Showing papers in "Psychonomic science in 1972"
TL;DR: The authors found that response latency was inversely related to the retention interval and, although there was more defecation during the 3-h than during the immediate retention test, this could be interpreted as a recency effect rather than as the incubation of fear.
Abstract: Upon leaving an elevated runway to enter a darkened chamber, different groups of rats were given a single electric shock of 0.125, 0.250, or 0.500 mA for 1, 3, or 9 sec. Retention trials, during which latency to enter the darkened chamber and defecation were recorded, were given immediately (30 sec) or 3, 24, or 48 h after the shock trial. Latency and defecation were directly related to both the intensity and duration of the electric shock. No interaction between shock intensity and duration was observed. Response latency was inversely related to the retention interval and, although there was more defecation during the 3-h than during the immediate retention test, this could be interpreted as a recency effect rather than as the incubation of fear.
433 citations
TL;DR: Six rabbits were given classical eyelid discrimination training involving “negative patterning,” i.e., the reinforced presentation of two isolable cues, A+ and B+, and the nonreinforced presentation of their compound, AB—, and the basis for discriminative responding was evaluated.
Abstract: Six rabbits were given classical eyelid discrimination training involving “negative patterning,” i.e., the reinforced presentation of two isolable cues, A+ and B+, and the nonreinforced presentation of their compound, AB—. The basis for discriminative responding which was thereby produced was evaluated by additionally reinforcing a third single cue, C+, and testing the responding to the novel compounds AC and BC as well as the responding to AB, A, B, and C. Although there was less responding to the nonreinforced compound than to any of the single cues, there was significantly more responding to the novel compounds, AC and BC. The results are consistent with the view that component response strengths summate to determine compound responding, but that there are functional, configurational components relatively unique to a stimulus compound.
194 citations
TL;DR: Treatment with lysine vasopressin increased resistance to extinction, irrespective of the time of treatment, and nonshocked control animals showed no increase in response latencies on successive trials.
Abstract: On a single conditioning trial, a 1-sec electric shock (.125 or.250 mA) was administered when rats entered a darkened chamber from a lighted elevated runway. Latency to enter the chamber was recorded on retention trials given 24 and 48 h later. Animals received subcutaneous injections of varying doses of lysine vasopressin or a placebo solution immediately after the training trial or immediately before the first retention trial. Nonshocked control animals showed no increase in response latencies on successive trials, nor was there a difference between the placebo and vasopressin groups under the “no-shock” condition. Treatment with lysine vasopressin increased resistance to extinction, irrespective of the time of treatment.
151 citations
TL;DR: The present experiments replicated Garcia and Koelling (1966) findings with one major change in experimental conditions: both taste and nongustatory CSs were presented in the absence of approach and ingestive behaviors to minimize involvement of ingestion in the associative process.
Abstract: Garcia & Koelling (1966) showed that if rats are poisoned after ingesting a flavored solution in the presence of audiovisual cues, they will subsequently avoid only the taste stimulus, whereas if they are shocked, they learn to avoid only the audiovisual cues. The present experiments replicated these findings with one major change in experimental conditions: both taste and nongustatory CSs were presented in the absence of approach and ingestive behaviors to minimize involvement of ingestion in the associative process. (The taste CS was presented by flushing the oral cavity with a saccharin solution under conditions in which the rat would not drink.) Despite these changes, Garcia and Koelling’s results were confirmed.
127 citations
TL;DR: The results support the hypothesis that the direction of the lateral eye movement indicates the activation of the contralateral cerebral hemisphere, and are consistent with the lateral specialization of the human brain for these cognitive processes.
Abstract: The direction of lateral eye movement elicited by reflective questions is strongly modified by the cognitive demands of the question; verbal and arithmetical questions elicit more movements to the right than do spatial and musical questions. This is consistent with the lateral specialization of the human brain for these cognitive processes. These results support the hypothesis that the direction of the lateral eye movement indicates the activation of the contralateral cerebral hemisphere.
125 citations
TL;DR: Comparison between Japanese quail and human beings suggests that differences in response to noise are related to the type of signal system used by each species.
Abstract: Increasing ambient noise level causes male quail to (1) raise the intensity of individual separation crows, (2) increase the rate of crowing, and (3) increase bout length. Comparison between Japanese quail and human beings suggests that differences in response to noise are related to the type of signal system used by each species.
110 citations
TL;DR: Two experiments are reported in which goldfish failed to show the inverse relation between resistance to extinction and amount of reward and failed also to showThe depression effect under conditions analogous to those which most clearly produce these effects in rats.
Abstract: Two experiments are reported in which goldfish failed to show the inverse relation between resistance to extinction and amount of reward and failed also to show the depression effect under conditions analogous to those which most clearly produce these effects in rats.
103 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compared the forms of pairs of rapidly presented rectangles and estimated the speed of mental size scaling from the relationship of judgment time to the size discrepancy between the rectangles.
Abstract: Ss compared the forms of pairs of rapidly presented rectangles. The rectangles varied in size and frontal plane orientation. The speed of mental size scaling was estimated from the relationship of judgment time to the size discrepancy between the rectangles. In addition, the speed of mental rotation was estimated by the increase in judgment time produced by a discrepancy between the orientations of the rectangles. Size scaling and mental rotation seem to be largely independent of one another.
99 citations
TL;DR: Rats showed retrogarde amnesia when electroconvulsive shock was administered 24 h after a fear conditioning trial when the shock was preceded by some of the specific conditioning cues but not others, suggesting that ECS can act to produce retrograde amnesia by means other than disrupting memory consolidation.
Abstract: Rats showed retrogarde amnesia when electroconvulsive shock was administered 24 h after a fear conditioning trial when the shock was preceded by some of the specific conditioning cues but not others. This result replicates the findings of Misanin, Miller, & Lewis (1968) and suggests that ECS can act to produce retrograde amnesia by means other than disrupting memory consolidation.
90 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a pigeon lived in a situation in which all its food was obtained by pecking at two disks, and the proportion of pecks allocated to either disk equalled the proportion consumed by pecks at the disk, confirming a well-known matching relation.
Abstract: A pigeon lived in a situation in which all its food was obtained by pecking at two disks. The proportion of pecks allocated to either disk equalled the proportion of food obtained by pecks at the disk, confirming a well-known matching relation. The finding strengthens the view that the matching relation is an intrinsic property of the behavior of higher organisms.
77 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, eight Carneaux pigeons were trained on a zero-delay matching-to-sample task in which 1, 10, 20, or 40 responses were required to the sample before presentation of the comparison stimuli.
Abstract: Eight Carneaux pigeons were trained on a zero-delay matching-to-sample task in which 1, 10, 20, or 40 responses were required to the sample before presentation of the comparison stimuli. The results indicated increased speed of acquisition as a direct function of the FR sample requirement. In addition, increasing the number of required sample responses facilitated performance in both delayed matching and in a transfer task in which novel stimuli were introduced. These results are discussed in terms of the strengthening of mediating events associated with each sample.
TL;DR: In this paper, an experiment was conducted to investigate the motives underlying Ss' performance on the aggression machine, and the experiment was described as an investigation of the effects of shock upon physiological reactions.
Abstract: An experiment was conducted to investigate the motives underlying Ss’ performance on the aggression machine. Results indicated that under the standard “learning” instructions devised by Buss, the amount of shock directed by Ss against a confederate was positively related to their expressed desires to help this individual and make the experiment a success. Thus, altruistic motives appeared to exert an important effect upon their behavior. When the experiment was described as an investigation of the effects of shock upon physiological reactions, however, the influence of such motives upon Ss’ behavior was apparently eliminated. The implications of these findings for the laboratory study of human aggression are discussed.
TL;DR: Parameters of open-field behavior measures are reported for 12 inbred strains of laboratory rats and suggested that any genetic factors underlying the relationship between defecation and ambulation in the open field involve physiological mechanisms that are different from those mediating environmental effects.
Abstract: Parameters of open-field behavior measures are reported for 12 inbred strains of laboratory rats: ACI, A990, A35322, F344, INR, IR, MNR, MNR-a, MR, TS1, TS3, and WAG. Strain differences were highly significant. Genetic drift in defecation is attributed to selection pressures. An analysis of covariance was used to obtain genetic and environmental correlations. The results suggested that any genetic factors underlying the relationship between defecation and ambulation in the open field involve physiological mechanisms that are different from those mediating environmental effects.
TL;DR: In a test of an equilibrium theory of social interaction, the authors found that females engage in more visual interaction than males, while a linear relationship between distance and amount of "looking" and average glance length was obtained for males at two orientations, a curvilinear relationship between these variables was found for females in a face-to-face orientation, and Ss, especially females, maintained longer glances when face to face.
Abstract: In a test of an equilibrium theory of social interaction, (1) females were found to engage in more visual interaction than males; (2) while a linear relationship between distance and amount of “looking” and average glance length Was obtained for males at two orientations, a curvilinear relationship between these variables was found for females in a face-to-face orientation, and (3) Ss, especially females, maintained longer glances when face to face.
TL;DR: Daily handling for 30 days after weaning reduced straight alley running time in isolated rats, but had no significant effect on Lashley III maze learning.
Abstract: Daily handling for 30 days after weaning reduced straight alley running time in isolated rats, but had no significant effect on Lashley III maze learning. Both handled and unhandled isolates were inferior in maze learning to littermates reared in an enriched environment.
TL;DR: In this paper, Asch's "warm-cold" effect can be interpreted within the framework of two dimensions (social and intellectual desirability) which underlie personality impressions, and the results strongly supported the hypothesis.
Abstract: Rosenberg, Nelson, & Vivekananthan (1968) have suggested that Asch’s (1946) “warm-cold” effect can be meaningfully interpreted within the framework of two dimensions (social and intellectual desirability) which underlie personality impressions. Their analysis suggested that the manipulation of unique information on one dimension would affect trait inferences on that dimension alone. This hypothesis was tested by replicating and extending Asch’s experiment in terms of these two dimensions. The results strongly supported the hypothesis.
TL;DR: This paper found that the ratio between whole and partial report suggests the availability of excess sensory storage in Arabic and English Ss, contrary to the visual storage hypothesis, and the results appear counter to the Visual Storage Hypothesis.
Abstract: American and Arabic Ss were asked to make whole and partial reports on briefly presented letter arrays in English and Arabic script. None of the ratios between whole and partial report suggests the availability of excess sensory storage. For the Arab Ss, who were bilingual to varying degrees, comparison of the scripts was ambiguous. The American Ss had access to over three familiar letters in whole report, as expected, but were able to report less than one of the Arabic symbols. These results appear counter to the visual storage hypothesis.
TL;DR: The authors found that by third grade, children are able to use English spelling patterns to discriminate between nonsense words and this ability was not dependent on word length and was absent in first-grade children.
Abstract: A series of experiments by Gibson found that children, in learning to read, come to extract English spelling patterns and that these patterns function as units in word perception. The present study attempted to replicate these results using a simultaneous discrimination task rather than a tachistoscopic recognition task. It was found that by third grade, children are able to use English spelling patterns to discriminate between nonsense words. This ability was not dependent on word length and was absent in first-grade children. Ss’ verbal responses indicated that they had used orthographic patterns or its corollary, pronunciability, to distinguish between alternates.
TL;DR: In this article, recognition memory was measured in two groups of Ss, with one group seeing words alone and pictures alone, and the other group seeing pictures alone and words + words.
Abstract: Using the method of signal detection theory (SDT), recognition memory was measured in two groups of Ss, with one group seeing words alone and pictures alone and the other group seeing words alone and pictures + words. Both groups were run for three sessions under each of three presentation probability conditions. Recognition memory was better for pictorial stimuli in each group, but there was no improvement in recognition memory for the combined cues of word + picture over picture alone. Four measures of recognition memory, including two based on SDT and one based on high threshold theory, were highly correlated.
TL;DR: A marked increase in number of aggressive encounters was observed between hamsters after septal lesions, and rats were hyperemotional and more gregarious in the open field following sePTal lesions.
Abstract: Septal lesions alter the nature of social behavior in rats and hamsters. Rats were hyperemotional and more gregarious (contact time) in the open field following septal lesions. Hamsters were neither hyperemotional nor more gregarious after septal lesions. A marked increase in number of aggressive encounters was observed between hamsters.
TL;DR: The incidence of persons possessing eidetic imagery was determined for normal adults, normal school children, familial retardates, and brain-injured retardates (total N = 270) as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The incidence of persons possessing eidetic imagery was determined for normal adults, normal school children, familial retardates, and brain-injured retardates (total N = 270). Three methods of evaluation were used for all Ss: (1) the “standard” method, in which the S describes a complex scene after viewing it for 30 sec, (2) a task which requires superimposing the eidetic image of one stimulus upon a second stimulus, thus producing an unexpected third pattern; and (3) the Stromeyer and Psotka task of binocularly fusing two Julesz patterns, one of which is an eidetic image. The latter two methods were considered to be more objective than the first and less likely to incorrectly classify a person as an eidetiker. According to the first method, eidetikers were found only among the familial retardates (2 of 19 Ss); by the other two methods, none of the Ss possessed eidetic ability.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors test the generality of illusion decrement using four illusion figures involving intersecting lines: the Zoellner, Poggendorff, Wundt-Hering, and Mueller-Lyer figures.
Abstract: This study tests the generality of illusion decrement using four illusion figures involving intersecting lines: the Zoellner, Poggendorff, Wundt-Hering, and Mueller-Lyer figures. Five minutes of inspection with testing at 1-min intervals led to significant decrement in all figures. The rate of decrement was the same for all figures. These data are consistent with a judgmental theory of geometric illusions.
TL;DR: Anosmia produced by an application of a 5% solution of zinc sulfate to the olfactory mucosa failed to abolish mating behavior in male mice, indicating that deficits observed after bulbectomy are a consequence of factors other than anosmia.
Abstract: Anosmia produced by an application of a 5% solution of zinc sulfate to the olfactory mucosa failed to abolish mating behavior in male mice This finding is consistent with the idea of multisensory control of mating behavior in male rodents and indicates that deficits observed after bulbectomy are a consequence of factors other than anosmia
TL;DR: Six species of snakes from three families that represent diverse phyletic position and prey-capture techniques were fed mice of different sizes and all constrictors and venomous species reliably located the head prior to ingestion.
Abstract: Six species of snakes from three families that represent diverse phyletic position and prey-capture techniques were fed mice of different sizes. The probability of the prey-capture technique’s being employed and of headfirst ingestion were determined by relative meal size, i.e., ingestion ratio. When dealing with relatively large prey, all constrictors and venomous species reliably located the head prior to ingestion.
TL;DR: It was found that the highly saturated red figure produced a smaller illusion than the unsaturated red or blue figures and the magnitude of the illusion correlated significantly with the lightness of fundus pigmentation.
Abstract: One hundred Ss, 50 male and 50 female undergraduate students, were tested to determine the effects of saturation, hue, and fundus pigmentation on the magnitude of the Mueller-Lyer illusion. It was found that the highly saturated (chroma 12) red figure produced a smaller illusion than the unsaturated (chroma 6) red or blue figures. Only the magnitude of the illusion produced by the highly saturated yellow figure correlated significantly with the lightness of fundus pigmentation.
TL;DR: The role of fear in mediating the immobility response was studied in three experiments with a total of 71 anoles as discussed by the authors, and the findings were taken as support for a fear interpretation of animal hypnosis.
Abstract: The role of fear in mediating the immobility response was studied in three experiments with a total of 71 anoles. In the first experiment, a significant relationship between level of preinduction shock and duration of immobility was found. Experiment 2 revealed a significant effect of brief exposure to a loud noise on the resulting duration of immobility. In the third experiment, lizards immobilized in the visual presence of an E showed longer reactions than those immobilized from behind a barrier. The findings were taken as support for a fear interpretation of animal hypnosis.
TL;DR: Olfactory factors in the urine of male and female housemice exerted reciprocal, “mirror-image” effects upon aggression and sexual behavior.
Abstract: Olfactory factors in the urine of male and female housemice exerted reciprocal, “mirror-image” effects upon aggression and sexual behavior. Male urine painted on female intruders facilitated aggression but inhibited copulation. Female urine painted on male intruders inhibited aggression but facilitated copulation. These effects were not due to the influence of urinary factors upon either intruder novelty or competing responses of escape and investigation.
TL;DR: The number of body movements during the 10-min period of Stage 2 just preceding and following SWS and REM sleep were counted and suggest that body movement in Stage 2 may delay the transition from this stage to SWS.
Abstract: The number of body movements during the 10-min period of Stage 2 just preceding and following SWS and REM sleep were counted in 10 males for 9 to 11 nights each. There was a significantly greater number of 10-min periods of Stage 2 without movement before SWS than after SWS, before REM sleep, and after REM sleep. The last movements in Stage 2 preceding SWS occurred, in most instances, at least 5 min or more before this transition. These data suggest that body movement in Stage 2 may delay the transition from this stage to SWS.
TL;DR: The authors found that prior experience with inescapable/unavoidable stress significantly increased post-test intelligence measures as compared to groups who were given either prior trials of avoidable stress or no stress.
Abstract: Two experiments were performed to test the effect of prior inescapable/unavoidable shock on subsequent intellectual performance. Both experiments revealed that prior experience with inescapable/unavoidable stress significantly increased posttest intelligence measures as compared to groups who were given either prior trials of avoidable stress or no stress. The learned helplessness hypothesis, in addition to several alternative hypotheses, was considered in an attempt to interpret the results theoretically.
TL;DR: Three experiments demonstrate that Mongolian gerbils exclude intruders from home territories and force them to migrate across a water barrier.
Abstract: Three experiments demonstrate that Mongolian gerbils exclude intruders from home territories and force them to migrate across a water barrier. Of those animals that did migrate in the third experiment, the majority avoided olfactory cues from the territory from which they were excluded.