangement of charges gives rise to a quadrupole electric moment, in addition to the magnetic dipole moment of the current distribution. The whole spacetime of this model is shown to be causally well behaved.
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that certain generalizations of the generalized squeeze operators do not exist, and that the generalized generalized generalized squeeze operator does not even exist for the unitary operators.
Abstract: Pertinent properties of the unitary operators that create coherent states and squeezed coherent states are discussed. We show that certain generalizations of squeezed coherent states do not exist. This is accomplished by demonstrating that for the generalized squeeze operators ${U}_{k}=\mathrm{exp}(i{A}_{k})=\mathrm{exp}[{z}_{k}{({a}^{\ifmmode\dagger\else\textdagger\fi{}})}^{k}+i{h}_{k\ensuremath{-}1}\ensuremath{-}{({z}_{k})}^{*}{a}^{k}]$, $〈0|{U}_{k}|0〉$ diverges, $kg2$. This implies that $|0〉$ is not an analytic vector of ${A}_{k}$ for all $kg2$, where ${h}_{k\ensuremath{-}1}$ is a Hermitian polynomial in $a$ and ${a}^{\ifmmode\dagger\else\textdagger\fi{}}$ up to powers of ($k\ensuremath{-}1$).