Book ChapterDOI
Human African trypanosomiasis: Epidemiology and control.
TLDR
This work considers the optimal ways in which to devise HAT control policies in light of the differing biology and epidemiology of the parasites, and emphasise the wider aspects of control policy, outlining the responsibilities of individuals, governments and international organisations in control programmes.Abstract:
Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), or sleeping sickness, describes not one but two discrete diseases: that caused by Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and that caused by T. b. gambiense. The Gambian form is currently a major public health problem over vast areas of central and western Africa, while the zoonotic, Rhodesian form continues to present a serious health risk in eastern and southern Africa. The two parasites cause distinct clinical manifestations, and there are significant differences in the epidemiology of the diseases caused. We discuss the differences between the diseases caused by the two parasites, with an emphasis on disease burden, reservoir hosts, transmission, diagnosis, treatment and control. We analyse how these differences impacted on historical disease control trends and how they can inform contemporary treatment and control options. We consider the optimal ways in which to devise HAT control policies in light of the differing biology and epidemiology of the parasites, and emphasise, in particular, the wider aspects of control policy, outlining the responsibilities of individuals, governments and international organisations in control programmes.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases
Peter J. Hotez,David H. Molyneux,Alan Fenwick,Jacob Kumaresan,Sonia Ehrlich Sachs,Jeffrey D. Sachs,Lorenzo Savioli +6 more
TL;DR: In addition to malaria, tuberculosis, and human immunodeficiency virus infection, several other infectious diseases are associated with substantial morbidity and mortality as discussed by the authors, in particular 13 tropical diseases that cause disabilities such as blindness and heart failure.
Journal ArticleDOI
Neglected tropical diseases in sub-saharan Africa: review of their prevalence, distribution, and disease burden.
Peter J. Hotez,Aruna Kamath +1 more
TL;DR: The overall burden of Africa's neglected tropical diseases may be severely underestimated, and a full assessment is an important step for disease control priorities, particularly in Nigeria and the Democratic Republic of Congo, where the greatest number of NTDs may occur.
Journal ArticleDOI
The Trypanosoma brucei cAMP phosphodiesterases TbrPDEB1 and TbrPDEB2: flagellar enzymes that are essential for parasite virulence
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that TbrPDEB1 and T brPDEB2 are essential for virulence, making them valuable potential targets for new PDE‐inhibitor based trypanocidal drugs and compatible with the notion that the flagellum of T. brucei is an important site of cAMP signaling.
Journal ArticleDOI
Global metabolic responses of mice to Trypanosoma brucei brucei infection.
Yulan Wang,Jürg Utzinger,Jasmina Saric,Jia V. Li,Jean Burckhardt,Stephan Dirnhofer,Jeremy K. Nicholson,Burton H. Singer,Reto Brun,Elaine Holmes +9 more
TL;DR: Concluding, parasite infection results in multiple systemic biochemical effects in the host and disturbance of the symbiotic gut microbial metabolic interactions, which may underpin the development of new diagnostic criteria and metrics of therapeutic efficacy.
Journal ArticleDOI
Through the dark continent: African trypanosome development in the tsetse fly.
TL;DR: In this review, the three developmental programs of the main trypanosome species impacting human and animal health are described and compared, with focus on the most recent observations.
References
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Book
Infectious Diseases of Humans: Dynamics and Control
Roy M. Anderson,Robert M. May +1 more
TL;DR: This book discusses the biology of host-microparasite associations, dynamics of acquired immunity heterogeneity within the human community indirectly transmitted helminths, and the ecology and genetics of hosts and parasites.
Journal ArticleDOI
Loop-mediated isothermal amplification of DNA
Tsugunori Notomi,Hiroto Okayama,Harumi Otawara-shi Masubuchi,Toshihiro Yonekawa,Keiko Watanabe,Nobuyuki Amino,Tetsu Hase +6 more
TL;DR: A novel method that amplifies DNA with high specificity, efficiency and rapidity under isothermal conditions that employs a DNA polymerase and a set of four specially designed primers that recognize a total of six distinct sequences on the target DNA.
Journal ArticleDOI
Insecticide‐treated bed nets and curtains for preventing malaria
TL;DR: ITNs are highly effective in reducing childhood mortality and morbidity from malaria, but universal deployment will require major financial, technical, and operational inputs.
Journal Article
Quantifying the burden of disease: the technical basis for disability-adjusted life years
TL;DR: Detailed assumptions used in constructing a new indicator of the burden of disease, the disability-adjusted life year (DALY), are presented and the formula for calculating DALYs based on these assumptions is provided.
Journal ArticleDOI
Diseases of humans and their domestic mammals: pathogen characteristics, host range and the risk of emergence
TL;DR: A database of disease-causing pathogens of humans and domestic mammals was constructed and it was found that helminths and fungi were relatively unlikely to emerge whereas viruses, particularly RNA viruses, were highly likely to emerge.