Journal ArticleDOI
Association of Dopamine Transporter Reduction With Psychomotor Impairment in Methamphetamine Abusers
Nora D. Volkow,Linda Chang,Gene-Jack Wang,Joanna S. Fowler,Maria Leonido-Yee,Dinko Franceschi,Mark J. Sedler,S. John Gatley,Robert Hitzemann,Yu-Shin Ding,Jean Logan,Christopher Wong,Eric N. Miller +12 more
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TLDR
Evidence is provided that methamphetamine at dose levels taken by human abusers of the drug leads to dopamine transporter reduction that is associated with motor and cognitive impairment and the urgency of alerting clinicians and the public of the long-term changes that methamphetamine can induce in the human brain.Abstract:
OBJECTIVE: Methamphetamine is a popular and highly addictive drug of abuse that has raised concerns because it has been shown in laboratory animals to be neurotoxic to dopamine terminals. The authors evaluated if similar changes occur in humans and assessed if they were functionally significant. METHOD: Positron emission tomography scans following administration of [11C]d-threo-methylphenidate (a dopamine transporter ligand) measured dopamine transporter levels (a marker of dopamine cell terminals) in the brains of 15 detoxified methamphetamine abusers and 18 comparison subjects. Neuropsychological tests were also performed to assess motor and cognitive function. RESULTS: Methamphetamine abusers showed significant dopamine transporter reduction in the striatum (mean differences of 27.8% in the caudate and 21.1% in the putamen) relative to the comparison subjects; this reduction was evident even in abusers who had been detoxified for at least 11 months. Dopamine transporter reduction was associated with mo...read more
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Journal ArticleDOI
Drug Addiction and Its Underlying Neurobiological Basis: Neuroimaging Evidence for the Involvement of the Frontal Cortex
Rita Z. Goldstein,Nora D. Volkow +1 more
TL;DR: An integrated model of drug addiction that encompasses intoxication, bingeing, withdrawal, and craving is proposed, and results imply that addiction connotes cortically regulated cognitive and emotional processes, which result in the overvaluing of drug reinforcers, the undervalued of alternative rein forcers, and deficits in inhibitory control for drug responses.
Journal ArticleDOI
Dopamine in drug abuse and addiction: results from imaging studies and treatment implications
TL;DR: It is postulate that decreased dopamine function in addicted subjects results in decreased sensitivity to nondrug-related stimuli (including natural reinforcers) and disrupts frontal inhibition, both of which contribute to compulsive drug intake and impaired inhibitory control.
Journal ArticleDOI
The mysterious motivational functions of mesolimbic dopamine.
TL;DR: The complex roles of dopamine in behavioral functions related to motivation are discussed, including behavioral activation, exertion of effort, approach behavior, sustained task engagement, Pavlovian processes, and instrumental learning.
Journal ArticleDOI
Effort-related functions of nucleus accumbens dopamine and associated forebrain circuits.
TL;DR: Along with prefrontal cortex and the amygdala, nucleus accumbens is a component of the brain circuitry regulating effort-related functions and may have implications for understanding drug abuse, as well as energy-related disorders such as psychomotor slowing, fatigue, or anergia in depression.
Journal ArticleDOI
Low Level of Brain Dopamine D2 Receptors in Methamphetamine Abusers: Association With Metabolism in the Orbitofrontal Cortex
Nora D. Volkow,Linda Chang,Gene-Jack Wang,Joanna S. Fowler,Y.-S. Ding,Mark J. Sedler,Jean Logan,Dinko Franceschi,John Gatley,Robert Hitzemann,Andrew N. Gifford,Christopher Wong,Naomi Pappas +12 more
TL;DR: The association between level of dopamine D2 receptors and metabolism in the orbit ofrontal cortex in methamphetamine abusers suggests that D2 receptor-mediated dysregulation of the orbitofrontal cortex could underlie a common mechanism for loss of control and compulsive drug intake in drug-addicted subjects.
References
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The CES-D Scale: A Self-Report Depression Scale for Research in the General Population
TL;DR: The CES-D scale as discussed by the authors is a short self-report scale designed to measure depressive symptomatology in the general population, which has been used in household interview surveys and in psychiatric settings.
Journal ArticleDOI
Striatal dopamine nerve terminal markers in human, chronic methamphetamine users
Julie M. Wilson,Kathryn S. Kalasinsky,Allan I. Levey,Catherine Bergeron,Gregory Reiber,Robert M. Anthony,Gregory A. Schmunk,Kathleen Shannak,John W. Haycock,Stephen J. Kish +9 more
TL;DR: The found reduced levels of three dopamine nerve terminal markers in post–mortem striatum of chronic methamphetamine users suggest that chronic exposure to methamphetamine does not cause permanent degeneration of striatal dopamine nerve terminals at the doses used by the young subjects in this study.
Journal ArticleDOI
Reduced Striatal Dopamine Transporter Density in Abstinent Methamphetamine and Methcathinone Users: Evidence from Positron Emission Tomography Studies with [11C]WIN-35,428
Una D. McCann,Dean F. Wong,Fuji Yokoi,Victor L. Villemagne,Robert F. Dannals,George A. Ricaurte +5 more
TL;DR: Persistent reductions in DAT density in methamphetamine and methcathinone users are suggestive of loss of DAT or loss of DA terminals and raise the possibility that as these individuals age, they may be at increased risk for the development of parkinsonism or neuropsychiatric conditions in which brain DA neurons have been implicated.
Journal ArticleDOI
Dopamine nerve terminal degeneration produced by high doses of methylamphetamine in the rat brain
TL;DR: It has been found that methylamphetamine induces terminal degeneration along with correlative DA neurochemical deficits in the neostriatum and nucleus accumbens and that in cresyl violet-stained sections of the substantia nigra, pars compacta, and ventral tegmental area, there is no evidence of cell body loss in rats in which 50-60% of nestriatal DA terminals have been destroyed.
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Single photon emission computed tomographic imaging demonstrates loss of striatal dopamine transporters in Parkinson disease.
Robert B. Innis,John Seibyl,B E Scanley,Marc Laruelle,Anissa Abi-Dargham,E. A. Wallace,Ronald M. Baldwin,Yolanda Zea-Ponce,Sami S. Zoghbi,S. Wang +9 more
TL;DR: Results suggest that single photon emission computed tomographic imaging with [123I]beta-CIT may be useful for early diagnosis of the disorder, for monitoring the progression of the disease, and for distinguishing the idiopathic disorder from other Parkinsonian syndromes with more widespread pathology.