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Journal ArticleDOI

Immunogenicity and safety of a meningococcal A conjugate vaccine in Africans.

TLDR
The PsA-TT vaccine elicited a stronger response to group A antibody than the PsACWY vaccine, and had obvious immunologic memory after receiving a polysaccharide booster vaccine.
Abstract
Background Group A meningococci are the source of major epidemics of meningitis in Africa An affordable, highly immunogenic meningococcal A conjugate vaccine is needed Methods We conducted two studies in Africa to evaluate a new MenA conjugate vaccine (PsA-TT) In study A, 601 children, 12 to 23 months of age, were randomly assigned to receive PsA-TT, a quadrivalent polysaccharide reference vaccine (PsACWY), or a control vaccine (Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine [Hib-TT]) Ten months later, these children underwent another round of randomization within each group to receive a full dose of PsA-TT, a one-fifth dose of PsACWY, or a full dose of Hib-TT, with 589 of the original participants receiving a booster dose In study B, 900 subjects between 2 and 29 years of age were randomly assigned to receive PsA-TT or PsACWY Safety and reactogenicity were evaluated, and immunogenicity was assessed by measuring the activity of group A serum bactericidal antibody (SBA) with rabbit complement and pe

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Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI

Vaccines for the twenty-first century society.

TL;DR: Supporting by the innovations derived from new technologies, vaccines will address the new needs of a twenty-first century society characterized by increased life expectancy, emerging infections and poverty in low-income countries.
Journal ArticleDOI

The changing and dynamic epidemiology of meningococcal disease.

TL;DR: The imminent availability of recombinant broadly protective serogroups B vaccines may provide the tools for further control of invasive meningococcal disease in areas where serogroup B disease predominates.
Journal ArticleDOI

After 2015: infectious diseases in a new era of health and development.

TL;DR: Five aspects of the fight against infection beyond 2015 are highlighted, including exploiting the biological links between infectious and non-infectious diseases; controlling infections among the new urban majority; enhancing the response to international health threats; expanding childhood immunization programmes to prevent acute and chronic diseases in adults; and working towards universal health coverage.
Journal ArticleDOI

Effect of vaccines on bacterial meningitis worldwide

TL;DR: Despite greater than 90% reductions in disease attributable to vaccine serotypes, all-age pneumococcal meningitis has decreased by around 25%, with little data from low-income settings.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI

Comparative analysis of two rates

TL;DR: This paper examines comparative analysis of rates with a view to each of the usual comparative parameters-rate difference, rate ratio and odds ratio with particular reference to first principles, and stresses the need for restricted estimation of variance in the chi-square function underlying interval estimation.
Journal ArticleDOI

Test statistics and sample size formulae for comparative binomial trials with null hypothesis of non-zero risk difference or non-unity relative risk.

TL;DR: This paper reviews some of the test statistics and sample size formulae proposed for comparative binomial trials when the null hypothesis is of a specified non-zero difference or non-unity relative risk.
Journal ArticleDOI

Standardization and a multilaboratory comparison of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A and C serum bactericidal assays. The Multilaboratory Study Group.

TL;DR: The standardized SBA was reliable in all laboratories regardless of experience in performing SBAs, and will facilitate interlaboratory comparisons of the functional antibody produced in response to current or developing serogroup A and C meningococcal vaccines.
Journal ArticleDOI

Meningococcal surrogates of protection--serum bactericidal antibody activity.

TL;DR: In this article, a review of the SBA activity as a correlate of protection for evaluating the immune response to meningococcal vaccines is described, and the proportions of vaccines with > or =4-fold rises in SBA pre-to-post-vaccination or SBA titres < or = 4 have been correlated with clinical efficacy in trials of outer membrane vesicle (OMV) vaccines in Cuba, Brazil and Norway.

Standardization and a Multilaboratory Comparison ofNeisseria meningitidisSerogroup A and C Serum Bactericidal Assays

TL;DR: The specified assay, which includes the critical parameters of target strain, incubation time, and complement source, will facilitate interlaboratory comparisons of the functional antibody produced in response to current or developing serogroup A and C meningococcal vaccines.
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