Kidney Disease as a Risk Factor for Development of Cardiovascular Disease A Statement From the American Heart Association Councils on Kidney in Cardiovascular Disease, High Blood Pressure Research, Clinical Cardiology, and Epidemiology and Prevention
Mark J. Sarnak,Andrew S. Levey,Anton C. Schoolwerth,Josef Coresh,Bruce F. Culleton,L. Lee Hamm,Peter A. McCullough,Bertram L. Kasiske,Ellie Kelepouris,Michael J. Klag,Patrick S. Parfrey,Marc A. Pfeffer,Leopoldo Raij,David J. Spinosa,Peter W.F. Wilson +14 more
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There was a high prevalence of CVD in CKD and that mortality due to CVD was 10 to 30 times higher in dialysis patients than in the general population, and the task force recommended that patients with CKD be considered in the “highest risk group” for subsequent CVD events.Abstract:
Chronic kidney disease1 (CKD) is a worldwide public health problem. In the United States, there is a rising incidence and prevalence of kidney failure, with poor outcomes and high cost. The number of individuals with kidney failure treated by dialysis and transplantation exceeded 320 000 in 1998 and is expected to surpass 650 000 by 2010.1,2 There is an even higher prevalence of earlier stages of CKD (Table 1).1,3 Kidney failure requiring treatment with dialysis or transplantation is the most visible outcome of CKD. However, cardiovascular disease (CVD) is also frequently associated with CKD, which is important because individuals with CKD are more likely to die of CVD than to develop kidney failure,4 CVD in CKD is treatable and potentially preventable, and CKD appears to be a risk factor for CVD. In 1998, the National Kidney Foundation (NKF) Task Force on Cardiovascular Disease in Chronic Renal Disease issued a report emphasizing the high risk of CVD in CKD.5 This report showed that there was a high prevalence of CVD in CKD and that mortality due to CVD was 10 to 30 times higher in dialysis patients than in the general population (Figure 1 and Table 2).6–18 The task force recommended that patients with CKD be considered in the “highest risk group” for subsequent CVD events and that treatment recommendations based on CVD risk stratification should take into account the highest-risk status of patients with CKD.
View this table:
TABLE 1. Stages of CKD
Figure 1. Cardiovascular mortality defined by death due to arrhythmias, cardiomyopathy, cardiac arrest, myocardial infarction, atherosclerotic heart disease, and pulmonary edema in general population (GP; National Center for Health Statistics [NCHS] multiple cause of mortality data files International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision [ICD 9] codes 402, 404, 410 to 414, and …read more
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A New Equation to Estimate Glomerular Filtration Rate
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TL;DR: The CKD-EPI creatinine equation is more accurate than the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study equation and could replace it for routine clinical use.
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2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC).
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TL;DR: In this article, a randomized controlled trial of Aliskiren in the Prevention of Major Cardiovascular Events in Elderly people was presented. But the authors did not discuss the effect of the combination therapy in patients living with systolic hypertension.
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2011 ACCF/AHA/SCAI Guideline for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions
Glenn N. Levine,Eric R. Bates,James C. Blankenship,Steven R. Bailey,John A. Bittl,Bojan Cercek,Charles E. Chambers,Stephen G. Ellis,Robert A. Guyton,Steven M. Hollenberg,Umesh N. Khot,Richard A. Lange,Laura Mauri,Roxana Mehran,Issam Moussa,Debabrata Mukherjee,Brahmajee K. Nallamothu,Henry H. Ting,Alice K. Jacobs,Nancy M. Albert,Mark A. Creager,Steven M. Ettinger,Jonathan L. Halperin,Judith S. Hochman,Frederick G. Kushner,E. Magnus Ohman,William G. Stevenson,Clyde W. Yancy +27 more
TL;DR: Alice K. Jacobs, MD, FACC, FAHA, Chair Jeffrey L. Anderson, PhD, CCNS, CCRN, FAH, Chair-Elect - The first female FACC-FAHA board member to be elected in the history of the sport.
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Assessing Kidney Function — Measured and Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate
TL;DR: Current methods of measuring GFR and GFR-estimating equations and their strengths and weaknesses as applied to chronic kidney disease are considered.
2007 Guidelines for the Management of Arterial Hypertension The Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European
Giuseppe Mancia,Anna F. Dominiczak,Robert Fagard,Anthony M. Heagerty,Sverre E. Kjeldsen,Stéphane Laurent,Roland E. Schmieder,Alec Vahanian,John Camm,Veronica Dean,Kenneth Dickstein,Christian Funck-Brentano,José Luis Zamorano,Serap Erdine,Krzysztof Narkiewicz,Enrico Agabiti-Rosei,Lars H Lindholm,Peter M. Nilsson,Stamatis Adamopoulos,Jean-Michel Mallion,Athanasios J. Manolis,Josep Redon,Pieter A. Van Zwieten,Margus Viigimaa +23 more
TL;DR: Since 2003 considerable additional evidence on important issues related to diagnostic and treatment approaches to hypertension has become available and therefore updating of the previous guidelines has been found advisable.
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