Showing papers in "Textile Research Journal in 2016"
TL;DR: Ioncell-F, a recently developed process for the production of man-made cellulosic fibers from ionic liquid solutions by dry-jet wet spinning, is presented as an alternative to the viscose and N-methylmorpholine N-oxide (NMMO)-based Lyocell processes as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Ioncell-F, a recently developed process for the production of man-made cellulosic fibers from ionic liquid solutions by dry-jet wet spinning, is presented as an alternative to the viscose and N-methylmorpholine N-oxide (NMMO)-based Lyocell processes. The ionic liquid 1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-ene acetate was identified as excellent cellulose solvent allowing for a rapid dissolution at moderate temperatures and subsequent shaping into continuous filaments. The highly oriented cellulose fibers obtained upon coagulation in cold water exhibited superior tenacity, exceeding that of commercial viscose and NMMO-based Lyocell (Tencel®) fibers. The respective staple fibers, which have been converted into two-ply yarn by ring spinning technology, presented very high tenacity. Furthermore, the Ioncell yarn showed very good behavior during the knitting and weaving processes, reflecting the quality of the produced yarn. The successfully knitted and woven garments from the Ioncell yarn demonstrate the suitability of...
135 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of contemporary silver compounds used for the chemical modification of textile fibers, including colloidal Ag, Ag salts, and Ag powder, is presented, and the mechanism of the antimicrobial activity of Ag when incorporated into textile fibers is presented in particular.
Abstract: This article reviews select contemporary silver (Ag) compounds used for the chemical modification of textile fibers, including colloidal Ag, Ag salts, and Ag powder. The routes of their application, the chemical methods of preparation, and the strengths and drawbacks of the individual application processes are reviewed. The most important additives employed in the preparation of colloidal Ag nanoparticle (Ag NP) solutions and their influences on the properties of the colloidal Ag are discussed. Furthermore, the mechanism of the antimicrobial activity of Ag when incorporated into textile fibers is presented in particular. Different factors related to the application processes and the properties of the fibers themselves are addressed in the context of the efficiency of Ag as an antimicrobial agent in textiles.
97 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the suitability of bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) coating for textiles as an alternative to lead was explored, and the primary objective was to evaluate the X-ray shielding efficiency of two textile materials.
Abstract: Lead aprons are widely used in medical imaging to protect radiographers and patients from harmful radiation. However, lead is not a desirable material for use in wearable radiation protection due to its heavy weight, inflexibility, poor durability, and toxicity. In this study, we explored the suitability of bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) coating for textiles as an alternative to lead. The intention was to demonstrate the concept and technology that will achieve a lead-equivalent lightweight X-ray protective textile material with improved wearability. The primary objective was to evaluate the X-ray shielding efficiency of two textile materials coated with Bi2O3. To do so, X-ray exposures were made at the system setting of 80 kVp, 12 mAs, and 80 SID (the distance from the X-ray beam source to the specimen). It is evident from this study that Bi2O3 in a suitable resin matrix can be coated on fabrics and is an effective method to produce flexible, wearable, and lead-free aprons. Coated polyester fabrics with over 50% ...
74 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the initial load-extension modulus of a cloth is analyzed and is shown to depend not only on the bending modutus of the yarn and the geometry it takes up in the cloth, but also on the history of the fabric.
Abstract: The initial load-extension modulus of a cloth is analyzed and is shown to depend not only on the bending modutus of the yarn and the geometry it takes up in the cloth, but also on the history of the fabric. It is found that fabrics which still retain their stressed condition, which arose when the cloth was made, have a much higher modulus. By considering the extreme cases of grey and completely relaxed fabric, it is shown that the theoretical deductions are in accord with experimental findings.
68 citations
TL;DR: Lead-shielding products, such as lead aprons, are important materials for personal protection of physicians and patients from X-ray radiation during medical operations as discussed by the authors, however, lead has environmen...
Abstract: Lead-shielding products, such as lead aprons, are important materials for personal protection of physicians and patients from X-ray radiation during medical operations. However, lead has environmen...
59 citations
TL;DR: The theoretical relationship between the viscous loss of sound wave and fiber structure parameter (fiber density) and pore structure parameters (pore diameter and porosity) of fibrous absorbing materials has been derived in this paper.
Abstract: The theoretical relationship between the viscous loss of sound wave and fiber structure parameter (fiber density) and pore structure parameters (pore diameter and porosity) of fibrous absorbing materials has been derived in this paper. Sound absorption of kapok-based fiber nonwoven fabrics with a different pore diameter, porosity or back cavity have been measured by using the impedance tube method. The effects of pore diameter, porosity and air gap on sound absorption at low frequency of kapok-based fiber nonwoven fabrics, caused by the viscous loss of sound waves, have been studied. It is shown that smaller pore diameter or greater porosity yields better sound absorption at low frequency for kapok-based fiber nonwoven fabrics. In addition, the combination of the kapok-based fiber nonwoven fabrics and the back cavity can improve the sound absorption at low frequency of nonwoven fabrics. The sound absorption at low frequency further increased as the back cavity depth increased.
47 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a method for the deposition of conductive metals onto fibres within textile structures was developed for making a conductive fabric, which exhibited full metal coverage with good adhesion to the fibres.
Abstract: A method has been developed for the deposition of conductive metals onto fibres within textile structures. The resultant fabric, exhibited full metal coverage with good adhesion to the fibres. As well as being conductive and extremely flexible with little effect on its handle and drape properties, the fabric can also have an antibacterial property with a final layer of silver. In order to make a conductive fabric, cotton was first mercerised, followed by immersion in Poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) solution. Silver nitride was then reduced on the surface of the fabric which allowed formation of silver nanoparticles. Scanning electron microscopy studies of the conductive fabric confirmed the deposition of the polymer resulted in more uniform attachment of nanosilver to the surface of fibres. The fabric was then electroless plated to obtain surface resistivity of less than 0.2 /square. This method can be used for woven, non-woven and knitted types of fabric. It can be applied on to the fibres before or after being made into a textile.
46 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effects on mechanical properties of a polyester yam of 26 organic solvents differing widely in chemical and physical characteristics were investigated. But the results showed that most of them had only minor effects on the mechanical properties, while some of them caused major changes in the shape of the load-extension curve of the yam.
Abstract: In order to provide a rational basis upon which future developments in nonaqueous finishing and other processing of textile materials may be based, a basic study is being undertaken of the interactions between textile fibers and a wide spectrum of organic solvents. In this paper are reported the effects on mechanical properties of a polyester yam of 26 organic solvents differing widely in chemical and physical characteristics. The yams were conditioned in each solvent for 16 hr at 21°C and their load-extension behavior determined in the solvent. While many solvents were found to have only minor effects on the mechanical properties, several solvents caused major changes in the shape of the load- extension curve of the polyester yam. The active solvents caused a decrease in the initial modulus, a decrease in the yield stress, and an increase in extensibility. In several cases a significant plastic flow region could be noted. Dioxane, acetone, trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethane, methylene chloride, nitrobe...
41 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of clothing fit and moisture content on clothing "wet" insulation was investigated using a Newton thermal manikin and four levels of moisture content were added to the underwear: 100, 200, 500 and 700 g.
Abstract: ‘Wet’ thermal insulation, defined as the thermal insulation when clothing gets partially or fully wet, is an important physical parameter to quantify clothing thermal comfort. As the water/sweat gradually occupies the intra-yarn and inter-yarn air voids of the clothing material, the clothing intrinsic thermal insulation will be diminished and, hence, contribute to the loss of total insulation. In cold conditions, a loss in total thermal insulation caused by sweating may result in an inadequate thermal insulation to keep thermal balance and eventually leads to the development of hypothermia and cold injuries. Therefore, it is imperative to investigate the effect of clothing fit and moisture content on clothing ‘wet’ insulation. In this study, the ‘wet’ thermal insulation of three two-layer clothing ensembles was determined using a Newton thermal manikin. Four levels of moisture content were added to the underwear: 100, 200, 500 and 700 g. The clothing apparent ‘wet’ thermal insulation under different testi...
41 citations
TL;DR: A critical overview of the state-of-the-art in the area of 3D modeling of braided structures is given in this paper, where a generalized geometrical approach for modeling 3D structures with arbitrary floating length and filaments in the yarn is presented.
Abstract: This paper provides a critical overview about the state of the art in the area of three-dimensional modeling of braided structures. It gives a generalized geometrical approach for modeling braided structures with arbitrary floating length and filaments in the yarn. The approach is tested with large set of structures of different types. Subsequently, one of the simulated geometries is compared with the real geometry of braided tube.
40 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a flash photograph taken shortly after impact will reveal a shifting of the marks caused by passage of a strain wave, which provides data on the distribution of strain and strain velocity in the wave.
Abstract: If a textile yarn, marked at intervals along its length, is struck transversely by a rifle bullet, a flash photograph taken shortly after impact will reveal a shifting of the marks caused by passage of a strain wave. Analysis of these shifts provides data on the dis tribution of strain and strain velocity in the wave. Tests were performed on specimens of a high-tenacity nylon and a high-tenacity polyester yarn, to determine strain-velocity distributions at various times after impact and at various impact velocities. The observed distributions were then compared with the predictions of a theory which assumed that stress-strain behavior was independent of strain rate. From discrepancies between theo retical and observed results, it was concluded that at strain levels up to 9%, significant creep and stress relaxation occurred within 30 μ sec after impact, but in the time interval 30 μ sec to 300 μ sec, creep and stress relaxation were negligible. For strains of the order of 1%, the 30 μ sec creep and stress ...
TL;DR: In this article, a SiO2 nanoparticle (SNP) incorporated PU webs with super-hydrophobic and breathable properties were prepared by one-step sol-gel electrospinning and post-treated with a non-fluorinated water repellent chemical, n-dodecyltrimethoxysilane (DTMS).
Abstract: Polyurethane (PU) is a unique polymeric material with excellent chemical and physical properties and is widely used in textile materials. There has been a need for superhydrophobic PU for wider applications, such as coating materials. In this research, SiO2 nanoparticle (SNP) incorporated PU webs with superhydrophobic and breathable properties were prepared by one-step sol-gel electrospinning and post-treated with a non-fluorinated water repellent chemical, n-dodecyltrimethoxysilane (DTMS). SNPs were observed to be distributed evenly all over the fiber surfaces when 1–6 wt% SNP and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS)/acetic acid solution were added. TEOS was hydrolyzed to form larger nanoparticles while developing cross-linking with aromatic groups of the PU matrix. Interestingly, the addition of 20 nm SNPs was thought to act as nucleating seeds for enhanced hydrolysis of TEOS within the PU matrix. The hierarchical surface roughness consists of different sized SNPs and polymer beads, which resulted in superhydrophob...
TL;DR: In this article, single filaments are subjected to a transverse deflection loading environment in order to gain insight into the failure strain of soft-body armor systems experiencing transverse impact.
Abstract: Single filaments are subjected to a transverse deflection loading environment in efforts to gain insight into the failure strain of soft-body armor systems experiencing transverse impact. The fiber...
TL;DR: In this article, different preparation methods and devices of nanofiber yarn are compared and analyzed, as well as the mechanical properties of the nanofibers and their properties are analyzed.
Abstract: Electrospinning technology has great advantages in the preparation of nanofiber materials. To improve actual usage of nanofibers for innovative applications, these nanofibers can be assembled into nanofiber yarn. Nanofiber yarn devices can be divided into different types based on the different principles, which are as follows: the auxiliary electrode collecting device, self-bundling spinning device, water bath method collecting device, single needle electrospinning yarn device, double electrode disc twisting electrospinning yarn device, and other nanofiber yarn devices. As for the different preparation methods and devices of nanofiber yarn, the mechanical properties of nanofiber yarn are compared and analyzed.
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of yarn pull-out and fabric sett on yarn pullout force have been investigated for untreated and shear thickening fluid (STF) treated p-aramid fabrics.
Abstract: Yarn pull-out is one of the major modes of fabric failure during an event of impact. In this article, the effects of weave and fabric sett on yarn pull-out force have been investigated for untreated and shear thickening fluid (STF) treated p-aramid fabrics. Further, the effect of different fluid treatments on yarn pull-out behavior has been analyzed using p-aramid and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fabrics. For all levels of fabric sett, plain woven fabrics exhibited higher yarn pull-out force compared to twill, matt and satin weaves. STF impregnation increased the yarn pull-out force considerably for p-aramid and UHMWPE fabrics and this was found for all the weaves in the case of the former. However, increase in fabric sett beyond a threshold level caused yarn breakage before yarn pull-out in case of STF-treated plain woven p-aramid fabrics. Yarn pull-out force was found to have good association with the energy absorption by the high-performance fabrics during low-velocity impact (6 m ...
TL;DR: In this article, the chemical compositions of hemicelluloses in ramie fibers were thoroughly investigated, and the effect of polysaccharides on fiber properties were systematically explored. And the results showed that the fiber linear density and unseparated fiber percentage showed an increasing trend while the fiber tenacity exhibited a decreasing trend under the same conditions.
Abstract: Ramie, which is one of the most important natural fibers, possesses distinctive characteristics and excellent properties. In this study, the chemical compositions of hemicelluloses in ramie fibers were thoroughly investigated. The effect of NaOH treatment on polysaccharides in hemicelluloses and the effect of polysaccharides on fiber properties were systematically explored. It was found that the components of galactoglucomannan, glucomannan, and xylan accounted for about 79.0% of total weight in ramie hemicelluloses. Galactoglucomannan was more easily soluble than glucomannan in 1% (w/w) NaOH solution. Xylan possessed the lowest solubility in the same concentration of NaOH solution compared to the other two. Furthermore, with an increase of galactoglucomannan, glucomannan, and xylan contents, the fiber linear density and unseparated fiber percentage showed an increasing trend, while the fiber tenacity exhibited a decreasing trend under the same conditions. In addition, it was demonstrated that the content...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors evaluate the mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties of woven jute fabric-reinforced green epoxy composites as a function of modification of jute fibers by enzyme.
Abstract: The focus of this paper is to evaluate the mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties of woven jute fabric-reinforced green epoxy composites as a function of modification of jute fibers by enzyme
TL;DR: In this paper, the morphology and pore size distribution of nanofiber membranes prepared using two spinning methods, that is, electrospinning and forcespinning, were examined and the results indicated that fiber diameter is impacted by spinning solution viscosity in an analogous way for both spinning methods.
Abstract: The porosity and high surface-area-to-volume ratio of nanofiber membranes offer potential for diverse applications, including high-efficiency filters and barrier fabrics for use in protective textiles. The objective of this research is to examine the morphology and pore size distribution of nanofiber membranes prepared using two spinning methods, that is, electrospinning and forcespinning. The results indicate that fiber diameter is impacted by spinning solution viscosity in an analogous way for both spinning methods. Higher concentrations resulted in larger fiber diameters in both electrospun and forcespun membranes. Fiber diameter and membrane areal density were found to significantly impact membrane pore size distribution. A theoretical model was used to describe pore size variation and was found to agree with the empirical patterns in the case of electrospun membranes.
TL;DR: In this paper, the design, manufacturing and characterization of two-dimensional warp-knitted textiles with auxetic performance is reported, which can lead to a negative Poisson's ratio mathematically.
Abstract: In this paper, the design, manufacturing and characterization of two-dimensional warp-knitted textiles with auxetic performance is reported. Four warp-knitted structures based on a rotational hexagonal structure are produced, and these structures can lead to a negative Poisson’s ratio mathematically. The testing results have confirmed that the knitting structure of the front bar, as well as let-off values of the front bar’s chain parts, has a great effect, and auxetic properties of the warp-knitted textiles have a complicated relationship with the rotation angle. These novel structures can expand the applied area of auxetic structures.
TL;DR: In this article, the thermal and water vapor resistances provided by multilayer fabrics are of considerable importance in determining thermal comfort of clothing and several research themes for the future are described.
Abstract: Multilayer fabrics have been widely used for cold weather clothing and thermal protective clothing. The thermal and water vapor resistances provided by multilayer fabrics are of considerable importance in determining thermal comfort of clothing. Firstly, those studies on the steady-state heat and water vapor transfer through multilayer fabrics are summarized. There are three circumstances between thermal resistance of individual layers and the total thermal resistance of multilayer fabrics, that is, additive thermal resistance of individual layers, less resistance per additional layer, and more resistance per additional layer. Secondly, an overview on unsteady-state heat and water vapor transfer through multilayer fabrics is presented. Thirdly, the models on the heat and water vapor transfer through multilayer fabrics at both steady state and unsteady state are summed up. Finally, several research themes for the future are described.
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of degumming temperature, time, alkaline component and alkaline concentration on the mechanical properties of regenerated silk fibroin films was investigated, and a negative correlation was found between weight loss and fiber tensile strength.
Abstract: The degumming process to remove sericin decreases silk fiber strength; however, the impact of degumming on the mechanical properties of regenerated silk biomaterials has not been established. This study investigated the effect of degumming temperature, time, alkaline component and alkaline concentration on the mechanical properties of silk fibroin films. Sericin removal was estimated using weight loss; 10 samples with 12.2–29.4% weight loss were then further characterized in terms of fiber mechanical properties, fiber surface morphology, molecular weight distribution and film tensile strength. A negative correlation was found between weight loss and fiber tensile strength. This loss of fiber strength under harsher degumming conditions had a direct impact on the tensile strength of regenerated films. Mild degumming conditions (weight loss of 12.2%) led to higher film strength (8.9 MPa), whereas aggressive degumming conditions (with 29.4% weight loss) resulted in significantly weaker films (4.3 MPa). The pr...
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of ply orientation on the ballistic performance of the multi-ply fabric panels was investigated and a comprehensive experimental study of the effect was conducted on the performance.
Abstract: This paper presents a comprehensive experimental study of the effect of ply orientation on the ballistic performance of the multi-ply fabric panels. The fabric panels used in the experiments were c...
TL;DR: In this article, the increasing use of synthetic disposable nonwoven products generates a large amount of non-biodegradable solid waste, and an effort was made to enhance the use of raw cotton in non-woven wipes applications.
Abstract: The increasing use of synthetic disposable nonwoven products generates a large amount of non-biodegradable solid waste. In an effort to enhance the use of raw cotton in nonwoven wipes applications,...
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of different spinning parameters, including applied voltage, solution flow rate, distance between two needles and rotation speed of the NMD, on yarn formation and physical characteristics of the nanofibers and yarns were analyzed.
Abstract: Highly aligned polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofiber yarns were prepared continuously by a modified electrospinning method. The effects of the different spinning parameters, including applied voltage, solution flow rate, distance between two needles, distance between the neutral metal disc (NMD) and neutral hollow metal rod (NHMR) and rotation speed of the NMD, on yarn formation and physical characteristics of the nanofibers and the yarns were analytically investigated. The distance between two needles, distance between the NMD and NHMR and rotation speed of the NMD were found to be three main parameters affecting nanofiber alignment of the resultant yarns. The results also showed that the applied voltage and rotation speed of the NMD had a very slight effect on diameters of nanofibers. The diameters of both nanofibers and yarns increased to a threshold value and started to reduce thereafter with the distance between two needles increasing. The diameters of both nanofibers and yarns presented the increasing t...
TL;DR: In this paper, a successful manufacturing of hybrid yarns consisting of staple carbon fiber cut from virgin carbon fiber filament yarn and polyamide 6 fibers of defined lengths (40 and 60mm) was reported.
Abstract: The availability of a considerable amount of waste carbon fiber (CF) and the increased pressure to recycle/reuse materials at the end of their life cycle have put the utilization of recycled CF (rCF) under the spotlight. This article reports the successful manufacturing of hybrid yarns consisting of staple CF cut from virgin CF filament yarn and polyamide 6 fibers of defined lengths (40 and 60 mm). Carding and drawing are performed to prepare slivers with improved fiber orientation and mixing for the manufacturing of hybrid yarns. The slivers are then spun into hybrid yarns on a flyer machine. The investigations reveal the influence of fiber length and mixing ratio on the quality of the card web, slivers and on the strength of the hybrid yarns. The findings based on the results of this research work will help realize value-added products from rCF on an industrial scale in the near future.
TL;DR: In this paper, polyester fabrics were coated by polyaniline synthesized via in-situ chemical polymerization and doped with HCl and H3PO4.
Abstract: Polyester fabrics were coated by polyaniline synthesized via in-situ chemical polymerization and doped with HCl and H3PO4. The coated fabrics were examined by scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectrum and thermogravimetric analysis. The performance of flame retardancy and conductivity of polyester fabrics were studied by Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI) and cyclic voltammetry measurements. Experimental results indicated that the modified polyester fabrics had both excellent flame retardancy and conductivity. The sample molar ratio of ammonium persulfate (APS) to aniline of 1.2:1 resulted in the highest conductivity of 17.8 s/cm and the highest LOI of 42 vol% was acquired at the molar ratio of aniline to APS of 1:2.
TL;DR: Experimental results indicate that the proposed algorithm is more effective and accurate than other hybrid schemes for printed fabric images, in terms of precision and recall.
Abstract: Image retrieval has been an active research topic in recent decades. In this paper, a novel and effective algorithm is proposed for printed fabric image retrieval by combining color moments methods...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the correlation between fabric movement and washing efficiency in a frontloading washer and made an algorithm for improving washing efficiency by optimizing fabric movements using 14 movement indexes, including angle change of the fabric gravity center, speed difference between the drum and the fabric, and shape factor.
Abstract: The objectives of this study were to investigate the correlation between fabric movement and washing efficiency in a front-loading washer and to make an algorithm for improving washing efficiency by optimizing fabric movements. A regression model between fabric movement and washing efficiency was made using 14 movement indexes. The angle change of the fabric gravity center, the speed difference between the drum and the fabric, and the shape factor were found to be determining factors for washing efficiency. Various kinds of wash spin speed were employed for making a complex movement algorithm, since it was found that turbulent or complex movement improves the washing efficiency. The optimal algorithm saved energy (25%) and time (27%), as well as achieving higher washing efficiency (4.8%).
TL;DR: In this article, a silver/titanium dioxide (Ag/TiO2) composite film was successfully deposited on polyester fabric by using direct current (DC) magnetron sputtering and radiofrequency (RF) reaction sputte.
Abstract: Silver/titanium dioxide (Ag/TiO2) composite films were successfully deposited on polyester fabric by using direct current (DC) magnetron sputtering and radiofrequency (RF) magnetron reaction sputte...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated whether silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) misting could be an effective disinfection and protection method for cotton fabric, and they showed that the disinfection resulted in the reduction of microorganism number by 32-100%, depending on the strain.
Abstract: The purpose of this research was to investigate whether silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) misting could be an effective disinfection and protection method for cotton fabric. The study showed that the disinfection resulted in the reduction of microorganism number by 32–100%, depending on the strain. Fabric humidity of not less than 84% ensures high effectiveness of the process. It was proved that vegetative cells are more susceptible to nanoparticles than spores. The antimicrobial protection of cotton fabric results in the 33–93% reduction of microorganism number. The application of AgNPs does not influence significantly the optical and mechanical parameters of cotton fabric, even after accelerated light ageing. The AgNPs misting is safe for personnel. The AgNPs misting can be considered as an alternative for currently used disinfection methods of ancient textiles.