Journal ArticleDOI
A rationalisation of shear transformations in steels
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In this paper, the authors provided experimental evidence in support of the theory that Widmanstatten ferrite formation involves the co-operative growth of mutually-accommodating plates.About:
This article is published in Acta Metallurgica.The article was published on 1981-06-01. It has received 295 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Ferrite (iron) & Bainite.read more
Citations
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Phase transformations in metals and alloys
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the properties of phase diagrams for single-component systems, including the influence of interfaces on the equilibrium of binary solutions in Heterogeneous Systems (Heterogeneous Binary Phase Diagrams).
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Bainite in Steels
TL;DR: The mechanism of the bainite transformation in steels is reviewed in this paper, with a summary of the early research and concluding with an assessment of the transformation in the context of the other reactions which occur as austenite is cooled to temperatures where it is no longer the stable phase.
Journal ArticleDOI
Very strong bainite
TL;DR: A steel with an ultimate tensile strength of 2500 MPa, a hardness at 600-670 HV and toughness in excess of 30-40 MPa/m 1/2 is the result of exciting new developments with bainite as discussed by the authors.
Journal ArticleDOI
Very strong low temperature bainite
TL;DR: In this paper, metallographic details are reported of the very fine bainitic microstructure associated with the incredibly low transformation temperature, where during the time scale of the experiments, an iron atom cannot diffuse over a distance greater than ~ 10-17 m.
Journal ArticleDOI
Partitioning of carbon from supersaturated plates of ferrite, with application to steel processing and fundamentals of the bainite transformation
TL;DR: In this article, a model for carbon partitioning between supersaturated ferrite and retained austenite is presented, where the process involves quenching the remaining austenites below the martensite-start temperature, followed by a partitioning treatment to enrich the remaining Austenite with carbon.
References
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The theory of transformations in metals and alloys : an advanced textbook in physical metallurgy
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The theory of transformations in metals and alloys
J.W. Christian,H. M. Otte +1 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a general introduction to the theory of transformation kinetics of real metals, including the formation and evolution of martensitic transformations, as well as a theory of dislocations.
Journal ArticleDOI
The bainite transformation in a silicon steel
Abstract: An experimental silicon steel has been used in a detailed kinetic and structural study of the bainite transformation in an attempt to resolve some of the controversies concerning the reaction mechanism. Distinct reaction ‘C’ curves and transformation mechanisms were observed for the upper and lower bainite reactions. The observed set of three minima in transformation kinetics were found to be incompatible with the solute drag explanation of the kinetic Bs temperature. Transmission electron microscopy indicated the growth of both upper and lower bainite by the propagation of displacive subunits, with adjacent nucleation in the latter case. Definite evidence for carbon supersaturation was obtained for the lower bainitic ferrite. The results are best explained in terms of a shear mechanism for the ferritic component of bainite rather than a ledge mechanism (as is observed in Widmanstatten ferrite growth). Carbide precipitation events were also characterized and the evidence suggested that precipitation resulted from the aging of a supersaturated matrix in lower bainite. The evidence also suggests that carbide precipitation events are of secondary importance to the essence of bainite formation. It was further proven that the concept of a metastable equilibrium1 controlling the transition from upper to lower bainite was not applicable to the present steel and indeed, if any metastable equilibrium does exist in any other steel, it does not constitute a general phenomenon and hence is not essential to the bainite transformation mechanism.
Journal ArticleDOI
The mechanism of bainite formation in steels
TL;DR: In this article, microstructural evidence, together with a thermodynamic analysis, of the bainite reaction in steels are presented in support of a growth mechanism involving the propagation of displacive sub-units.