Journal ArticleDOI
Consolidation/synthesis of materials by electric current activated/assisted sintering
TLDR
In this paper, the authors provide an updated and comprehensive description of the development of the Electric Current Activated/assisted Sintering technique (ECAS) for the obtainment of dense materials including nanostructured ones.Abstract:
This review article aims to provide an updated and comprehensive description of the development of the Electric Current Activated/assisted Sintering technique (ECAS) for the obtainment of dense materials including nanostructured ones. The use of ECAS for pure sintering purposes, when starting from already synthesized powders promoters, and to obtain the desired material by simultaneously performing synthesis and consolidation in one-step is reviewed. Specifically, more than a thousand papers published on this subject during the past decades are taken into account. The experimental procedures, formation mechanisms, characteristics, and functionality of a wide spectrum of dense materials fabricated by ECAS are presented. The influence of the most important operating parameters (i.e. current intensity, temperature, processing time, etc.) on product characteristics and process dynamics is reviewed for a large family of materials including ceramics, intermetallics, metal–ceramic and ceramic–ceramic composites. In this review, systems where synthesis and densification stages occur simultaneously, i.e. a fully dense product is formed immediately after reaction completion, as well as those ones for which a satisfactory densification degree is reached only by maintaining the application of the electric current once the full reaction conversion is obtained, are identified. In addition, emphasis is given to the obtainment of nanostructured dense materials due to their rapid progress and wide applications. Specifically, the effect of mechanical activation by ball milling of starting powders on ECAS process dynamics and product characteristics (i.e. density and microstructure) is analysed. The emerging theme from the large majority of the reviewed investigations is the comparison of ECAS over conventional methods including pressureless sintering, hot pressing, and others. Theoretical analysis pertaining to such technique is also proposed following the last results obtained on this topic.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Field-Assisted Sintering Technology/Spark Plasma Sintering: Mechanisms, Materials, and Technology Developments
Olivier Guillon,Jesus Gonzalez-Julian,Benjamin Dargatz,Tobias Kessel,Gabi Schierning,Jan Räthel,Mathias Herrmann +6 more
TL;DR: Field-assisted sintering is a low voltage, direct current (DC) pulsed current activated, pressure-assisted, and synthesis technique, which has been widely applied for materials processing in the recent years as mentioned in this paper.
Journal ArticleDOI
Flash Sintering of Nanograin Zirconia in <5 s at 850°C
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that yttrium-stabilized zirconia can be sintered in a few seconds at ∼850°C to full density, starting from a green density of 0.5, by the application of a dc electrical field.
Journal ArticleDOI
Electric Current Activation of Sintering: A Review of the Pulsed Electric Current Sintering Process
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focus on the fundamental aspects of the sintering process and identify the intrinsic benefits of the use of the parameters of current (and pulsing), pressure, and heating rate.
Journal ArticleDOI
Strengthening Mechanisms in a High-Strength Bulk Nanostructured Cu-Zn-Al Alloy Processed Via Cryomilling and Spark Plasma Sintering
TL;DR: In this paper, three-dimensional atom-probe tomography studies demonstrate that the distribution of Al is highly inhomogeneous in the sintered bulk samples, and Al-containing precipitates including Al(Cu,Zn)−O−N, Al-O-N and Al−N are distributed in the matrix.
Journal ArticleDOI
Electric current activated/assisted sintering (ECAS): a review of patents 1906–2008
TL;DR: The electric current activated/assisted sintering (ECAS) is an ever growing class of versatile techniques for sinterding particulate materials as discussed by the authors. But despite the tremendous advances over the last two decades in ECASed materials and products, there is a lack of comprehensive reviews on ECAS apparatuses and methods.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Spark Plasma Sintering of Alumina
TL;DR: In this article, a systematic study of various spark plasma sintering (SPS) parameters, namely temperature, holding time, heating rate, pressure, and pulse sequence, was conducted to investigate their effect on the densification, grain-growth kinetics, hardness, and fracture toughness of a commercially available submicrometer-sized Al 2 O 3 powder.
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Fundamental investigations on the spark plasma sintering/synthesis process: II. Modeling of current and temperature distributions
Umberto Anselmi-Tamburini,Umberto Anselmi-Tamburini,Silvia Gennari,Javier E. Garay,Zuhair A. Munir +4 more
TL;DR: In this article, current and heat generation gradients were evaluated in the radial and axial directions for both cases, in order to investigate current and temperature distributions under typical spark plasma sintering (SPS) conditions.
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Modelling of the temperature distribution during field assisted sintering
TL;DR: In this article, the evolution of the current density and temperature distribution in the punch-die-sample set-up during field activated sintering (FAST), also known as spark plasma or pulsed electric current sinterings, was modelled by finite element calculations supported by in situ measured electrical and thermal input data.
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Ferroelectric and Piezoelectric Properties of Fine‐Grained Na0.5K0.5NbO3 Lead‐Free Piezoelectric Ceramics Prepared by Spark Plasma Sintering
TL;DR: In this paper, highly dense Niobate ceramics were prepared using spark plasma sintering (SPS). Although the SPS temperature was as low as 920 C, the density of the Na 0.5 K 0.5 NbO 3 solid solution was raised to 4.47 g/cm 3 (>99% of the theoretical density).
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Sintering activation by external electrical field
TL;DR: Field assisted sintering technique (FAST) is a non-conventional powder consolidation method in which densification is enhanced by the application of an electrical discharge combined with resistance heating and pressure.