Explaining East-West Differences in the Likelihood of Making Favorable Self-Evaluations: The Role of Evaluation Apprehension and Directness of Expression
TLDR
This article found that Asian Americans and Chinese are more comfortable making favorable self-evaluations when they can do it indirectly by denying possession of negative traits than when they have to do it directly by claiming possession of positive traits.Abstract:
The authors contend that although people in both Eastern and Western cultures are motivated to make favorable self-evaluations, the actual likelihood of expressing favorable self-evaluations in a concrete situation depends on (a) the dominant self-presentation norms in the culture, (b) how salient the norm is in the immediate situation, and (c) the availability of normatively permissible means to make favorable self-evaluations. The authors tested this proposal in three studies. Study 1 showed that given the strong influence of the modesty norm in Eastern cultures, Chinese are more comfortable making favorable self-evaluations when evaluation apprehension pressure in the immediate situation is reduced. Furthermore, Studies 2 and 3 showed that Asian Americans and Chinese are more comfortable making favorable self-evaluations when they can do it indirectly by denying possession of negative traits than when they have to do it directly by claiming possession of positive traits. In contrast, among European Americans, given the relative weak influence of the modesty norm in their culture, they are equally comfortable with making favorable self-evaluations in public and private situations through affirmation of positive selfaspects and repudiation of negative self-aspects.read more
Citations
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Intersubjective Culture: The Role of Intersubjective Perceptions in Cross-Cultural Research
TL;DR: The intersubjective approach is proposed as a new approach to understanding the role that culture plays in human behavior and the implications are discussed for understanding the interaction between the individual, ecology, and culture.
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Values, schemas, and norms in the culture–behavior nexus: A situated dynamics framework
Kwok Leung,Michael W. Morris +1 more
TL;DR: This paper proposed a situated dynamics framework, specifying the role of values, schemas, and norms in accounting for cultural differences, and delineating conditions under which each causal mechanism is operative.
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Chinese parents’ goals and practices in early childhood
TL;DR: The authors review the literature on Chinese parents' views and practices through the lens of Confucianism and examine how these goals and beliefs are reflected in parents' socialization of their young children, and how they play out in associations between parenting and children's development.
Journal ArticleDOI
The jury and abjury of my peers: the self in face and dignity cultures.
TL;DR: Across 3 experiments, dignity culture participants showed a studied indifference to the judgments of their peers, ignoring peers' assessments--whether those assessments were public or private, were positive or negative, or were made by qualified peers or unqualified peers.
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When Academic Achievement Is an Obligation: Perspectives From Social-Oriented Achievement Motivation
TL;DR: This paper found that Asian students on average not only performed better than other ethnic groups as documented in multinational achievement tests, but also showed more negative emotions and test anxiety, which was rooted in the endorsement of social-oriented achievement motivation (SOAM) among Asian students.
References
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Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation.
TL;DR: Theories of the self from both psychology and anthropology are integrated to define in detail the difference between a construal of self as independent and a construpal of the Self as interdependent as discussed by the authors, and these divergent construals should have specific consequences for cognition, emotion, and motivation.
Book ChapterDOI
The Psychology of Self-Affirmation: Sustaining the Integrity of the Self
TL;DR: The authors analyzes the way coping processes restore self-regard rather than the way they address the provoking threat itself, focusing on the way people cope with the implications of threat to their self-reward.
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Methods of Social Research
TL;DR: An introduction for undergraduates to every stage of sociological research, showing how to deal effectively with typical problems they might encounter, is given in this paper, along with examples from the LA riots and the 1992 presidential elections.