Functional neuroanatomy of the noradrenergic locus coeruleus: its roles in the regulation of arousal and autonomic function part I: principles of functional organisation.
E. R Samuels,E Szabadi +1 more
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The locus coeruleus is the major noradrenergic nucleus of the brain, giving rise to fibres innervating extensive areas throughout the neuraxis, resulting in complex patterns of neuronal activity throughout the brain.Abstract:
The locus coeruleus (LC) is the major noradrenergic nucleus of the brain, giving rise to fibres innervating extensive areas throughout the neuraxis. Recent advances in neuroscience have resulted in the unravelling of the neuronal circuits controlling a number of physiological functions in which the LC plays a central role. Two such functions are the regulation of arousal and autonomic activity, which are inseparably linked largely via the involvement of the LC. The LC is a major wakefulness-promoting nucleus, resulting from dense excitatory projections to the majority of the cerebral cortex, cholinergic neurones of the basal forebrain, cortically-projecting neurones of the thalamus, serotoninergic neurones of the dorsal raphe and cholinergic neurones of the pedunculopontine and laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, and substantial inhibitory projections to sleep-promoting GABAergic neurones of the basal forebrain and ventrolateral preoptic area. Activation of the LC thus results in the enhancement of alertness through the innervation of these varied nuclei. The importance of the LC in controlling autonomic function results from both direct projections to the spinal cord and projections to autonomic nuclei including the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, the nucleus ambiguus, the rostroventrolateral medulla, the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, the caudal raphe, the salivatory nuclei, the paraventricular nucleus, and the amygdala. LC activation produces an increase in sympathetic activity and a decrease in parasympathetic activity via these projections. Alterations in LC activity therefore result in complex patterns of neuronal activity throughout the brain, observed as changes in measures of arousal and autonomic function.read more
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Higher locus coeruleus MRI contrast is associated with lower parasympathetic influence over heart rate variability. NeuroImage, 150, 329-335.
Mara Mather,Hyun Joo Yoo,David Clewett,Tae Ho Lee,Steven G. Greening,Allison Ponzio,Jungwon Min,Julian F. Thayer +7 more
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β adrenergic receptor modulation of neurotransmission to cardiac vagal neurons in the nucleus ambiguus.
TL;DR: The results provide a mechanism by which activation of adrenergic receptors in the brainstem can alter parasympathetic activity to the heart and likely physiological roles for this adrenergic receptor activation are coordination of parASYmpathetic-sympathy activity and β receptor-mediated increases in heart rate upon arousal.
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Impaired Phasic Discharge of Locus Coeruleus Neurons Based on Persistent High Tonic Discharge—A New Hypothesis With Potential Implications for Neurodegenerative Diseases
TL;DR: The hypothesis that in early stages of neurodegenerative diseases, the discharge mode of LC neurons could be changed to a persistent high tonic discharge, which in turn might impair phasic discharge is discussed, which could provide a non-pharmacological treatment approach in specific disease stages.
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KATP-Channel-Dependent Regulation of Catecholaminergic Neurons Controls BAT Sympathetic Nerve Activity and Energy Homeostasis
Sulay Tovar,Lars Paeger,Simon Hess,Donald A. Morgan,A. Christine Hausen,Hella S. Brönneke,Brigitte Hampel,P. Justus Ackermann,Nadine Evers,Hildegard Büning,F. Thomas Wunderlich,Kamal Rahmouni,Peter Kloppenburg,Jens C. Brüning +13 more
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that catecholaminergic neurons in the locus coeruleus (LC) adapt their firing frequency to extracellular glucose concentrations in a K(ATP)-channel-dependent manner, and this data reveal a role of K( ATP)- channel-dependent neuronal excitability in catecholic neurons in maintaining thermogenic BAT sympathetic tone and energy homeostasis.
Journal ArticleDOI
A Novel Pupillometric Method for Indexing Word Difficulty in Individuals With and Without Aphasia
TL;DR: Preliminary evidence that pupillometry can be used to index cognitive effort during linguistic processing of single nouns in people with and without aphasia is provided.
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