Journal ArticleDOI
17β-Estradiol Attenuates Acetylcholine-Induced Coronary Arterial Constriction in Women but Not Men With Coronary Heart Disease
Peter Collins,Giuseppe M.C. Rosano,Philip M. Sarrel,Lian Ulrich,Stamatis Adamopoulos,Carolyn M. Beale,John G. McNeill,Philip A. Poole-Wilson +7 more
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TLDR
The effect of the naturally occurring estrogen 17β-estradiol on the coronary circulation in postmenopausal women and men with coronary artery disease is investigated.Abstract:
Background Women are protected from coronary artery disease until the menopause. Ovarian hormones are vasoactive substances that influence both hemodynamic parameters and atheroma formation. Intravenous ethinyl estradiol has been shown to reverse acetylcholine-induced vasoconstriction in cynomolgus monkeys and humans, and 17β-estradiol improves exercise-induced myocardial ischemia in female patients. We investigated the effect of the naturally occurring estrogen 17β-estradiol on the coronary circulation in postmenopausal women and men with coronary artery disease. Methods and Results We studied nine postmenopausal women 59±3 years old, mean±SEM, and seven men 52±4 years old with proven coronary artery disease. They underwent measurement of coronary artery diameter and coronary blood flow after intracoronary infusion of acetylcholine 1.6 and 16 μg/min before and 20 minutes after intracoronary administration of 2.5 μg of 17β-estradiol into atherosclerotic, nonstenotic coronary arteries. Changes in coronary ...read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
The protective effects of estrogen on the cardiovascular system
TL;DR: Estrogen has direct and indirect effects on the cardiovascular system that are mediated by the estrogen receptors ER-alpha and ER-beta, and indirectly influences serum lipoprotein and triglyceride profiles, and the expression of coagulant and fibrinolytic proteins.
Journal ArticleDOI
Sex Differences in Coronary Heart Disease Why Are Women So Superior? The 1995 Ancel Keys Lecture
TL;DR: The subject of the lecture is “Why are women so superior with regard to coronary heart disease?,” and the focus is on the origin of the gender gap, not postmenopausal estrogen therapy.
Journal ArticleDOI
Endothelial dysfunction: does it matter? Is it reversible?
TL;DR: The recent demonstration that endothelial dysfunction may be reversible raises the possibility of slowing the progression of atherosclerosis or modifying arterial function, or both, to decrease the risk of acute cardiovascular events.
Journal ArticleDOI
The vascular protective effects of estrogen.
TL;DR: Like other steroids, the effect of estrogen on the vessel wall has a rapid nongenomic component involving membrane phenomena, such as alteration of membrane ionic permeability and activation of membrane‐bound enzymes, as well as the classical genomic effect involving estrogen receptor activation and gene expression.
Journal ArticleDOI
Gender, Sex Hormones, and Vascular Tone
Julia M. Orshal,Raouf A. Khalil +1 more
TL;DR: The sex hormone-induced stimulation of the endothelium-dependent mechanisms of vascular relaxation and inhibition of the mechanisms ofascular smooth muscle contraction may contribute to the gender differences in vascular tone and may represent potential beneficial vascular effects of hormone replacement therapy during natural and surgically induced deficiencies of gonadal hormones.
References
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The obligatory role of endothelial cells in the relaxation of arterial smooth muscle by acetylcholine
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that relaxation of isolated preparations of rabbit thoracic aorta and other blood vessels by ACh requires the presence of endothelial cells, and that ACh, acting on muscarinic receptors of these cells, stimulates release of a substance(s) that causes relaxation of the vascular smooth muscle.
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Nitric oxide release accounts for the biological activity of endothelium-derived relaxing factor
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Some statistical methods useful in circulation research.
TL;DR: Some statistical techniques for analyzing the kinds of studies typically reported in Circulation Research are described and particular emphasis is given to the comparison of means from more than two populations.
Journal ArticleDOI
Paradoxical Vasoconstriction Induced by Acetylcholine in Atherosclerotic Coronary Arteries
P L Ludmer,Andrew P. Selwyn,Thomas Shook,R R Wayne,Gilbert H. Mudge,Robert Alexander,Peter Ganz +6 more
TL;DR: The preliminary findings suggest that the abnormal vascular response to acetylcholine may represent a defect in endothelial vasodilator function, and may be important in the pathogenesis of coronary vasospasm.
Journal ArticleDOI
Postmenopausal estrogen therapy and cardiovascular disease. Ten-year follow-up from the nurses' health study.
Meir J. Stampfer,Graham A. Colditz,Walter C. Willett,JoAnn E. Manson,Bernard Rosner,Frank E. Speizer,Charles H. Hennekens +6 more
TL;DR: Current estrogen use is associated with a reduction in the incidence of coronary heart disease as well as in mortality from cardiovascular disease, but it is not associated with any change in the risk of stroke.
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