Inactivation of the Lysyl Oxidase Gene Lox Leads to Aortic Aneurysms, Cardiovascular Dysfunction, and Perinatal Death in Mice
Joni M. Mäki,Juha Rasanen,Hilkka Tikkanen,Raija Sormunen,Kaarin Mäkikallio,Kari I. Kivirikko,Raija Soininen +6 more
TLDR
Lox has an essential role in the development and function of the cardiovascular system and inactivation of the Lox gene causes structural alterations in the arterial walls, leading to abnormalities in the cardiovascular functions.Abstract:
Background— The lysyl oxidases are extracellular copper enzymes that initiate the crosslinking of collagens and elastin, 5 human isoenzymes having been characterized so far. The crosslinks formed provide the tensile strength and elastic properties for various extracellular matrices, including vascular walls. We studied the role of the first described isoenzyme Lox by inactivating its gene in mice. Methods and Results— Murine Lox gene was disrupted by routine methods. Lox−/− mice died at the end of gestation or as neonates, necropsy of the live-born pups revealing large aortic aneurysms. In light microscopy, hazy and unruffled elastic lamellae in the Lox−/− aortas were observed, and electron microscopy of the aortic walls of the Lox−/− fetuses showed highly fragmented elastic fibers and discontinuity in the smooth muscle cell layers in Lox−/− fetuses. The wall of the aorta in the Lox−/− fetuses was significantly thicker, and the diameter of the aortic lumen was significantly smaller than that in the Lox+/+...read more
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Selective depletion of macrophages reveals distinct, opposing roles during liver injury and repair
Jeremy S. Duffield,Stuart J. Forbes,Christothea M. Constandinou,Spike Clay,Marina Partolina,Srilatha Vuthoori,Shengji Wu,Richard A. Lang,John P. Iredale +8 more
TL;DR: These data provide the first clear evidence that functionally distinct subpopulations of macrophages exist in the same tissue and that these macrophage play critical roles in both the injury and recovery phases of inflammatory scarring.
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Remodeling and homeostasis of the extracellular matrix: implications for fibrotic diseases and cancer
Thomas R. Cox,Janine T. Erler +1 more
TL;DR: Current methodologies and models for understanding and quantifying the impact of environmental cues provided by the ECM on disease progression are discussed, and how improving understanding of ECM remodeling in these pathological conditions is crucial for uncovering novel therapeutic targets and treatment strategies.
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Hypoxia-induced lysyl oxidase is a critical mediator of bone marrow cell recruitment to form the premetastatic niche
Janine T. Erler,Kevin L. Bennewith,Kevin L. Bennewith,Thomas R. Cox,Georgina Lang,Demelza Bird,Albert C. Koong,Quynh-Thu Le,Amato J. Giaccia +8 more
TL;DR: A critical role for LOX in premetastatic niche formation is demonstrated and support is provided for targeting LOX for the treatment and prevention of metastatic disease.
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Collagens, modifying enzymes and their mutations in humans, flies and worms
TL;DR: Vertebrates have at least 27 collagen types with 42 distinct polypeptide chains, >20 additional proteins with collagen-like domains and approximately 20 isoenzymes of various collagen-modifying enzymes.
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Vascular Extracellular Matrix and Arterial Mechanics
TL;DR: By correlating vessel mechanics with physiological blood pressure across animal species and in mice with altered vessel compliance, it is shown that cardiac and vascular development are physiologically coupled, and there is evidence for a universal elastic modulus that controls the parameters of ECM deposition in vessel wall development.
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