scispace - formally typeset
Open AccessProceedings ArticleDOI

Geography-informed energy conservation for Ad Hoc routing

TLDR
A geographical adaptive fidelity algorithm that reduces energy consumption in ad hoc wireless networks by identifying nodes that are equivalent from a routing perspective and then turning off unnecessary nodes, keeping a constant level of routing fidelity.
Abstract
We introduce a geographical adaptive fidelity (GAF) algorithm that reduces energy consumption in ad hoc wireless networks GAF conserves energy by identifying nodes that are equivalent from a routing perspective and then turning off unnecessary nodes, keeping a constant level of routing fidelity GAF moderates this policy using application- and system-level information; nodes that source or sink data remain on and intermediate nodes monitor and balance energy use GAF is independent of the underlying ad hoc routing protocol; we simulate GAF over unmodified AODV and DSR Analysis and simulation studies of GAF show that it can consume 40% to 60% less energy than an unmodified ad hoc routing protocol Moreover, simulations of GAP suggest that network lifetime increases proportionally to node density; in one example, a four-fold increase in node density leads to network lifetime increase for 3 to 6 times (depending on the mobility pattern) More generally, GAF is an example of adaptive fidelity, a technique proposed for extending the lifetime of self-configuring systems by exploiting redundancy to conserve energy while maintaining application fidelity

read more

Content maybe subject to copyright    Report

UCLA
Papers
Title
Geography-informed Energy Conservation for Ad Hoc Routing
Permalink
https://escholarship.org/uc/item/80c967sz
Authors
Xu, Ya
Heidemann, John
Estrin, D
Publication Date
2001-05-05
Peer reviewed
eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library
University of California

Geography-informed Energy Conservation
for Ad Hoc Routing
Ya Xu
Information Science Institute
4676 Admiralty Way, Ste 1001
Marina del Rey, CA 90292
yaxu@isi.edu
John Heidemann
Information Science Institute
4676 Admiralty Way, Ste 1001
Marina del Rey, CA 90292
johnh@isi.edu
Deborah Estrin
Comp. Sci. Dept., University of
California, Los Angeles
3713 Boelter Hall
Los Angeles, CA 90095
estrin@cs.ucla.edu
ABSTRACT
 "!$#%'&')(* ,+.-/&0# 1(*2436587:9<;=?>A@B
CDEFD)?GHI0JK0@LIJIENM$ODINPQC>JJ
0RPSTJU8587:9V$J0W'J%I0@?LYXLAZ[LA@\I0J%D)]
]K^W$?>A0QZ[$E_NI@NM`JM`0W'.IDIII@
?abII0JJ?LOJc/T'0MII@de$JfgN>W'>SZh$@
-/&0# 1(*2?UK587:9iEN0g?0J:DIJ8M`>A0LeJI@jMIM>A?$Bh)
JfLJfEkB6>W'0>`AZ1?E\?$mlJ/D)?nJ$08QJIT\?go0B
E\?pi?)O0ENHA]jJkENICkIVXI>A0B
@LbJ$Uq587:9rAJj)0M`)j?ZGDIeII0>CLI@V$bD
I@=M0$>*lIPS8JE=I>A]G587:9s]W'0QIENtIHu7%v:whx
?)pwGyzGUb7h)>CLJJu)pJE=I>A]AiJfIJ\Z.587%9{JDIHP
DI?NC=Hp$JIEN\|'}$~d$}$~>JJk0@LsDIppIB
ENCt)HDIY$I@OM?$>*Uq0?W$0HchJAEKI>A?IJ
?Z/587:9VJI@@$JfhD)]%0RPSTu>Z,0ENGA0H?JJ:M$M`B
?>>LukoIJCRLlIo0ENM>$c.Z1B"Z1>AI0H?JGA
JLV>H$J=0RPSTs>CZ10EN0HJjZ1uY
ENJo3"M`II@K$D8EN$XA>CRLuMI?0);UG@$0I0g?>A>CLc
587%9J<.0ENM>AZ'&'I(* 1+m-/&0# 1(*2?c'QgDIIA^I<M$M`$J
Z,%0)I@=Do>ACZ,0ENoZ<J>CZ,B6tI@$@uJfLJfENJXLj0B
M>$CI@III?I0LIJ0W$0@LsPQD>AE\gII@
?MIM>AH]$t`>CRLU
1. INTRODUCTION
>CAD$Mmc$ODIRPn?TA@DIJkX`0ODI\Z1JNZ%E\L
0QJH?gDeI0W'>$MENQ0aJU/bC>JJ:0RPSTJ
?)\E=>D$Mk$I@.D)HW'%MIM>A?$jAuEN>g]Lc$ENENB
0[?>*c?)YHIH]A)?>WIENJQI>II@NPQC>JJok
7%p$IAIJc$DI$EN/I0Pn?TJ?Z0W0Jc'?)KJ0IJ0B
PSTJU
7IEKX`0%Z$@jM>AJoDIHW'KX`0M$M`JHjMB
WAoEKI>CCB6DI$MuENE=IH?$uPQC>JJcDIo0RPSTJ
H
DIJ.0JH?gDVAJKJIMM`HXLdDI\w80Z,IJu7%WI0Hzh0B
J?gD<]f00J7h@$0Lr3*w%7%z%m7:;\D$I@DDOyIn7hw8wGy
M?R0%II0Qw%7%z%70$g0hw%7:
?B$]B0B}$}$$U
To appear in the Proceedings of the Seventh Annual ACM/IEEE Interna-
tional Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking(ACM Mobicom),
July 16-21, 2001, Rome, Italy.
$
cI|c
c
6U
gC$I>>CLjDJ8M?$>m]8W>)]Hj
0ENJ.Z%M)?T'k>$JJ=g]Jc$@dEN0JJ@$j]W'0DI$mc/?)
$:>@D
c
c}?"USyI:$\DI%I0PnTJSPQ>>Z[X`
0MI>HLHjJI@NX)]0LB6M`]PS0HuI0Jc)ENM)?JYI$MB
ENH?$N?ZM?$>)0I0@?L=IJENM$kJ/>JoENM`g?
3"JQJ@$@$0JfHZ1?hZ,8PnTuXL\J$EN8J?gDI0J
,;U
bDDIoIRPn?TJ%]GM>]L'HIJ@kX)]0LBM`HPS0H
IJc8DENM`g?^IJf$¡Z=DIHP¢>EN¡0@LbB
J$JG]a0J8JfLJfE£>Z,0ENNIY?W$0g>>M`0Z,E\=X`B
ENJ0CH>*US9IhJI?$JhJIgD?JQJIJ?:0RPSTJnPQDI0
0@LYJGE\MIJ%C>Lj\>ACZ,0EN=?)>CRLc`0I0@?LYIJ
JY(,IeENM`?gNEN0$U
sII0Jfg?)VI0@?LiNIL
Pn=0ENIHY0JfI@j$dDIKI@jM?$>JoIJ@ENB
>J?Z.jsHW'H7hF00J^I0dJMH$JM`00IE
g$uPQCDYDIG¤f¥¥¥b¦$}
U$0B$'§M>PQCDe0MJg]B
W'GEN>JhZ/I@L0$IJENM$
}??)g$uM$MI@']B
$
"UdsNtIJfK$>L$JA0=I0@?LOJfNNYM)gT'0
gJENJJA?80M$mUKyIgDYJfJoE\HL>J>).B
0@?LJJM)]A¨7h/B>W$>80gJENJJAIJc:z
y©$
y
0$U<8Jf)Aj0@LuIJIENM$?ZZ1%$jDI:I@
M?$>JK3"7%v:whxKcwoyzGcwoywhxKcI
v:z%78;/PQCDY=JENMI>
g?kEN>%PQD0ssZ1PFIJJ0)I]gs?W$0YOE=>CB
DIMMI?D
n3"9@k];U<bCDuDIJI@LjEN>`Pn8Z,$)
D)]<$BRE\IoM0$>J/JD=J7hv:w%xp?)KwoyzV$JIEN
E=D=>A0JJnI@LkDI\oM`M>JnJIgD\Jnwoywhx{31DI
>0Z,Hc'I]T8X)]J=9@$:];U7pMM?$>J<?S$Jfg>CL
0M`II@N0@LM0B6ENMIA@KJcW$DII@DDI0
JQI=g]NoM)?JJA@N$uDIJ8JU
¤RDIhPSgJc`$BRE\IjM>AJc)XLuDI0hW'LI?c
?KEN.0NoeDI.I@LYIJENHYXLj$A@j]W'B
DI$\M)gT'0JU7hJoJI>CHcI0@?L\IJ%AJQ$EN)]HNXLk$B
I@YM>n]W'0DI$mUj¤RZ*HcDINE\HfKJ$\ZQ0g]B
I0$IJo0I0@?L0$IJENM$YPnJoZ,Eª+? 1«c<JoMWCB
$J>CL$XJ0W'H4A7:78y
¦?"Urz:$JuD)HW'e0>[]W'>CL
>A?@oX'H?Jfg@$$U/7%>>IJuDI?g?I@$:E=IJf/W'
H?DuM)?T'n=00ENIhCZCQJS.X`%Z,P]gHu0W'H
>H>>CLU7%>CD$I@DKENJf<ZDIJnMIgT'0J<]nENENHA?0>L.JfB
H]gHc$DILK0$IJENS0@L.PQCDKDAJ<JENMI>n0I0@?L=EN>*U
DIJnXIJ0W?jEN?AW?0JnMM$gDIJSDI?n]W$$Au]W'DIH]B
I@U
D.m7:78yjM>JI@@$JfJo\7h/B6>AL0:MIM'?D
ENAEN.DIJoJf
?"l
wG7¬M0$>JoPn$>A>JYX`
MMI>HX>u31Z,h0ENM>
|,;U
7%)>z%$J=IJIEN=M`]PS0KIK$>CLPQDsJII@e?)

ad hoc routing protocol
energy consumed (J)
AODV DSR DSDV TORA
0
10
20
30
w/out idle energy consumption
with idle energy consumption
Q®,¯)°±]²i³)´jµ.¶`·¸¹I±?®1º¶)»¡¶)¼o²»²±]¯)½i¾$¶`»ºH°·d²¿b¼6¶)±¼6¶`°±
¹I¿OÀ¶m¾k±]¶`°ÁH®1»¯d¸±?¶IÁ¶m¾$¶`Â1º=Ãk®,ÁHÀO¿®[Ä/²±]²»Á8²»²±]¯)½·¶m¿Å
²Â1ºÆfÂ,²¼6Á$ÇÈÂ,¹I¾ÉÈ¹I±?ºj¹±?²ÃN®,ÁHÀ¶)°Á¾$¶)»ºH®1¿²±?®1»¯²»²±]¯)½
¾¶`»ºH°·²¿¬ÃNÀ²»qÂ1®,ºÁ²»®1»¯Ê\±?®,¯)ÀmÁ$ÇK¯)±]¹½rÈ¹I±?ºs®1»¾'Â1°¿²
ÁÀ®1º¾$¶`»ºH°·¸ÁH®,¶)»<Ë]ÌÎÍ.À²rºH®*·e°Â,¹ÁH®,¶`»¢À¹IºÏIÐÑ»¶m¿²º
®,»q¹³ÏIÐ)Ð`·VÒÓIÐ)Ð`·Ô¹I±]²¹ÌÖÕ¶m¿²ºO·¶×`²i¹I¾'¾$¶)±?¿®1»¯Á¶
ÁÀ²±]¹)»¿¶·ØÃ.¹½Å¸<¶`®1»Áj·¶m¿²ÂÌ\Í.À²d²»²±]¯)½·¶m¿²Â®1º
È¹)º²¿4¶`»bÙmÁ²·s·Ú¹I»¿Û¹ÁÜOÝÓIÐÞÌ
0WA@cQX\?>AJPQDI# 1ß(«I 1«V?Y "&#A31Dg$A>0B
IJKE=IJfGX`NM`HPS0HOIO0I@Y00.DINMJfB
0Ik?Z?IENI@uM)gT'0;UKzhJH?gD
}cS?/JDIHPQJ8D)]
A>A=I0@?LeJJM)]$dI8X`=@$HeENM)]A@u
J0)@\)0WA@NI@LYJJAMI?$mU:yENEà?)áG]
JDHPA>$â W'â g?IJENC:g]$Jo]uâAU }
âU |YXLENHJ0B
EN0
$}]"c?PQD>A/EN0JfIJmJDIHPg]AJZâ
â
U
G
?
?)âAU
â$U §
?"U<¤\Lk?ZmDJQHJ0Jc0I0@?LNJJM)]$uA
A>AJfg?/HGX`/@$HUbCDGJIgDo0@LoEN>*c?>>$
D%I@GM?$>JIJAHu0$IJEN$I@DI>CLkD%J?EN
?EN$=Z:I0@?Lb31PQCDI4dZ1PàM`0;=?JkJDIHPQppD
@?0LeX)]J:9@jUo¤RDKJ0)]AuPQCDdENJf:g]N$c
A>AnENn0$ENMI>00>L=EN)?0JJfLJf0EI0@?L.$JIENMU
DJf)JNX)?JHpi?i0@LVEN>nD)]NIJA0JN0B
@LuJJM)]$uAuJ©]0W'HNM)?T$0Jn?)\[>hEN$cJ@B
@Jf:DI?%I@LMENH?IJ:EKIJfaDI8g$cI?
JENM>L\HI:M)gT'0g?IJENJJ$Y?)\MAU/HPn0@
?aOg$Aj$J0W'J:I0@?LdX`DdAd]W'0DH?I@jKI?g
g?IJfZ,0Hc)Nu[>:Jfg?%I@L\AJJMI?$uPQDI\Iog]N
JfJUYkDI00Z,u0MI>\JGD)]=M`HPnk]PQsDC
g$JSE=IgDk?ZmDAENU
DIJn?MIM'gD\JSJEN>[]SoDIQJ
?Z
wG7OZ1?M`HPn0$J0W$]$
|"c$?7878y
¦?"U<ã:HPB
0W'0HcI>AT$.DJ=?MIM'gDI0JcmPS=ENM>]LZ1?E\?$eZ,E
?X`]W'hD87h/B6>AL0SG$>)g$.M`HPS0HUQ31shE\T'QJ
?Z)DI/M`HPn0<E\?)@EN0$$>J=¤R¥/¥¥¦}
UAn:0$$>
M`HPS0HäHU ;
DI\?MIMI>H]AB%G$I@B6>AL0JGM]WAkX`0
Z1E\]$Y?X`$QPQDDI%g$kJhI?QIHHmU
äg¦$}
U$.JIMM`JQM`HPn0%JHW@NEN8X`?DZ,g?JfI0
0RPST4Ii$pDIY0RPST`Ub:?D)]\M`]PS0I@s`©]a
7hbJ<RIJf%>AT$oIoEN]WI@KA)©?h$ENEKIA?$ugI@
PQCDpD0NIJUOz
yI©
yVJkJf>>IJpVIAJfNEkB
EKIA?$VIJJNDIAIV0EN)>JJ$U
}?%JDIHPQJ
DI?ENnZ1n¦$}
U$o7%O$)©??aJS\:Z,0PEN>>AJ0$IJU<¤R
?DI0GPSgJcM`HPn0I@$`©]ai7h{JG.?a00GI?E\>
¦}
UA.$M`0g]AU
1
2
3
4
å
5
nominal radio range
1
Q®,¯`°±]²¡æm´ç%èm¹`·¸Â,²¶)¼u»¶m¿²b±]²¿°»¿¹)»¾$½¬®1»Ö¹)¿qÀ¶¾
±]¶`°ÁH®,»¯Ì
v:YDIGD0oDI)c)PnK$XJ0W'HD)]:PQDYDI0.J:J@$tB
H?SIhHIII0LKAu?jB6DIQ0RPST`cE=>M>AQMI?DIJ
0Jf<X`0RPSKI0JU
DIJPSnHKM`HPn0akJ$ENn0ENHB
?hIJSPQDA>hJf>A>E\?Ag?AI@oII00WCLU<9IS0ENM>Ac
¤Re9@
cCZS
JoPT$$cIJ8\I|u?.0gIB
$JhZ,%$ENEKIA?$jX`0RPSsG?)
U/sG0t)=é(* 1«
-S&'0# 1(*2N?JnIA0MHNI0WLNX`0PnuENE=IH?B
I@\IJU
DIJQ$A@kt`>Ls31DI?..)
H?Y$ENEKB
IH]];SH?jX`%E\gIH\?J>AI@=JQLN0ENHA?:
JhHPnT'U
DI0J.XIJ0W?IJQENW?8DI%RPnNME\?L\X$J
Z<hJ@$â
$U
DIIJZIMIM>A?$BIGJfLJfEkB6Z,E\]A8
aIog$JhZ1%0IHM`AJ%EN$US:.RL
0L>J]ê)I0IH%XL:MMI>H?KIM`AJI:I
EN?W$ENM)]0JNMJW'o$ENEKIA?$ut`0>ACLU
<H0$IJX`I<>CZ10ENJ>>HPOI@LB6$J$IJ
>A$$XI>AI@U
U
DIoIJo?Z«`H&.&`#2?ë\«(Q&«ßg ,(*2uk$I?MW'>CL$B
fIJf/$A@ot`0>ACLUzh$@8H)I?I0LKJS?>A?H
PQD0IJ0o=M>AHLENK31PQDIdE\LJ:H
DIH]<HgD=?DI0;USJD]PpD]PO%IJSDJAZ1?E\?$
8I0H?J%QRL.0L>J/IKo0I.DI>CZ1AEN
ZDoI0PnTu?J%.PQDI$>$U
s<ENMI>HLK#H!g?(* "«= ,«HìgëN?(* "«u3*JIgDGJZ,E¡DS5:>X)>
$JC$byLJfEc/58Sy;K?)V0W'jIjENE=IH?B
AYj00ENIG.JCRLe?)HI)0LUG31s
IJ58SyO=DIN>H>H?EN0DIJ.0ENI
JLlnPn?Y?>AJ0MI>@s0IJCRLV00EN)]$
D$@$Dj$ENEKIIH]$IJQ?>$IG?JhZ,:Pn?TU ;
DIk587:94MIM'?DdJ8$K0?ENMI>K?Z8$&')(* 1+Q-S&'0# 1(*2
IYz
n
§]$MAW$.Z[H^I0LgDIA^JU8587:94T$MIJ
DI8t)>CRLu?Z<I0PnT\H?DIXI>CRL$JfgQPQDI>KI?MI@
IKX`0D)HWA?8u0)0RPST>CZ10EN$UGv%DI0:0ENMI>J
I>I=X`IJCRLZ1G>H?>A?$
?"U==@$0g>>CLc
PnGPQJD\J@dJ0>Z[B6$t)@$I@\I0Pn?TJQD)]:M>$C%B
)ILKoIJ0W$%0@LKPQDI>%MJ0WI@8DQt)>CRL=Z
IRPn?T?MIM>AH]$IJU
2. ENERGY-CONSERVING ROUTING AL-
GORITHM

1 2
í
3
î
4
ï
5
ð
1
4
ï
1
5
ð
h®[¯`°±]²Óm´GÍ.À²¸±]¶)ÈÂ[²I·Ø¶I¼%»¶¿²d²ñm°®,×¹)Â,²»¾²Ì
j0.MJ=$K0@LB6$J0WI@d$ODI\$I@d>CB
@CDIEc587:9ScQòhf "!$#óh&'g)(* 1+.ô/ "&0# 1(*2?Uk¥gDO587%9
/IJJ>H]$=Z1E\]$K%JJ0[]CJ>CZIPQCD=\õRWCB
I>/@AöcPQD0u>>SJ.VM)]A0I>A?K@AOJ^)?\]
^W$?>A0/PQCD\0JM`0nGZ1?P?gI@=MIgT'0JU%JSAND
J?ENn@AKD=0gI?nPQCDkH?DKDI:0ENA/PQD
PQ>>8J>M?)iDHP÷>$@b36yA
U
;l8DIJu0ENAI?$
JKEN0g]HXLs?MIM>AH]$pIJfLJfE¢AZ1?E\?$b36y0B

U 4?)
U
;UÑ:J\DIbM`0A>>CLbPT$M)
ghMI>A0JSG0$ENM>AJD\>'uXI>AI@\36yA
U |;U
?>J.0$IJA0DIHPb587%9YA0g?0JPQCD=DI)>LI@8$=D
I@=M0$>ey0$
U U
2.1 Determining node equivalence
587%9¡JJ.>A?$pZ1?E\?$V?)sWC)?>S@AJ.e00B
EN.GH^IW>$U%H]$eZ1?E\?$eJHYAd587%9
E\LX`NM]WAHXLs58Sy?=?DI0.>H]A4JfLJfENJG)
W'>MIENo31Z,%0ENMI>
c`c0,;Un9Q$hAC[?>AJ0IJfB
JcPSNJJEN=D)]oH?DI=THPQJoJo0o>H]A
I?0>CLj0>[]W'8kD0QIJU¤Ry0U =PS8>A?uDIJ
?JJIENMA\IkJDIHPiDI?n587:9eAJI?]a0HkXLKEN0g]
>H]$e0h?%0W'XLu>A?@$c)?>A?HHU
¥<W'oPQCDG>H?$.Z,E\?c?CJI?WA>$t)I8H^IWB
?>GI0JoA$DkIRPn?T`Uk:J8D)]G?OõH^IWB
?>öNX`0RPSYJ$ENoJhE\LuIhX`GH^IW>Z1?8EkB
EKIA?$uX`0RPSuD0JU9IQI?ENMI>$cj9A@o.IJ
]oH^IAJfg?:oIM)]PQCDg$A.g@$oJ>@$D>CLj>A]@$0
DI
ICJUe9I?=ENE=IH?X`0PnOJ\jI|c
J
IOY?\H^IW>HcPQD>AuX`0Pnu?)
I>CL
G=Jh0Mg?XI>$U
587%9ø$IJJJYDIJYM$XI>EùXL¡AWA@iDIPQD$>V?
PQD0oIJh?GAJfXHuAkJE\?>>%õWCI>m@AJöU
D
WC)?>n@AsJk0t)HJDDI?HcZ,=Pnd$]?=@?AJk7
?)j%c)?>>IJQ70$ENE=IH]%PQCDY>>mIJQA
?).W/W'0JU
DIJ<>>IJ=H?DK@A=]nH^IW>Z,
I@Uu¤R587:9ScI0J.gD)?I@k@A¤w8J8Y$]fJf.DC
L0L>$Uh9%0ENMI>$c)9@$G|\]W'0>ALJ%WC)?>@AJ:$
9@
c'0H]I@%DSWC)?>@AJ<7Gc?%c)K%U$7%?gI@
K$h0tIIC$uZWC)?>`@AJcI=8H?jH?DL\Z
c
c%|c?)
cmc?)|NH??>>HgD
U
D00Z1?=J
c
c`?)j|k?oH^IW>hIuPnk?ZDIEÑJ>MmU
¤DIu0t)sZhWC)>/@AmcPSNH^ICND)?=LI
e??h@AH?O!ë=ëKé« "!(GPQCDYH?DDIHUn¤RuH>CB
CLcuI$ú J8g$j$ENEKIIH]$Yg@$kJoI?G0ENIJfB
o?QW'jJfLENENA%:KgkM$M)?@']AY0a0JJD
?JjEKI>CCB6M)?Dp0ê)00$U¨¤RjICA>8JIJJ$mc%PSdJfB
JENYD)?jDIeENE=IH?$g?I@JY00ENIJfV3*IJfB
A
B
C
û
r
r r
r
1
5
2
3
4
ü
Q®,¯`°±?²eý´oç%èm¹`·¸Â[²Y¶)¼%×®,±]ÁH°¹IÂn¯)±?®1¿b®1»þuÿj8Ì
sleeping
active
discovery
after
T
s
after Ta
after Td
receive
discovery msg
from high rank
nodes
Q®,¯)°±]²Ï´KÙmÁ¹Á²eÁ±]¹)»ºH®,Á®,¶`»ºu®1»þjÿu8Ì
I@GDIhRPn?gL@?$)\M$MI@$?$jEN>)Z[H^I>CLNIJu
E\LedD=$I@uJf)JcmZ1?G0ENM>A
c
,;UK¤RyB
$U ¦cPSkENM)?.DIka0JoZnI$B00ENAJf.g$
MM)?@'?bIJI@VJDI$]PQ@OEN>*ct)II@dD)]jJDI$B
HPQI@eMM)@$?$VEN>J=I?=gD)?I@$\K$ENMI?J$J
X`0PnY587:9OI$uDI8I@kM>JU
s=JA0N$GWC)?><@AXIJHd$DkIEN)>gg?I@$
KU7hJJIENhWCI>@AjJQ.J^I?:PQCDuIJS$.JAo?J
JDIHPQ\u9A@h|U<¤NgSGEN0DIht)IC$\?ZWC)?>
@AchDYJfg?IeX`0Pn4RPnOM`JJXI>YZ*?DJfjI0Jj
LeRPSY$]?.@AJcJIgDsJG@?[){A9@$N|c
E=Jf:oX`.>A?@0oD)?

.Uo9I?o0ENM>AcI
Z/@A
II
Z<@?[ebY9@$.|\].?hDIoIZDo>AI@
A?@$$I>$I0@=RPSN$]0:@?[JU
DI00Z,$cPno@0Hâ

3
;

3f];


3
;
2.2 GAF state transitions
¤RK587%9ScHIJ]SG$IZD0/Jfg]JâSßg#A) 1«`c& 1ß!+g2)c
'!0(* 1+$U/7Jfg]ogIJC$A@?gEøJhJDHPQY9@$
U
¤RC[?>>LpJNJfg]jNpDIO& ,ß0!+g2VJfg?UibDi
Jfg?.& ,ß0!+g2)c:J$NCJg$AG?)=gD)?I@JSJfB
]W'0LdENJJ?@$JGtI)?DI0.JoPQCDIDkJENN@?[U
DIuAJ0?W$0LsENJJ?@$uJkIM>u?ZhI\Amc<@?As[c<JfCB
E\?8I/AW$ENh3g«`(f;c)oJfg?$U<7hJJ0X`H
X`]W'cINJJ.J.>H?i?)@?[sJ\e0ENI
DI:@AAmU

DIIk0Ju& 1ß!+g2eJfg?$cCGJ0J.jEN0oZ,

J0$IJUbDDIoEN0QtI0JcIDIGGX$$JfJ:CJ%JfB
0?W$0LEN0JJ@$.?)0JhJfg?u'!0(* ,+'U
DIoEN0hH>J
X`KJIMMJJHdXLYD0GJ]W'LeENJJ@JU
DJ8AEN80B
I0JQD8MX)?XI>L?Z<J]W'LENJJ?@$o>>AJ$mU
DI4d0JY'!0(* 1+$cnCNJJ\dEN$kW>I

d
0t)jDHPà>$I@dDIJkpJfgHLsA'!0(* 1+Jfg]$U47hZ[0

cDI\INPQA>>n0sV& 1ß!+g2sJfg?UdDI>j?0W'$c
D%%M`0H>>CLN0B6X$$HJfJCJnJ]W'0L\ENJJ?@$8]
0W>J

U
7_Ie& ,ß0!+g24'!0(* 1+dJfg]JuHbgD)?I@$eJfg]e
ßg#A) 1«uPQDI0YhH?e0ENA8J$ENG?DI0hH^IW>hI
PQ>>D)I>KI@Uk%J8@$?A?kPQDIgD=PQ>>D)B
>K$I@\D$@$DdMMI>H?BM`0)0%gT@jMB
0HGJ0X`HuDI80J0U%3*:%gITI@KHX`
?u?XICg]Lkg0I@GZmJGAhPQDAgDNIJSJD$>[
X`u?0W'$c<KC=OX`NJ>0OYMENN]W'0g?>A>SJfLJf0E
>CZ1AENU ;GbDINg?IJC$I@KNßg#AgI 1«)cGhH>JQ>>
M`0)@=EN0JQIjM`HPn0J%HPQjJgU
7IoDkß#A) ,«uJfg]oPT$J%MY?Z[0:Y?MIMI>H]AB
M`IQJ>MEN

%IjgJIJQX)?T\Y& 1ß!+g2)U
2.3 Tuning GAF
587%9s>HHW'JQD$J?ZE\LNMI?g?EN00JI>II@«`(gc

c
c<Iug?IT`c

keMMI>H?$JU¤sDIJ.J0$mc/PSj0B
JAX`%DIHP?)kPQDLkDIJ%M)]gEN00JS?%D$Ju\D%0B
0587%9>@$?DEU{7hMIM>AH]$IJ\E\LVPQJDis$MENA0
DJgDI$0JcZ1/0ENM>$c$M`D)MJg$@oA0H?JH=M)?T$0
>JJhZ,%@H]0hI0@?LJHWI@JU
nß(* 1ëN?(&o«`H&'%'!0(* 1+n(* 1ëN

R«`?(

H.X`SJ0QDI/0M`0H
/>ACZ,0EN:3g«)# (f;c$J0W$]W'>CLGJ0XLG?JJIENI@DI/I
PQ>>8IJfg?>CLi$JIENY0@L?sE\?E=IEg?eI>
CkJUdz:]DI0KD)?sDIJK0$IJW$]AW$s«)(cS587%9IJ0Jk
?MIM'gDOJ0X`HOy0$
U |XI>A\I0@?LdIJ@
?0$JJhIJU
587%9¡J0>A00JKDe& 1ß!+2dë\ßßHu ,«I(g+?$#o3

;G?JkICB
Z,EàgIE£W>oX`0RPSY}N?)JENo$JfgHU
DJ:?MB
M'?DeHW'[J:AZ,E_JfLIgDIHJ]W'0LENJfB
J?@$Jh3"J<IJMCHKXLKyz:
H]1;U
Dng@$Z

hk?>JoX`
ê)I0IHoXLo/g?IT8hI0$g?@$/DI@$D>Log?IT'GJ
JMIMJJo>]PB"g?IT'HeIJc>>]PQ@DIE£jgMA>CLe@$
J>0MU%JhDI\'!0(* 1+.Jfg?GE\LuPQJDNgDIJKk>A]@$0

GNHW'[uX)?)PQADI0@Lu]W'0DH$U
%JS'!0(* 1+n&éf(* "«3

';`HoX`<CJM`00H:>CZ10ENh3g«)# (f;U
587%9IJf$VIJJ

d?$ENM>AJDp>'pXI>AI@Jk0B
JAX`eyA
U |U
oH&uf«
? ,«p587:9JKgDIJsYE\?ENNI0Pn?T>CZ10B
ENXL8J>0@%PQDIgDKJD)?)>$@Uz%T:J00B
ENH=XL=J0W'0g>I>JU9CJfHc7IhkDK$!0(* 1+%Jfg?QDIJ
D@$DI8gTD)?N=p& 1ß!+g2YJfg?U
DIJ:>AGJ
u^IgT>LjHgDYDIGJfg?.H?De@AY$>CLE\gJ:$=?0B
W':IU9IQJnPQCDjD8JEN%Jfg?$c)587:9s@W'JQIJ
PQCDY>$@$0:0M`0Hj>ACZ,0ENu3g«)(f;hDI@DI0hgTU
DIJ%>
M.IJoPQCDO>AI@0=M`00H>CZ1AEN\YIJktJfHU9CB
I>>CLcIkAJ.?\JHdXHTeJUj¤GJGM`$JJXI>N>0
?MIM>AH]$IJ\gDIJYCa0=IugTI>J\?gI@
DI0GHPQsXAJcZ,.0ENM>$c?MIM>AH]$OE\LYZ*HW'?.DNB
W'8JQI>DI0Lug$hI0@?LuA=JIJ?hI0PnT`U
:8ßg#AgY&é(* "?«3

;kX`QJ0:DI.«)(<Z`DQ0W'
IJInDAJJDI0$IJW$]AW$JJENM$KZCJ<>ACZ,0EN$U
w8udIEN$X>ACLcD$!0(* 1+IuE\LOEN]W'\$kDI
@Ai3*?ZJkDIkJ.gD)?IKD)?G?DI0.JoEN]W'k
DIJo@?[I;U
DAJGH?>HHW'Nu@AdPQCD$K?Lp$!0(* 1+kI0J
>CD$I@DJ$EN:I0J%]oJ>MI@cHI@=I@.t`0>ACLU
v:I/MM$gDGDI?Jfg?JfH>>CLGHJDJMXI>E¡AJhJ
J<QIICZ,E¨g?)EENSX`RPn0=}hI«)(gU
DIJ>A?@
g@$N?Z
!
KE\LeZ[sDI]W$kIJ8P?T'NIM^ICkH]>LUk¤R
587:9\DI0Z1
"
<JICZ1?EN>CL8Z,EDI<g@$
«)(f©
c,«)("U
s%>JK$J[0Q?j?>C0)]8MM$gDuJI@.IhEN$X>ACL
Z,E\?eyA
U
U
2.4 Load balancing energy usage
587:9ENMI>HLJke>A$$VX)?>[?I@Jfg?0@LpJdDI?\?>>I0J
E\?A=IMN?)=III@%$@$DI0Z1?J>$@K?J/M`JJXI>$U
DI
AHGX`DAIkDIJnJnD)]>>IJnNDI%I0PnTk?8H^I>>CL
ENM`g?=IOIe$IjEKIJfKX`jM`0)>HOEN?uDI
LjZ<DIo?DI0JU83"7%Y?>)?W'GJQN$ENM>A>CL0DIIJf
DI:I0@?L?ZH?DojjPQDA>GD0hIJJ>MU ;
587:9JJuDZ1>A>HPQI@p>'$XI>AI@VJfg?0@LU7QZ,0j
IoE\IJhDIu'!0(* 1+GJfg?GZ1?:EN
c):DI@$JhCJ
Jfg?N&? 1ß!g?+2.o@$W'Q8gD)?In8?DI0/IJPQCDIkDI
JENQ@?[=oX`0$ENG'!0(* ,+K31t)@
;U<zhH?>>D)]SJ/?
gT'Hp0g@DCNE\A@0I0@?L4>W$>JU4bD
DI0W'YgD)?I@$0JuCJ\Jfg?& 1ß!+2IcQuJ\EN
>T'>CLVD)?uC\D)?J\>A0JJ\0E\II@I@LpD)4CJNI@$DX`?
IJ:X`0HJ=M0JIE\X>CLjDK@$DX`JhPn0KAYD\ßg#A
$#
1«eJfg]u0$IJW@I@L@jDIN$ú J.AW$kAENU
S$JH^I>CLcDIk=DI?8PnJ.AW$kJo>A0JJ.>T'>CLejB
E\0W'G]Z,0QDIGJ]W'0LuMIDIJ$U
DI0W'IjJ0J
YdDW>Is«`(=I4W'AJ0J
«`?(njCJQAJ0?W$0L\ENJJ@JU
DI8$BR?0W':J\DI
I0A@DX`DIsJ«`(8e00ENIKDIC.J>MI@dM`AU
DIk0W'kkJJu«`(%jW>=>JJoD)?dDKENK
IJSIMk?>>E\?II@%I0@?Lu3g«)# (f;U¤R.$<JAEKI>A?IJPnnJ
«`?(d«)# (
&%
JNDI?QDIoG$JIENJQDI>CZ<ZCJ%0I0@?L
X`0Z,GD)?)@=aeN?I?DI0hI8DI:I@$DX`?DImU
oHW'A.Dg?JDII@c'PQDI0Y«)# (X`ENJ>JJDI=%DJD$>A
3*JLc)}Jg;Q587:9OJ0JK«)(n=D:Z1>A>S«)# (gU
2.5 Adapting to high mobility
587:9¨Jk$M=DIE=X`0=Z8JNMI?M)]I@s
$Do$@kNT'MYk0$IJfg?:>W'0>Z<JQD)]%
I]gU
D=AH?><J)]jPnI>AeX`=$k?0W'==eH?D
@AY]oLuEN$Unã%]PSW'0Hc`JhI0J:EN]W'$cDIG?0W'K
E\Ld>A]W$uCJ.@AmU
DIJKE\Ld>HHW'NDINMA?=@?APQD$
d?0W'=$c`HI@\I@\t`>CRLU%¤RYJI?$J8PQCD
DI@DjENXI>LkDIJnM$X>A0EqH?j@?H?>CLuI0H?J8M)?T$0$M
g?0JU
s<H?G0$ENENI]<DI@$DoENXI>L:XL%$JA0I@QDIJmJfLJfEkB
>W'>/X`D)HW.0MI>C>CLsV587%9SU¥gDOINJfE\?JGDI
EN%CS0M`0J/.>HHW'hJS@Ad31Dk
('
!0(&N«`H&Qg "&=(* 1ë\
G«(f;SI\>)0J/DIJ/AZ1?E\?$u\D:J]W'0LNENJfB
J@$U.bDIe?DI0oK0kßg#A) 1«Jfg]$cD0LYJ>MdZ1?
DI/JE\>>0?Z<«`?(?)u«(m:A/DIHPO>$@:CH?KJfgLG

Citations
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI

Self-organization in an agent network: A mechanism and a potential application

TL;DR: A composite self-organization mechanism in an agent network that enables agents to dynamically adapt relations with other agents, i.e., to change the underlying network structure, so as to achieve efficient task allocation is proposed.
Proceedings ArticleDOI

Connectivity maintenance and coverage preservation in wireless sensor networks

TL;DR: Considering the initial sensing holes due to random node deployment, the following proof is provided: "the communication range is twice the size of the sensing range" is the sufficient condition and tight lower bound to ensure that complete coverage preservation implies connectivity among active nodes if the original network topology is connected.
Proceedings ArticleDOI

Improving power save protocols using carrier sensing for dynamic advertisement windows

TL;DR: This paper proposes the use of carrier sensing to dynamically adjust the size of the advertisement windows of the 802.11 PSM protocol based on the amount of traffic that needs to be advertised in the current window as opposed to the static window size used by the protocol.
Journal ArticleDOI

A review on solar forecasting and power management approaches for energy‐harvesting wireless sensor networks

TL;DR: A detailed survey on different solar forecasting techniques has been presented for precise energy estimates and a detailed study on energy efficient power management techniques is proposed to address the feasibility of energy‐harvesting approach in WSNs.
Proceedings ArticleDOI

Mobility Control for Complete Coverage in Wireless Sensor Networks

TL;DR: A snake-like cascading replacement process will be initiated in the local area in order to fill in that vacant area with a spare node to guarantee network connectivity and coverage.
References
More filters
Book

Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice

TL;DR: WireWireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition is the definitive modern text for wireless communications technology and system design as discussed by the authors, which covers the fundamental issues impacting all wireless networks and reviews virtually every important new wireless standard and technological development, offering especially comprehensive coverage of the 3G systems and wireless local area networks (WLANs).
Proceedings ArticleDOI

RADAR: an in-building RF-based user location and tracking system

TL;DR: RADAR is presented, a radio-frequency (RF)-based system for locating and tracking users inside buildings that combines empirical measurements with signal propagation modeling to determine user location and thereby enable location-aware services and applications.

RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time Applications

TL;DR: RTP provides end-to-end network transport functions suitable for applications transmitting real-time data over multicast or unicast network services and is augmented by a control protocol (RTCP) to allow monitoring of the data delivery in a manner scalable to large multicast networks.
Proceedings ArticleDOI

Highly dynamic Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector routing (DSDV) for mobile computers

TL;DR: The modifications address some of the previous objections to the use of Bellman-Ford, related to the poor looping properties of such algorithms in the face of broken links and the resulting time dependent nature of the interconnection topology describing the links between the Mobile hosts.
Proceedings ArticleDOI

A performance comparison of multi-hop wireless ad hoc network routing protocols

TL;DR: The results of a derailed packet-levelsimulationcomparing fourmulti-hopwirelessad hoc networkroutingprotocols, which cover a range of designchoices: DSDV,TORA, DSR and AODV are presented.
Related Papers (5)
Frequently Asked Questions (1)
Q1. What are the contributions in "Geography-informed energy conservation for ad hoc routing" ?

In this paper, the authors proposed a method to find the optimal set of features for each of the three types of features.