Showing papers in "Psicologia & Sociedade in 2007"

Sentidos e significados do trabalho: explorando conceitos, variáveis e estudos empíricos brasileiros

Abstract: O artigo apresenta uma breve revisao da literatura sobre sentidos e significados que trabalhadores atribuem aos seus trabalhos e identifica perspectivas teoricas que diferenciam sentidos e significados, em contrapartida a outras que os tratam como um unico fenomeno. Foi possivel demonstrar que trata-se de tematica ainda pouco explorada e cuja maioria dos estudos esta baseada nas investigacoes desenvolvidas pelo Meaning of Work International Research Team ([MOW], 1987) e, mais recentemente, por Morin (2001). As variaveis adotadas nas pesquisas do fenomeno no Brasil advem, predominantemente, dos trabalhos do MOW e sao a centralidade do trabalho, as normas sociais do trabalho e os resultados valorizados do trabalho. Verifica-se a importância da multidisciplinaridade para a compreensao da atribuicao de sentidos e significados do trabalho pelos sujeitos dado que se trata de um construto psicologico multidimensional e dinâmico, e que resulta da interacao entre variaveis pessoais e ambientais relacionadas ao trabalho.

O trabalho e seus sentidos

Abstract: Many researches, since the 1950's, seek to comprehend the meaning of work using different methodolo- gical approaches. Results obtained by the Meaning of Work group International Research Team ((MOW)) in 1987, in different countries, showed that work could assume different conditions from neutrality to centrality in relation to the subject's personal and social identity. The objective of this research is to present some qualitative data on the mea- nings of work for young Brazilian managers, using the approach developed by Morin (2002). Preliminary results of this research show that work is essential at the lives of this group, because work is related to survival. Results also indicate that values such as variations on the nature of the tasks, autonomy, recognition and security are also fundamental for a meaningful work.

O funcionamento da atenção no trabalho do cartógrafo

Abstract: Cartography is a method proposed by G. Deleuze and F. Guattari which has been used in field researches in the context of subjectivity studies. Embracing a constructivist perspective, this article approaches the issue of the functioning of attention in the initial stage of cartographer's task. It is based on the concepts of free floating attention by S. Freud, attentive recognition by H. Bergson and on contributions from some phenomenological works of contem- porary cognitive sciences. Cartographic attention is defined as being concentrated and opened, and it is characterized by four varieties: tracing, touch, landing and attentive recognition.

Políticas sociais, "terceiro setor" e "compromisso social": perspectivas e limites do trabalho do psicólogo

Abstract: O presente artigo tem por objetivo discutir as possibilidades e os limites do trabalho do psicologo no campo do bem-estar social/publico e no "terceiro setor". E apresentada uma remissao historica sobre a insercao do psicologo no campo social, uma revisao conceitual sobre o significado das politicas sociais no capitalismo monopolista como resposta a "questao social", uma discussao sobre o impacto da reforma neoliberal nas politicas sociais no Brasil hoje, incluindo a questao da emergencia do "terceiro setor", como contexto para a discussao dos limites do compromisso social do psicologo.

Dilemas do trabalho no capitalismo contemporâneo

Abstract: Starting from the Marxist conception of work, which considers labor as a vital, self-determined and meaningful activity - which is not the case in the logic of capital -, in this article, we attempt to indicate some of the main changes that occurred in the universe of work in the XXth-century and their consequences for the working class. What we aim to highlight is that, throughout the development of the work process - from Taylorism to Toyotism - transformations did not mean rupture with the capitalist character of the production mode, nor with its complex ideological plan to control the subjectivity of workers. Examples include the apology of individualism and the increase in unemployment, intensification and precariousness of work, which mark the world of work in contemporary society.

Identidade e trabalho na contemporaneidade: repensando articulações possíveis

Abstract: As transformacoes da sociedade contemporânea vem sendo analisadas por diversas disciplinas no campo das Ciencias Humanas, buscando compreender suas implicacoes para os sujeitos e suas relacoes sociais. Neste contexto, categorias teoricas classicas tem sido questionadas. Apresentamos aqui algumas articulacoes teoricas possiveis entre os conceitos identidade e trabalho, considerando o cenario social contemporâneo. A identidade e discutida a partir de diferentes teorias sociais e da articulacao com o conceito de identificacao na Psicanalise, enfatizando sua dimensao processual. O trabalho no capitalismo contemporâneo assume configuracoes como flexibilidade, temporariedade, precariedade, informalidade, produzindo alteracoes que se expressam no modo de ser dos trabalhadores. Nossas reflexoes sobre o contexto produtivo contemporâneo nos levam a afirmar que, apesar das dificuldades, a construcao dos processos identitarios pelos sujeitos ainda tem lugar. Certamente sao posicoes de sujeitos transitorias e efemeras, mas nao e possivel negar a coerencia e a continuidade na historia de vida de cada um.

Pesquisando no cotidiano: recuperando memórias de pesquisa em Psicologia Social

Abstract: In reaction to the hegemony of North American Social Psychology in the seventies and eighties, some research experiences in the flux of daily life were banned from the collective memory of the discipline because of excessive ideological patrol or due to identifying with the more individualistic trends of Social Psychology produced in Europe and North American. With the return of interest in observing quotidian life, Social Psychology, forgetting its own history, turned to Anthropology for subsidies for "ethnographic-like" research. The aim of this article is to recuperate some of the experiences of observation in quotidian life that are autochthonous to Social Psychology so as to contribute to the development of psychosocial observation research strategies.

Da relação entre trabalho e saúde à relação entre trabalho e saúde mental

Abstract: Considering the changes that are taking place nowadays in the world of work, it became essential to deepen the debate on the existing relationship between labor and health/mental health, and also on its recognition, in order to guarantee legal support for workers, and mainly to bring contributions in search of transformations in labor situations. The purposes of this paper are: to argue that topic, pointing out the difficulties of determining connections between certain aspects of work and falling ill; to indicate some limits and expectations, as well as the necessity of interlocutions that enable advances both in theoretical terms and on what concerns to practical application of the knowledge gene- rated. So, this paper intends to put in relief that work is fundamental to understand subjectivity and the mental health/ disease process.

A saúde e os processos de trabalho no capitalismo: reflexões na interface da psicodinâmica do trabalho e da sociologia do trabalho

Abstract: RESUMO: A organizacao dos processos de trabalho nos quais estao inseridos os trabalhadores produz graves consequencias sobre a saude. Essas tem origem, principalmente, na separacao entre concepcao e execucao, introduzidas pelos modelos de gestao taylorista e fordista. As mudancas promovidas pela implementacao do modelo de gestao japones passaram a demandar um trabalhador aparentemente mais engajado ao seu trabalho, apto a realizar diversas operacoes e mais escolarizado. Porem, observa-se que ao sofrimento daqueles que trabalham em tarefas que nao foram atingidas pela reestruturacao produtiva, acrescenta-se o sofrimento provocado pelas transformacoes em curso no trabalho, exigindo novos atributos ao trabalhador, atingindo a saude fisica e mental. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Processos de trabalhos; sofrimento psiquico no trabalho; saude mental. HEALTH AND LABOR PROCESSES IN CAPITALISM: CONSIDERATIONS ON THE INTERFACE BETWEEN THE PSYCHODYNAMICS AND SOCIOLOGY OF WORK

Construcionismo, práticas discursivas e possibilidades de pesquisa em psicologia social

Abstract: Este artigo apresenta o movimento construcionista como uma perspectiva critica em Psicologia Social que propoe compreender os processos de institucionalizacao que tornaram certos acontecimentos essencializados. Para tanto, enfoca o estudo das praticas discursivas, considerando a linguagem como pratica que provoca efeitos. Essa perspectiva possibilita estudos que focalizam acontecimentos na interface entre os usos da linguagem e as condicoes de sua producao e veiculacao. O movimento indica que e necessario direcionar pesquisas para os regimes de verdade que as praticas discursivas sustentam ou rompem e, tambem, para as relacoes de poder que controlam, selecionam e organizam os enunciados.

O nexo causal em saúde/doença mental no trabalho: uma demanda para a psicologia

Abstract: Estabelecer o nexo causal em saude/doenca mental no trabalho tem se apresentado como uma nova demanda a psicologia como ciencia e profissao nos seus diferentes campos de atuacao. Este texto examina a interlocucao entre trabalho e saude/doenca mental no percurso historico da psicologia. Apresenta, tambem, alguns procedimentos referentes ao diagnostico e a justificativa de nexo causal entre trabalho e quadros psicopatologicos com base na Portaria do 1339/99 do Ministerio da Saude do Brasil. Mesmo admitindo o reducionismo que a relacao causal produz em se tratando de quadros psicopatologicos, a exigencia legal a impoe para o reconhecimento como doencas relacionadas com o trabalho e o acesso aos beneficios previdenciarios decorrentes.

Empreendedorismo feminino: tecendo a trama de demandas conflitantes

Abstract: RESUMO: Face a multiplicidade dos papeis femininos, este artigo se propoe a discutir as demandas conflitantes vivenciadas por mulheres empreendedoras e as estrategias que elas utilizam para enfrenta-las. A analise do discurso de entrevistas feitas com donas de negocios proprios revela a existencia de tres categorias de situacoes conflituosas: conflitos no espaco do trabalho; conflitos entre demandas familiares e profissionais; conflitos entre demandas do trabalho e pessoais. Para fazer frente as demandas conflitantes, as empreendedoras recorrem principalmente as seguintes estrategias: auto-organizacao do tempo, estabelecimento de parcerias e cumplicidade, e uso de dispositivos de alivio de tensao. A luz da literatura sobre empreendedorismo feminino, os dados indicam que as empreendedoras inovam no confronto dos impasses, introduzindo transformacoes nos contextos familiar, profissional e pessoal. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: empreendedorismo feminino; conflito familia-trabalho; genero e trabalho. WOMEN’S ENTREPRENEURSHIP: WEAVING THE WEB OF CONFLICTING DEMANDS

Processos cotidianos de organização do trabalho na feira livre

Abstract: This article aims to describe some features of the everyday processes that organize work at the open street market. It assumes that symbolic interactions are the substance of these processes. The empirical study was conducted by means of the ethnographic approach in an open street market at Sao Paulo (Brasil). As a labor market, the open street market provides jobs and incomes for about forty thousand workers. The open street market is organized as a social network, and its main features are: to mix labor relationships with friendship, neighbour and family relationship; to be informed by tacit rules and to be sustained by cooperation and competitiveness. The processes that organize the open street market must be understood in face of the process of urbanization in underdeveloped countries.

A subjetividade como objeto da(s) psicologia(s)

Abstract: This text intends to trace a history of where subjectivity is placed as the object for many different psychologies throughout the twentieth century. This concept originates from the field of philosophy of knowledge, migrating to psychoanalysis near the end of the nineteenth century, from where it moves to the domains of psychology, gaining a historical, social and political treatment at the end of the twentieth century, from then on, pointing to an inquiry on the process of singularization as the focus of study for contemporary psychologies.

Auto relato de situações constrangedoras no trabalho e assédio moral nos bancários: uma fotografia

Abstract: The actual definition of bullying at work, although not a consensus, focuses on the occurrence of negative acts or constraining situations in the workplace, that lasts for a certain period of time; occurring on a weekly basis; and the victim feels intimidated. The objective of this work was to identify and analyze the occurrence of constraining situations, self-reported by Brazilian bank employees. A questionnaire was applied in 2609 bank employees. 33,89% of the sample reported at least one of the constraining situations presented in the questionnaire. When a period of exposition of six months and weekly frequency are taken into consideration, 7,97% of the sample reported bullying. Besides, the women and the homo or bisexual group reported bullying with a higher frequency than the other groups. Those results show that the Brazilian bank employees are exposed to bullying at work with a frequency similar to those found in European studies.

Sobre cooperação e cooperativas em assentamentos rurais

Abstract: This article deals with the meaning of cooperation and cooperativism in the organizational process of rural settlements in the state of Sao Paulo considering cooperation and cooperativism as distinct social processes. I discuss the motive why the movement headed for cooperative institutionalization in relation to the decline of the traditional ways of cooperation developed in the Brazilian rural world. The meaning of cooperation was studied as well as subsequent problems due to its institutionalization within the rural settlements organized by MST - Landless Workers Movement, trying to identify the elements that show change and permanence related to traditional rural cooperativism. I seek to reflect upon the motives of the current trend among settlers to reject the cooperative as an organizational model, despite the fact they appraise cooperation as a way to organize their social and economic life.

Questões de método em textos de Vygotski: contribuições à pesquisa em psicologia

Abstract: This article, of an eminently theoretical nature, discusses some methodological issues that permeated the development of Lev S Vygotski's research and spread throughout his work To undertake this discussion, some texts from the first three volumes of his Complete Works, Spanish Edition, were chosen for analysis, from which the following thematic units were identified: the relationship between problem/method/inquiry techniques; the singular/ collective relationship and its methodological implications; history and dialectics as methodological fundamentals; method principles; search of the senses as unit of analysis of historical-cultural Psychology The reflections presented here can be useful for contemporary researchers who share the ontological and epistemological conceptions of historical-cultural Psychology

Sílvia Lane e o projeto do "Compromisso Social da Psicologia"

Abstract: This article presents the main aspects of the academic trajectory of Professor Silvia Tatiana Maurer Lane, from the initial proposal of a critical Social Psychology to the formulation of a project for a socially committed Psychology. Silvia Lane was a pioneer in theoretical propositions which questioned mainstream Brazilian Social Psychology, emphasizing the need to expose its ties with the dominant economic and political interests and redirecting its production towards social transformation. In her career trajectory she brought together theory and praxis, contributing to the revision of concepts and methods, and to the organization of this area of knowledge. She worked tirelessly in various fronts to produce a Social Psychology that could recognize the historical character of social and human phenomena and that conceived people as active and historical beings. The text begins by situating her remarkable presence, within this critical perspective, in Brazilian and Latin American Social Psychology. In sequence, it presents the main characteristics of her theoretical production concerning the development of a Socio-Historical Social Psychology. At the conclusion, it emphasizes her role in consolidating a Psychology that is intrinsically compromised with Brazilian and Latin-American realities; being familiar with this reality, she contributed to the construction of theoretical-practical instruments for its transformation in the direction of a society based on justice and equality. To put is in a different manner, the development of a socially committed Psychology.

Imagens como estratégia metodológica em pesquisa: a fotocomposição e outros caminhos possíveis

Abstract: This article deals with photography as a research tool in social psychology, discussing its potential in the analysis of the processes underlying the production of subjectivity. For this means, we briefly review some forms of using photography in social research, taking the methodological perspectives of "photographic intervention" and "photocomposition" as references. This analysis is based on two studies on subjectivity and labor, undertaken with individuals working in income and employment generation programs and in the streets and squares of the city of Porto Alegre, respectively, in which the production of photographies was the central methodological strategy.

Alcoolismo e violência em etnias indígenas: uma visão crítica da situação brasileira

Abstract: RESUMO: Este estudo aborda centralmente a relacao entre alcoolismo e violencia em etnias indigenas do Brasil. Sao descritos e analisados os principais estudos epidemiologicos sobre alcoolismo realizados no pais, constatando-se a escassez e tambem a necessidade imperativa de mais pesquisas, que permitam um melhor dimensionamento do problema e uma maior visibilidade da caracterizacao das especificidades culturais de cada etnia. Aponta-se a importância do entendimento do significado peculiar do processo de alcoolizacao, para que sejam possiveis abordagens preventivas e intervencoes efetivas. Conclui-se pela urgencia da superacao do quadro encontrado, postulando-se uma intima colaboracao entre lideres comunitarios e esforcos conjugados para a mobilizacao e organizacao de quadros funcionais competentes das entidades assistenciais, governamentais e nao-governamentais, e da comunidade academica. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: alcoolismo; violencia; indigenas brasileiros; etnopsicologia. ALCOHOLISM AND VIOLENCE IN INDIGENOUS ETHNIC GROUPS: A CRITICAL VIEW OF THE BRAZILIAN SITUATION

A medicalização como estratégia biopolítica: um estudo sobre o consumo de psicofármacos no contexto de um pequeno município do Rio Grande do Sul

Abstract: The goal of this research was to comprehend how the consumption of psychoactive prescribed drugs was legitimated as a technology of the self inside the medicalization device (dispositf). We concluded that this is a technology that incurs on the body because it's attached to contemporary modes of subjectification. The analysis presented here refers to Boa Vista das Missoes, a small town in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. We conducted a six months field research and interviewed a sample of 400 inhabitants. The speech and data analysis intended to give visibility to the statements present in the discursive formations and which define and explain the consumption of prescribed psychoactive drugs by 53% of the local population. We used Michel Foucault's genealogical perspective to guide our understanding of the data and to query the production of lifestyles characterized by individualized and totalized forms of control. As a starting point we described the history of the introduction of psychoactive drugs in our culture in order to understand the dimension of the consumption in this specific context. The analysis identified the statements thread in the interior of the medicalization device (dispositif) that sustains a form of biopower based on the tripod of "dependence - welfarism - individualism".

Sobre a psicologia social no Brasil, entre memórias históricas e pessoais

Abstract: This article involves a recollection of several facts and texts, as well as of lived experiences, that have fed the functioning of historical memories and the construction of personal memories along the forty years of the author's academic trajectory as a student and as a professor of Social Psychology in Rio de Janeiro. Through the reports of such memories, it seeks to characterize different phases and orientations in the development of Social Psychology in Brazil, specially in its relationships with Psychology and with human and social sciences, as well as to register some of the conditions - cultural, editorial, political - and individual characters that exerted influence in that academic process. Under the light of those memories, it still sustains that the evaluation, appropriation and articulation of contributions originating from Europe and from the United States led finally to the constitution of a Brazilian Social Psychology that is characteristically plural, critical and opposite to rigid disciplinary borders.

Ações afirmativas na educação superior: rumos da discussão nos últimos cinco anos

Abstract: Acoes Afirmativas sao medidas que visam a democratizacao do acesso ao emprego e a educacao. Nas universidades brasileiras essas acoes constituem programas de cotas para a insercao de grupos sociais com historico de exclusao. No entanto a questao torna-se complexa quando sao levantados criterios etnicos para sua definicao. O objetivo do presente estudo, de revisao da literatura - do tipo estado da arte - e contribuir para a discussao no cenario brasileiro sobre as acoes afirmativas no Ensino Superior a partir do levantamento do estado da arte nos ultimos cinco anos. Foram utilizadas bases de dados eletronicas (SCOPUS e Jstor); e os dados tratados conforme a Analise de Conteudo de Bardin (1977). Os resultados foram organizados em tres unidades de analise: (a) dicotomia entre artigos a favor ou contra as medidas; (b) enriquecimento do debate sobre "diversidade"; e (c) visualizacao dialetica, mais integrada e reflexiva. Os achados contribuem para a compreensao da situacao brasileira no cenario atual de proposicao de politicas publicas na Educacao Superior.

Violência, sociedade e escola: da recusa do diálogo à falência da palavra

Abstract: This article addresses violence in capitalist society and in school, discussing on how it's published on the media and how teachers deal with it. Considering the students at matter, this paper focuses on the need of communication and the difficulties lived by these developing individuals, in a situation where the school and the teacher don't possess clarity of the importance of communication as a form of symbolization and representation. In many cases, they allow violent actions to be substituted by words. School environment is a privileged place for words and revealing social problems. With the desire to eliminate violence, the media and the State end up naturalizing it, by impinging violence as something trivial and legitimizing violence while violating its citizen's basic rights, respectively.

Adoção de crianças por casais homoafetivos: um estudo comparativo entre universitários de Direito e de Psicologia

Abstract: RESUMO: Esta pesquisa objetivou analisar e comparar as Representacoes Sociais (RS) de estudantes em fase final do curso de psicologia e de direito acerca da adocao de criancas por casais homossexuais. Para tanto a amostra foi naoprobabilistica e intencional constituida de 104 universitarios, de ambos os sexos (56% feminino e 44% masculino), sendo 51 concluintes do curso de Direito e 53 concluintes do curso de Psicologia. Utilizaram-se questionarios com perguntas fechadas. Posteriormente foi categorizada pela analise de conteudo tematica de Bardin (1977/2000). Perceberam-se posicionamentos contrarios dos universitarios acerca da adocao de criancas por casais homossexuais. No que diz respeito as consequencias para a crianca emergiram conteudos tais como: influencia na orientacao sexual, preconceito e ausencia de referencial materno/paterno. Os universitarios de Psicologia mencionaram que tal fato poderia desenvolver disturbios psicologicos, ao passo que os universitarios de Direito ancoraram suas RS nos problemas morais. Evidenciou-se a necessidade do fomento de mecanismos psicossociais e juridicos que contribuam na elucidacao desta tematica complexa e dinâmica na sociedade contemporânea. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Adocao; casais homoafetivos; representacoes sociais. CHILDREN ADOPTION BY HOMOSEXUAL COUPLES: A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN LAW AND PSYCHOLOGY STUDENTS

Clínica e estratégias de resistência: perspectivas para o trabalho do psicólogo em prisões

Abstract: This work is a study about penal institutions understood as a component of the "criminality device". The analysis of this social control device is carried out with the comprehension that it is a central aspect of contemporary capitalism, generating multiple lethal effects. Considering the work of psychologists in prisons, the decadence of the discourse of recuperation and the strengthening of coercive and punitive strategies was observed. On the other hand, a psychologist's work can be inserted between the strategies of resistance and vitalization.

Psicologia social comunitária e formação profissional

Abstract: The following paper approaches issues related to the Community Social Psychology’s construction in Brazil and the interactions of this historical process ...

Psicologia social e processo grupal: a coerência entre fazer, pensar sentir em Sívia Lane

Abstract: The present article discusses historic and dialectical conceptions of group process by Silvia Lane, that uses like base for her reflections the presuppositions of dialectical materialism, when the author considers the personal aspects, the group characteristics, the subjective existence and objective reality and the historical character of the group. This article intends to emphasize the production written by Silvia Lane about group between 1980 and 1990 summaried in the text The group process. In this direction, it searchs to bring the contributions in her work through articles, collections and books that Silvia Lane discusses some fundamental categories to the analysis of group process and their theoretical and methodological evolvement and practical-politics.

Escolha profissional e dramática do viver adolescente

Abstract: RESUMO: Este artigo, desdobramento de uma pesquisa mais ampla que focaliza o imaginario social sobre a adolescencia contemporânea, investiga as concepcoes de estudantes de Psicologia e Pedagogia, futuros orientadores vocacionais, sobre o adolescente em vias de escolha da profissao. A pesquisa foi feita atraves do uso do Procedimento de DesenhosEstorias com Tema e a analise do material, baseada em conceitos blegerianos e num enfoque winnicottiano, revelou a existencia dos seguintes campos psicologicos nao conscientes: a duvida, o desejo parental e a falta de confianca em si. Numa perspectiva psicoprofilatica, o quadro geral indica a necessidade de reabilitar o adolescente na reapropriacao de seu destino, uma vez que a duvida constante aparece como resultado do nao poder confiar em suas proprias capacidades nem nas capacidades decisorias dos pais, resultado das diversas modificacoes sofridas pela sociedade na qual estao inseridos. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: adolescencia; imaginario social; orientacao vocacional; psicanalise; trabalho. VOCATIONAL CHOICE AND THE DRAMA OF ADOLESCENCE

Sobre a noção de representação em s. moscovici e f. varela

Abstract: An analysis of the notion of representation is proposed from the encounter of Serge Moscovici's theory of social representations and Francisco Varela's enactive approach. While the theory of social representations defends and stands for the notion of representation, the enactive approach constitutes and asserts itself from the criticism of informational and representational paradigms. Is the notion of representation the same in both cases? The objective is to understand the place and meaning attributed to the notion of representation in both theories. The distinction esta- blished by Varela for the meaning of strong and weak representation will be extremely relevant here.