Journal ArticleDOI
Characterization of surface topography by confocal microscopy : I. Principles and the measurement system
TLDR
The principles and performance of a confocal microscope, together with the measurement system, are described and both the intensity and the auto-focus methods are used to measure two-dimensional surface roughness by use of the system and results are presented.Abstract:
Surface topography and, in particular, roughness and form, plays an important role in determining the functional performance of engineering parts. The measurement and understanding of surface topography is rapidly attracting the attention of the physicist, the biologist and the chemist as well as the engineer. Optics in general played an important role in measurement and, with the advent of opto-mechatronics, it is once again at the forefront of measurement. In this paper, the principles and performance of a confocal microscope, together with the measurement system, are described. Suitable fixtures are developed and integrated with the computer system for generating three-dimensional surface and form data. Software for data acquisition, analysis of various parameters including new parameters and visualization of surface geometrical features has been developed. Both the intensity and the auto-focus methods are used to measure two-dimensional surface roughness by use of the system and results are presented. The measurement and characterization of three-dimensional surface topography and form error will be presented in part II of this paper.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Corrosion behaviour of commercially pure titanium shot blasted with different materials and sizes of shot particles for dental implant applications
TL;DR: The results demonstrate that the increased surface area of the material because of the increasing surface roughness is not the only cause for differences found in the electrochemical behaviour and corrosion resistance of the blasted c.p. Ti.
Journal ArticleDOI
History and progress in the accurate determination of the Avogadro constant
TL;DR: The Avogadro constant (NA) is a fundamental physical constant that relates any quantity at the atomic scale to its corresponding macroscopic scale as discussed by the authors, and it has attracted much attention in the literature.
Journal ArticleDOI
Geometric calibration of a coordinate measuring machine using a laser tracking system
TL;DR: The estimated parametric errors of the CMM agreed with those estimated by a ball plate measurement, which demonstrates the validity of the proposed calibration system.
Journal ArticleDOI
Determination of the transfer function for optical surface topography measuring instruments—a review
Matthew R. Foreman,Matthew R. Foreman,Claudiu Giusca,Jeremy M. Coupland,Peter Török,Richard Leach +5 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the theory of optical transfer functions in 3D imaging is presented, with a focus on suitable methods for the establishment of calibration standards for 3D images and surface topography measurements.
Journal ArticleDOI
Axial scanning in confocal microscopy employing adaptive lenses (CAL).
Nektarios Koukourakis,Markus Finkeldey,Moritz Stürmer,Christoph Leithold,Nils C. Gerhardt,Martin R. Hofmann,Ulrike Wallrabe,Jürgen Czarske,Andreas Fischer +8 more
TL;DR: The presented approach is based on the employment of a second adaptive lens, located in the detection path, that enables shifting the observation plane back to the best focus position and thus creating axial scans with homogeneous axial resolution.
References
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Development of methods for the characterisation of roughness in three dimensions
TL;DR: In this article, an integrated approach to the assessment of 3D micro-topography is presented. Butler et al. present a detailed analysis of the effects of quantization on 3D topography characterisation.
Journal ArticleDOI
On assessment of geometric errors
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss different methods that are useful for assessing the errors on the dimensions, form and position of geometric features, and a new approach called the median technique, which gives minimum values of errors is introduced.
Journal ArticleDOI
A new multiprobe method of roundness measurements
TL;DR: In this article, a mixed multiprobe method for roundness measurements called the mixed method is presented, where displacements at two points on a cylindrical workpiece and an angle at one of the two points are simultaneously monitored by two probes.
Journal ArticleDOI
Functionality-oriented evaluation and sampling strategy in coordinate metrology
TL;DR: The necessity of basing future evaluation entirely on the test objective, the evaluation methods this requires, and the needed sampling strategy (including datapoint distribution) are described.
Journal ArticleDOI
Modern measurement techniques in surface metrology: part II; optical instruments
Ian Sherrington,E.H. Smith +1 more
TL;DR: The underlying principles behind the construction and operation of a number of optical instruments designed to measure surface topography have been examined in this article, where a wide range of such devices have been developed in recent years.