Functional neuroanatomy of the noradrenergic locus coeruleus: its roles in the regulation of arousal and autonomic function part I: principles of functional organisation.
E. R Samuels,E Szabadi +1 more
Reads0
Chats0
TLDR
The locus coeruleus is the major noradrenergic nucleus of the brain, giving rise to fibres innervating extensive areas throughout the neuraxis, resulting in complex patterns of neuronal activity throughout the brain.Abstract:
The locus coeruleus (LC) is the major noradrenergic nucleus of the brain, giving rise to fibres innervating extensive areas throughout the neuraxis. Recent advances in neuroscience have resulted in the unravelling of the neuronal circuits controlling a number of physiological functions in which the LC plays a central role. Two such functions are the regulation of arousal and autonomic activity, which are inseparably linked largely via the involvement of the LC. The LC is a major wakefulness-promoting nucleus, resulting from dense excitatory projections to the majority of the cerebral cortex, cholinergic neurones of the basal forebrain, cortically-projecting neurones of the thalamus, serotoninergic neurones of the dorsal raphe and cholinergic neurones of the pedunculopontine and laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, and substantial inhibitory projections to sleep-promoting GABAergic neurones of the basal forebrain and ventrolateral preoptic area. Activation of the LC thus results in the enhancement of alertness through the innervation of these varied nuclei. The importance of the LC in controlling autonomic function results from both direct projections to the spinal cord and projections to autonomic nuclei including the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, the nucleus ambiguus, the rostroventrolateral medulla, the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, the caudal raphe, the salivatory nuclei, the paraventricular nucleus, and the amygdala. LC activation produces an increase in sympathetic activity and a decrease in parasympathetic activity via these projections. Alterations in LC activity therefore result in complex patterns of neuronal activity throughout the brain, observed as changes in measures of arousal and autonomic function.read more
Citations
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
Pupillometry: Psychology, Physiology, and Function.
TL;DR: This review describes these three pupil responses, how they are related to high-level cognition, and the neural pathways that control them, and how pupil responses help us to better see the world.
Journal ArticleDOI
Monocyte trafficking to the brain with stress and inflammation: a novel axis of immune-to-brain communication that influences mood and behavior.
TL;DR: Mechanisms that cause stress-induced monocyte re-distribution in the brain and how dynamic interactions between microglia, endothelial cells, and brain macrophages lead to maladaptive behavioral responses are discussed.
Book ChapterDOI
Central Autonomic System
TL;DR: The central autonomic system is defined by the cell groups that receive direct or disynaptically relayed input from the nucleus of the solitary tract, or that contribute projections to autonomic preganglionic neurons or their presynaptic inputs.
Journal ArticleDOI
Functional neuroanatomy of the central noradrenergic system
TL;DR: The central noradrenergic neurone, like the peripheral sympathetic neur one, is characterized by a diffusely arborizing terminal axonal network, of which the locus coeruleus (LC) is the most prominent.
Journal ArticleDOI
Locus coeruleus volume and cell population changes during Alzheimer's disease progression: A stereological study in human postmortem brains with potential implication for early-stage biomarker discovery
Panos Theofilas,Alexander J. Ehrenberg,Sara Dunlop,Ana Tereza Di Lorenzo Alho,Austin Nguy,Renata Elaine Paraizo Leite,Roberta Diehl Rodriguez,Maria B. Mejia,Claudia K. Suemoto,Renata Eloah de Lucena Ferretti-Rebustini,Livia Polichiso,Camila F. Nascimento,William W. Seeley,Ricardo Nitrini,Carlos Augusto Pasqualucci,Wilson Jacob Filho,Udo Rueb,John Neuhaus,Helmut Heinsen,Helmut Heinsen,Lea T. Grinberg,Lea T. Grinberg +21 more
TL;DR: The brainstem's locus coeruleus is the first area to develop neurofibrillary changes (NFTs) in AD, emphasizing the need to characterize those brain areas that degenerate first.
References
More filters
Journal Article
Evidence for the existence of monoamine-containing neurons in the central nervous system. i. demonstration of monoamines in the cell bodies of brain stem neurons.
Dahlstroem A,Fuxe K +1 more
Journal ArticleDOI
Brain stem reticular formation and activation of the EEG
G. Moruzzi,Horace W. Magoun +1 more
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that reticular activation is associated with the activation of the reticular formation of the brain stem, and that reticulus activation can be induced by low frequency stimulation of the diffuse thalamic projection system, rather than intra-cortical spread following the arrival of afferent impulses at the sensory receiving areas of the cortex.
Journal ArticleDOI
Stereotaxic mapping of the monoamine pathways in the rat brain.
TL;DR: The ascending monoamine pathways in the rat brain are demonstrated by the pile up of fluorescent material occurring in the axons after various types of lesions, indicating a unique role for the locus coeruleus in influencing the activity of the entire brain.
Journal ArticleDOI
The hypocretins: Hypothalamus-specific peptides with neuroexcitatory activity
L de Lecea,Thomas S. Kilduff,Christelle Peyron,Xiao-Bing Gao,Pamela E. Foye,Patria E. Danielson,C. Fukuhara,Elena Battenberg,Vigdis T. Gautvik,Frederick S. Bartlett,Wayne N. Frankel,A. N. van den Pol,Floyd E. Bloom,Kaare M. Gautvik,J G Sutcliffe +14 more
TL;DR: A hypothalamus-specific mRNA is described that encodes preprohypocretin, the putative precursor of a pair of peptides that share substantial amino acid identities with the gut hormone secretin, suggesting that the hypocretins function within the CNS as neurotransmitters.
Journal ArticleDOI
Neurons Containing Hypocretin (Orexin) Project to Multiple Neuronal Systems
Christelle Peyron,Devin K. Tighe,Anthony N. van den Pol,Anthony N. van den Pol,Luis de Lecea,H. Craig Heller,J. Gregor Sutcliffe,Thomas S. Kilduff +7 more
TL;DR: The results of this immunohistochemical study suggest that hypocretins are likely to have a role in physiological functions in addition to food intake such as regulation of blood pressure, the neuroendocrine system, body temperature, and the sleep–waking cycle.