Journal ArticleDOI
Isolation of clonal axenic strains of the symbiotic dinoflagellate Symbiodinium and their growth and host specificity1
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TLDR
The Aiptasia‐Symbiodinium association represents an important model system for dissecting aspects of the physiology and cellular and molecular biology of cnidarian‐dinoflagellate mutualism and exploring issues that bear directly on coral bleaching.Abstract:
The cnidarian-dinoflagellate mutualism is integral to the survival of the coral-reef ecosystem. Despite the enormous ecological and economic importance of corals, their cellular and molecular biology and the ways in which they respond to environmental change are still poorly understood. We have been developing a proxy system for examining the coral mutualism in which the dinoflagellate symbiont Symbiodinium is introduced into a clonal population of the host Aiptasia, a small sea anemone closely related to corals. To further develop the tools for this system, we generated five clonal, axenic strains of Symbiodinium and verified the lack of contaminants by growth on rich medium, microscopic examination, and PCR analysis. These strains were assigned to clades A (two strains), B, E, and F based on their chloroplast 23S rDNA sequences. Growth studies in liquid cultures showed that the clade B strain and one of the clade A strains were able to grow photoautotrophically (in light with no fixed carbon), mixotrophically (in light with fixed carbon), or heterotrophically (in dark with fixed carbon). The clade E strain, thought to be free-living, was able to grow photoautotrophically but not heterotrophically. Infection of an aposymbiotic Aiptasia host with the axenic strains showed consistent patterns of specificity, with only the clade B and one of the clade A strains able to successfully establish symbiosis. Overall, the Aiptasia-Symbiodinium association represents an important model system for dissecting aspects of the physiology and cellular and molecular biology of cnidarian-dinoflagellate mutualism and exploring issues that bear directly on coral bleaching.read more
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Journal ArticleDOI
The engine of the reef: photobiology of the coral-algal symbiosis
TL;DR: This review examines the photobiology of the coral–algal symbiosis with particular focus on the photophysiological responses and timescales of corals and Symbiodinium, and summarizes the light environment and its dynamics, the vulnerability of the symbiosis to oxidative stress, the abiotic and biotic factors influencing photosynthesis, the diversity of the reef, and recent advances in the field.
Journal ArticleDOI
Extensive differences in gene expression between symbiotic and aposymbiotic cnidarians.
Erik M. Lehnert,Morgan E. Mouchka,Matthew S. Burriesci,Natalya D. Gallo,Jodi A. Schwarz,John R. Pringle +5 more
TL;DR: De novo assemblies of the transcriptomes of both a clonal line of symbiotic anemones and their endogenous dinoflagellate symbionts are generated and testable hypotheses about the cellular functions affected by symbiosis establishment are generated.
Journal ArticleDOI
Symbiotic dinoflagellate functional diversity mediates coral survival under ecological crisis
TL;DR: Functional traits underpinning the complex biology of Symbiodinium that spans free-living algae to coral endosymbionts are explored, proposing a mechanistic framework integrating the primary traits of resource acquisition and utilisation as a means to explain Symbiod inium functional diversity and to resolve the role in driving the stability of coral reefs under an uncertain future.
Journal ArticleDOI
Coral bleaching independent of photosynthetic activity
Dimitri Tolleter,Francois O. Seneca,Jan C. DeNofrio,Cory J. Krediet,Stephen R. Palumbi,John R. Pringle,Arthur R. Grossman +6 more
TL;DR: Whether bleaching can be triggered by heat in the dark, in the absence of photosynthetically derived ROS is asked and results do not directly contradict the view that light-stimulated ROS production is important in bleaching, but they do show that there must be another pathway leading to bleaching.
Journal ArticleDOI
Gene Expression Variation Resolves Species and Individual Strains among Coral-Associated Dinoflagellates within the Genus Symbiodinium
John Everett Parkinson,Sebastian Baumgarten,Craig T. Michell,Iliana B. Baums,Todd C. LaJeunesse,Christian R. Voolstra +5 more
TL;DR: The transcriptomes of four species within one Symbiodinium clade (Clade B) at ∼20,000 orthologous genes, as well as multiple isoclonal cell lines within species (i.e., cultured strains), expand the genomic resources available for this important symbiont group and emphasize the power of comparative transcriptomics as a method for studying speciation processes and interindividual variation in nonmodel organisms.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
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Book ChapterDOI
Culture of Phytoplankton for Feeding Marine Invertebrates
TL;DR: The methods suffice for the most fastidious algae now routinely cultivable, and simplifications indicated for less demanding species are easily made; for example, omission of silicate for plants other than diatoms.
Journal ArticleDOI
Stichochrysis immobilis is a diatom, not a chrysophyte
TL;DR: Evidence is emerging that the organism in culture was in fact a clone of the diatom Cyclotella meneghiniana Kiitzing, a new genus and species of the Chrysophyceae described by Pringsheim on the basis of a pure culture grown on agar.
Journal ArticleDOI
Cell Biology of Cnidarian-Dinoflagellate Symbiosis
TL;DR: A comprehensive overview of the history of the cnidarian/coral-dinoflagellate symbiosis, its current status, and where it should be going in the future is provided.