Journal ArticleDOI
Delivery of maternal thyroid hormones to the fetus
Jatin Patel,Jatin Patel,Kelly Landers,Huika Li,Robin H. Mortimer,Robin H. Mortimer,Kerry Richard,Kerry Richard +7 more
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TLDR
New information about mechanisms of transplacental delivery of T(4) to the fetus is discussed, providing insight into complex processes that are vitally important for normal fetal development.Abstract:
Thyroid hormones (THs) play an essential role in ensuring normal fetal development, particularly that of the central nervous system. Before 16 weeks gestation, the fetus relies solely on transplacental delivery of maternal T(4), and clinical studies suggest that even mild maternal thyroid hormone deficiency adversely affects the intellectual function of offspring. Maternofetal TH transfer is regulated by trophoblast cell membrane transporters, which mediate influx and efflux of THs, placental deiodinases D3 and D2, which control intraplacental TH levels, and TH-binding proteins (transthyretin), which provide transport roles in the placenta. This review discusses new information about mechanisms of transplacental delivery of T(4) to the fetus, providing insight into complex processes that are vitally important for normal fetal development.read more
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2017 Guidelines of the American Thyroid Association for the Diagnosis and Management of Thyroid Disease During Pregnancy and the Postpartum
Erik K. Alexander,Elizabeth N. Pearce,Gregory A. Brent,Rosalind S. Brown,Herbert Chen,Chrysoula Dosiou,William A. Grobman,Peter Laurberg,John Lazarus,Susan J. Mandel,Robin P. Peeters,Scott Sullivan +11 more
TL;DR: The revised guidelines for the management of thyroid disease in pregnancy include recommendations regarding the interpretation of thyroid function tests in pregnancy, iodine nutrition, thyroid autoantibodies and pregnancy complications, thyroid considerations in infertile women, hypothyroidism in pregnancy and thyrotoxicosis in pregnancy.
Guidelines of the American Thyroid Association for the Diagnosis and Management of Thyroid Disease During Pregnancy and Postpartum The American Thyroid Association Taskforce on Thyroid Disease During Pregnancy and Postpartum
Alex Stagnaro-Green,Marcos Abalovich,Erik K. Alexander,Fereidoun Azizi,Jorge H. Mestman,Roberto Negro,Angelita Nixon,Elizabeth N. Pearce,Offie P. Soldin,Wilmar M. Wiersinga +9 more
TL;DR: Pregnancy is a stress test for the thyroid, resulting in hypothyroidism in women with limited thyroidal reserve or iodine deficiency, and postpartum thyroiditis inWomen with underlying Hashimoto’s disease who were euthyroid prior to conception.
Journal Article
Fetal loss associated with excess thyroid hormone exposure. Authors' reply
Alice Y. Chang,Heidi Chamberlain-Shea,Bruce R. Carr,Samuel Refetoff,Roy E. Weiss,João Anselmo +5 more
TL;DR: The lower birth weight and suppressed levels of TSH in unaffected infants born to affected mothers indicates that the high maternal TH levels produce fetal thyrotoxicosis, indicating a direct toxic effect of TH excess on the fetus.
Journal ArticleDOI
Mechanism-based testing strategy using in vitro approaches for identification of thyroid hormone disrupting chemicals.
Albertinka J. Murk,Eddy Rijntjes,Bas J. Blaauboer,Rebecca A. Clewell,Kevin M. Crofton,Milou M.L. Dingemans,John Furlow,Robert J. Kavlock,Josef Köhrle,Robert Opitz,Theo Traas,Theo J. Visser,Menghang Xia,Arno C. Gutleb +13 more
TL;DR: An international group consisting of experts in the areas of thyroid endocrinology, toxicology of endocrine disruption, neurotoxicology, high-throughput screening, computational biology, and regulatory affairs has recommended a battery of test methods to be able to classify chemicals as of less or high concern for further hazard and risk assessment for THD.
Journal ArticleDOI
Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for iodine.
TL;DR: The Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) derived Dietary Reference Values for iodine, which are provided as Adequate Intake, consider that a full compensation for the iodine secreted in breast milk is not justified for the derivation of an AI for iodine for lactating women.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Maternal thyroid deficiency during pregnancy and subsequent neuropsychological development of the child.
James E. Haddow,Glenn E. Palomaki,Walter C. Allan,Josephine Williams,George J. Knight,June Gagnon,Cheryl E. O’heir,Marvin L. Mitchell,Rosalie J. Hermos,Susan E. Waisbren,James D. Faix,Robert Z. Klein +11 more
TL;DR: Undiagnosed hypothyroidism in pregnant women may adversely affect their fetuses; therefore, screening for thyroid deficiency during pregnancy may be warranted.
Journal ArticleDOI
Physiological and molecular basis of thyroid hormone action.
TL;DR: This review presents the major advances in knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of TH action and their implications for TH action in specific tissues, resistance to thyroid hormone syndrome, and genetically engineered mouse models.
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Management of Thyroid Dysfunction during Pregnancy and Postpartum: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline
Leslie J. De Groot,Marcos Abalovich,Erik K. Alexander,Nobuyuki Amino,Linda A. Barbour,Rhoda H. Cobin,Creswell J Eastman,John H. Lazarus,Dominique Luton,Susan J. Mandel,Jorge H. Mestman,Joanne Rovet,Scott Sullivan +12 more
TL;DR: Practice guidelines are presented for diagnosis and treatment of patients with thyroid-related medical issues just before and during pregnancy and in the postpartum interval, including evidence-based approaches to assessing the cause of the condition, treating it, and managing hypothyroidism.
Journal ArticleDOI
The Regulation of Thyroid Function in Pregnancy: Pathways of Endocrine Adaptation from Physiology to Pathology
TL;DR: A global view of thyroidal economy in pregnancy and the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis and the role of hCG are presented.
Journal ArticleDOI
Low maternal free thyroxine concentrations during early pregnancy are associated with impaired psychomotor development in infancy
Victor J M Pop,J.L. Kuijpens,van Baar Al,Gerda J. M. Verkerk,van Son Mm,de Vijlder Jj,Thomas Vulsma,Wilmar M. Wiersinga,Hemmo A. Drexhage,H L Vader +9 more
TL;DR: Maternal thyroid function during early pregnancy is an important determinant of early fetal brain development because the fetal thyroid is unable to produce any T4 before 12–14 weeks' gestation.