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Distribution and importance of microplastics in the marine environment: A review of the sources, fate, effects, and potential solutions

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TLDR
The sources and global distribution of microplastics in the environment, the fate and impact on marine biota, especially the food chain are described and the control measures discussed are those mapped out by both national and international environmental organizations for combating the impact from microplastic pollution.
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This article is published in Environment International.The article was published on 2017-05-01. It has received 1487 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Microplastics.

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Citations
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The seasonal distribution characteristics of microplastics on bathing beaches along the coast of Qingdao, China

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors studied the distribution, composition and seasonal variation of microplastics in seawater and sediments of six bathing beaches along the coast of Qingdao.
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Dynamic of small polyethylene microplastics (≤10 μm) in mussel's tissues

TL;DR: The results showed that mussels efficiently cleared MPs from water during exposure, and that MPs were accumulated in digestive gland and gills during depuration, suggesting the translocation of small MPs from the digestive system to the gills.
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Size-dependent effects of polystyrene nanoplastics on autophagy response in human umbilical vein endothelial cells.

TL;DR: In this paper, the interaction and autophagy effect of polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs) on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) was investigated.
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Assessment of nanopolystyrene toxicity under fungal infection condition in Caenorhabditis elegans

TL;DR: It is demonstrated that short-term exposure to nanopolystyrene in the range of μg/L potentially enhances the adverse effects of fungal infection on organisms.
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Size-dependent effects of polystyrene nanoplastics on autophagy response in human umbilical vein endothelial cells

TL;DR: In this article , the interaction and autophagy effect of polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs) on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) was investigated.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI

Microplastics in the marine environment

TL;DR: The mechanisms of generation and potential impacts of microplastics in the ocean environment are discussed, and the increasing levels of plastic pollution of the oceans are understood, it is important to better understand the impact of microPlastic in the Ocean food web.
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Accumulation and fragmentation of plastic debris in global environments.

TL;DR: Global plastics production and the accumulation of plastic waste are documented, showing that trends in mega- and macro-plastic accumulation rates are no longer uniformly increasing and that the average size of plastic particles in the environment seems to be decreasing.
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Microplastics as contaminants in the marine environment: a review.

TL;DR: Ingestion of microplastics has been demonstrated in a range of marine organisms, a process which may facilitate the transfer of chemical additives or hydrophobic waterborne pollutants to biota.
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Microplastics in the Marine Environment: A Review of the Methods Used for Identification and Quantification

TL;DR: This review of 68 studies compares the methodologies used for the identification and quantification of microplastics from the marine environment and suggests standardized sampling procedures which allow the spatiotemporal comparison ofmicroplastic abundance across marine environments.
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Plastic Pollution in the World's Oceans: More than 5 Trillion Plastic Pieces Weighing over 250,000 Tons Afloat at Sea

TL;DR: The total number of plastic particles and their weight floating in the world's oceans is estimated from 24 expeditions across all five sub-tropical gyres, costal Australia, Bay of Bengal and the Mediterranean Sea conducting surface net tows and visual survey transects of large plastic debris.
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