Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors during the Initial Stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Epidemic among the General Population in China.
Cuiyan Wang,Riyu Pan,Xiaoyang Wan,Yilin Tan,Linkang Xu,Cyrus S.H. Ho,Roger C.M. Ho,Roger C.M. Ho +7 more
TLDR
The findings identify factors associated with a lower level of psychological impact and better mental health status that can be used to formulate psychological interventions to improve the mental health of vulnerable groups during the COVID-19 epidemic.Abstract:
Background: The 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic is a public health emergency of international concern and poses a challenge to psychological resilience. Research data are needed to develop evidence-driven strategies to reduce adverse psychological impacts and psychiatric symptoms during the epidemic. The aim of this study was to survey the general public in China to better understand their levels of psychological impact, anxiety, depression, and stress during the initial stage of the COVID-19 outbreak. The data will be used for future reference. Methods: From 31 January to 2 February 2020, we conducted an online survey using snowball sampling techniques. The online survey collected information on demographic data, physical symptoms in the past 14 days, contact history with COVID-19, knowledge and concerns about COVID-19, precautionary measures against COVID-19, and additional information required with respect to COVID-19. Psychological impact was assessed by the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), and mental health status was assessed by the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21). Results: This study included 1210 respondents from 194 cities in China. In total, 53.8% of respondents rated the psychological impact of the outbreak as moderate or severe; 16.5% reported moderate to severe depressive symptoms; 28.8% reported moderate to severe anxiety symptoms; and 8.1% reported moderate to severe stress levels. Most respondents spent 20–24 h per day at home (84.7%); were worried about their family members contracting COVID-19 (75.2%); and were satisfied with the amount of health information available (75.1%). Female gender, student status, specific physical symptoms (e.g., myalgia, dizziness, coryza), and poor self-rated health status were significantly associated with a greater psychological impact of the outbreak and higher levels of stress, anxiety, and depression (p < 0.05). Specific up-to-date and accurate health information (e.g., treatment, local outbreak situation) and particular precautionary measures (e.g., hand hygiene, wearing a mask) were associated with a lower psychological impact of the outbreak and lower levels of stress, anxiety, and depression (p < 0.05). Conclusions: During the initial phase of the COVID-19 outbreak in China, more than half of the respondents rated the psychological impact as moderate-to-severe, and about one-third reported moderate-to-severe anxiety. Our findings identify factors associated with a lower level of psychological impact and better mental health status that can be used to formulate psychological interventions to improve the mental health of vulnerable groups during the COVID-19 epidemic.read more
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Development and initial validation of the COVID Stress Scales.
Steven Taylor,Caeleigh A. Landry,Michelle M. Paluszek,Thomas A. Fergus,Dean McKay,Gordon J.G. Asmundson +5 more
TL;DR: The authors developed the 36-item COVID Stress Scales (CSS) to measure these features, as they pertain to COVID-19, to better understand and assess COVID19-related distress.
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Mental health in the COVID-19 pandemic.
TL;DR: A considerable increase in anxiety and depressive symptoms among people who do not have preexisting mental health conditions is expected, with some experiencing post-traumatic stress disorder in due course, during the current Covid-19 pandemic.
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Do psychiatric patients experience more psychiatric symptoms during COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown? A case-control study with service and research implications for immunopsychiatry.
Fengyi Hao,Wanqiu Tan,Li Jiang,Ling Zhang,Xinling Zhao,Yiran Zou,Yirong Hu,Xi Luo,Xiaojiang Jiang,Roger S. McIntyre,Bach Xuan Tran,Jiaqian Sun,Zhisong Zhang,Roger C.M. Ho,Cyrus S.H. Ho,Wilson W.S. Tam +15 more
TL;DR: This study confirms the severity of negative psychological impact on psychiatric patients during the COVID-19 epidemic with strict lockdown measures and indicates pro-inflammatory cytokines between psychiatric patients and healthy controls during the pandemic.
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Risk and Protective Factors for Prospective Changes in Adolescent Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic.
Natasha R. Magson,Justin Y. A. Freeman,Ronald M. Rapee,Cele Richardson,Cele Richardson,Ella L. Oar,Jasmine Fardouly +6 more
TL;DR: Initial longitudinal evidence for the decline of adolescent’s mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic is provided, suggesting that adolescents are more concerned about the government restrictions designed to contain the spread of the virus, than the virus itself, and that those concerns are associated with increased anxiety and depressive symptoms, and decreased life satisfaction.
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Trajectories of anxiety and depressive symptoms during enforced isolation due to COVID-19 in England: a longitudinal observational study.
TL;DR: The findings emphasise the importance of supporting individuals in the lead-up to future lockdowns to try to reduce distress, and highlight that groups already at risk for poor mental health before the pandemic have remained at risk throughout lockdown and its aftermath.
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