Breastfeeding and Child Cognitive Development: New Evidence From a Large Randomized Trial
Michael S. Kramer,Frances E. Aboud,Elena Mironova,Irina Vanilovich,Robert W. Platt,Lidia Matush,Sergei Igumnov,Eric Fombonne,Natalia Bogdanovich,Thierry Ducruet,Jean Paul Collet,Beverley Chalmers,Ellen Hodnett,Sergei Davidovsky,Oleg Skugarevsky,Oleg Trofimovich,Ludmila Kozlova,Stanley H. Shapiro +17 more
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TLDR
These results, based on the largest randomized trial ever conducted in the area of human lactation, provide strong evidence that prolonged and exclusive breastfeeding improves children's cognitive development.Abstract:
Context: The evidence that breastfeeding improves cognitive development is based almost entirely on observational studies and is thus prone to confounding by subtle behavioral differences in the breastfeeding mother’s behavior or her interaction with the infant. Objective: To assess whether prolonged and exclusive breastfeeding improves children’s cognitive ability at age 6.5 years.read more
Citations
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Breastfeeding and the Use of Human Milk
TL;DR: Pediatricians play a critical role in their practices and communities as advocates of breastfeeding and thus should be knowledgeable about the health risks of not breastfeeding, the economic benefits to society of breastfeeding, and the techniques for managing and supporting the breastfeeding dyad.
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Breastfeeding in the 21st century: epidemiology, mechanisms, and lifelong effect
Cesar G. Victora,Rajiv Bahl,Aluísio J D Barros,Giovanny Vinícius Araújo de França,Susan Horton,Julia Krasevec,Simon Murch,Mari Jeeva Sankar,Neff Walker,Nigel Rollins +9 more
TL;DR: The meta-analyses indicate protection against child infections and malocclusion, increases in intelligence, and probable reductions in overweight and diabetes, and an increase in tooth decay with longer periods of breastfeeding.
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Unobservable Selection and Coefficient Stability: Theory and Evidence
TL;DR: This article developed an extension of the theory that connects bias explicitly to coefficient stability and showed that it is necessary to take into account coefficient and R-squared movements, and showed two validation exercises and discuss application to the economics literature.
Journal ArticleDOI
Optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding
Michael S. Kramer,Ritsuko Kakuma +1 more
TL;DR: Neither the trials nor the observational studies suggest that infants who continue to be exclusively breastfed for six months show deficits in weight or length gain, although larger sample sizes would be required to rule out modest differences in risk of undernutrition.
Journal ArticleDOI
Altered fecal microbiota composition in patients with major depressive disorder
Hai-yin Jiang,Zongxin Ling,Yong-Hua Zhang,Hongjin Mao,Zhanping Ma,Yan Yin,Weihong Wang,W.H. Wilson Tang,Zhonglin Tan,Jianfei Shi,Lanjuan Li,Bing Ruan +11 more
TL;DR: Fecal samples from 46 patients with depression are analyzed to enable a better understanding of changes in the fecal microbiota composition in such patients, showing either a predominance of some potentially harmful bacterial groups or a reduction in beneficial bacterial genera.
References
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Ian C. G. Weaver,Nadia Cervoni,Frances A. Champagne,Ana C. D'Alessio,Shakti Sharma,Jonathan R. Seckl,Sergiy Dymov,Moshe Szyf,Michael J. Meaney +8 more
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TL;DR: This paper provides updated and extended guidance, based on the 2010 version of the CONSORT statement and the 2008consORT statement for the reporting of abstracts, on how to report the results of cluster randomised controlled trials.
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Promotion of Breastfeeding Intervention Trial (PROBIT): a randomized trial in the Republic of Belarus.
Michael S. Kramer,Beverley Chalmers,Ellen Hodnett,Zinaida Sevkovskaya,Irina Dzikovich,Stanley H. Shapiro,Jean-Paul Collet,Irina Vanilovich,I Mezen,Thierry Ducruet,George Shishko,Vyacheslav Zubovich,Dimitri Mknuik,Elena Gluchanina,Viktor Y. Dombrovskiy,Anatoly Ustinovitch,Tamara Kot,Natalia Bogdanovich,Lydia Ovchinikova,Elisabet Helsing +19 more
TL;DR: The authors' experimental intervention increased the duration and degree (exclusivity) of breastfeeding and decreased the risk of gastrointestinal tract infection and atopic eczema in the first year of life.
Journal ArticleDOI
Breast-feeding and cognitive development: a meta-analysis.
TL;DR: A meta-analysis of observed differences in cognitive development between breast-fed and formula-fed children indicated that, after adjustment for appropriate key cofactors, breast-feeding was associated with significantly higher scores for cognitive development than was formula feeding.
Journal ArticleDOI
Breast milk and subsequent intelligence quotient in children born preterm
TL;DR: Children who had consumed mother's milk in the early weeks of life had a significantly higher IQ at 71/2-8 years than did those who received no maternal milk and this advantage remained even after adjustment for differences between groups in mother's education and social class.
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