Q2. What was used to determine the chemical composition of the visually identified MPs?
Raman spectroscopy 144 was used to determine the chemical composition of the visually identified MPs (HR800UV, 145 Jobin Yvon Horiba, Japan, with an integrated Olympus BX21 microscope, Japan).
Q3. What is the common problem in Raman 370 spectroscopy?
A common problem in Raman 370 spectroscopy is fluorescence, when strong light intensities are emitted, obscuring relevant peaks 371 (Bart 2006).
Q4. How many mL of the filter paper was poured off the surface?
After a minimum of 8 hours, approximately 75-100 mL of the supernatant was poured off 108 the surface and filtered through a vacuum pump covered with 47 mm Millipore, 0.45 μm filter 109 paper (Fisher scientific, the Netherlands).
Q5. What are the effects of MPs on the body?
The direct effects of MP ingestion include reduced 40 feeding, blocking of the intestinal tract leading to starvation and impaired bodily functioning, 41 and translocation to the circulatory system (Browne et al.
Q6. What were the only other materials needed to obtain the samples?
The only other materials needed to obtain the samples were a metal spoon 92 and a smartphone to take a picture of the sampling location, and note the GPS coordinates.
Q7. What are the common types of polymers identified in the Raman 370 spectrome?
Studies in Portugal, Germany, Italy, Greece, Switzerland, and France all found PE and 379 PP the most common polymer types (Martins and Sobral 2011; Kaberi et al.
Q8. How many manipulations were used to eliminate noise 161?
These 160 manipulations consisted of baseline corrections and truncating the spectrum to eliminate noise 161 that may interfere with the interpretation.
Q9. What was the optimum balance between the readable spectrum and the near-infrared?
A near-infrared laser (785 147 nm) was used to obtain the spectra to achieve an optimum balance between high signal intensity 148 and limited fluorescence (which can override the readable spectrum) (Löder and Gerdts 2015).
Q10. How many Mt of plastic waste entered the ocean in 2010?
Mt of plastic 18 waste entered the ocean in 2010 (Jambeck et al. 2015), where it will persist and accumulate 19 (Barnes et al. 2009).
Q11. How many tonnes of plastic was produced in 2015?
Since the first commercial manufacture of plastics in the 1940s, plastic production and 16 consumption have increased rapidly (Cole et al. 2011), with approximately 322 million tonnes 17 (Mt) of plastic produced in 2015 (PlasticsEurope 2016).
Q12. How did Frère et al. 2017 identify primary MPs?
For 366 example, Horton et al. (2017) had a polymer identification rate of 8.3%, while Frère et al. 2017 367 had a success rate of 13%.
Q13. What is the impact of the citizen science project on the ecology of the sea?
Distribution and abundance of small plastic debris on beaches in the SE 510 Pacific (Chile): A study supported by a citizen science project.
Q14. What is the potential for widespread distribution of MPs once within the 358 environment?
356 With wastewater believed to be a likely origin of many of these fibres, the finding of these fibres 357 on marine beaches highlights the potential for widespread distribution of MPs once within the 358 environment.