Hypothalamic Regulation of Corticotropin-Releasing Factor under Stress and Stress Resilience.
TLDR
In this article, the molecular mechanisms of glucocortin-releasing factor (CRF) regulation in the hypothalamus under stress and stress resilience were discussed, and a review of these mechanisms was presented.Abstract:
This review addresses the molecular mechanisms of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) regulation in the hypothalamus under stress and stress resilience. CRF in the hypothalamus plays a central role in regulating the stress response. CRF stimulates adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) release from the anterior pituitary. ACTH stimulates glucocorticoid secretion from the adrenal glands. Glucocorticoids are essential for stress coping, stress resilience, and homeostasis. The activated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is suppressed by the negative feedback from glucocorticoids. Glucocorticoid-dependent repression of cAMP-stimulated Crf promoter activity is mediated by both the negative glucocorticoid response element and the serum response element. Conversely, the inducible cAMP-early repressor can suppress the stress response via inhibition of the cAMP-dependent Crf gene, as can the suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 in the hypothalamus. CRF receptor type 1 is mainly involved in a stress response, depression, anorexia, and seizure, while CRF receptor type 2 mediates “stress coping” mechanisms such as anxiolysis in the brain. Differential effects of FK506-binding immunophilins, FKBP4 and FKBP5, contribute to the efficiency of glucocorticoids under stress resilience. Together, a variety of factors contribute to stress resilience. All these factors would have the differential roles under stress resilience.read more
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References
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Characterization of a 41-residue ovine hypothalamic peptide that stimulates secretion of corticotropin and beta-endorphin
TL;DR: A peptide with high potency and intrinsic activity for stimulating the secretion of corticotropin-like and β-endorphinlike immunoactivities by cultured anterior pituitary cells has been purified in this paper.
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Urocortin, a mammalian neuropeptide related to fish urotensin I and to corticotropin-releasing factor
Joan Vaughan,Cynthia J. Donaldson,Jackson C. Bittencourt,Marilyn H. Perrin,Kathy A. Lewis,Steven W. Sutton,Raymond K. W. Chan,Andrew V. Turnbull,David A. Lovejoy,Catherine Rivier,Jean Rivier,Paul E. Sawchenko,Wylie Vale +12 more
TL;DR: This work characterized another mammalian member of the CRF family and localized its urotensin-like immunoreactivity to, and cloned related complementary DNAs from, a discrete rat midbrain region, and deduced a peptide that is related to u Rotensin and CRF, which is named urocortin, which could be an endogenous ligand for type-2 CRF receptors.
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Regulation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis by Cytokines: Actions and Mechanisms of Action
TL;DR: Findings are reviewed that have documented which cytokines have been shown to influence hormone secretion from the HPA axis, determined under what physiological/pathophysiological circumstances endogenous cytokines regulate HPAaxis activity, established the possible sites of cytokine action on HPA Axis hormone secretion, and identified the potential neuroanatomic and pharmacological mechanisms by which cytokine signal the neuroendocrine hypothalamus.
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Corticotropin releasing activity of the new CRF is potentiated several times by vasopressin.
TL;DR: It is reported here that the new CRF is more potent than vasopressin in releasing ACTH and potentiation of CRF activity with steep dose–response characteristics was observed, suggesting that thenew CRF does not account for all the non-vasopressIn portion of the CRF complex.
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Expression cloning of a human corticotropin-releasing-factor receptor
TL;DR: The cloning of a cDNA coding for a CRF receptor from a human corticotropic tumor library is reported, which encodes a 415-amino acid protein comprising seven putative membrane-spanning domains and is structurally related to the calcitonin/vasoactive intestinal peptide/growth hormone-releasing hormone subfamily of G protein-coupled receptors.