Journal ArticleDOI
Measured Trends in Stratospheric Ozone
Richard S. Stolarski,Rumen D. Bojkov,Lane Bishop,Christos Zerefos,Johannes Staehelin,Joseph M. Zawodny +5 more
TLDR
Analysis of updated ozone records, including 29 stations in the former Soviet Union, and analysis of independently calibrated satellite data records confirm many of the findings originally derived from the Dobson record concerning northern midlatitude changes in ozone.Abstract:
Recent findings, based on both ground-based and satellite measurements, have established that there has been an apparent downward trend in the total column amount of ozone over mid-latitude areas of the Northern Hemisphere in all seasons. Measurements of the altitude profile of the change in the ozone concentration have established that decreases are taking place in the lower stratosphere in the region of highest ozone concentration. Analysis of updated ozone records, through March of 1991, including 29 stations in the former Soviet Union, and analysis of independently calibrated satellite data records from the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer and Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment instruments confirm many of the findings originally derived from the Dobson record concerning northern midlatitude changes in ozone. The data from many instruments now provide a fairly consistent picture of the change that has occurred in stratospheric ozone levels.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Soil microorganisms as controllers of atmospheric trace gases (H2, CO, CH4, OCS, N2O, and NO).
TL;DR: It is completely unclear how important microbial diversity is for the control of trace gas flux at the ecosystem level, and different microbial communities may be part of the reason for differences in trace gas metabolism, e.g., effects of nitrogen fertilizers on CH4 uptake by soil; decrease of CH4 production with decreasing temperature.
Journal ArticleDOI
Evidence for Large Upward Trends of Ultraviolet-B Radiation Linked to Ozone Depletion
James B. Kerr,C. T. McElroy +1 more
TL;DR: Spectral measurements of ultraviolet-B radiation made at Toronto since 1989 indicate that the intensity of light at wavelengths near 300 nanometers has increased by 35 percent per year in winter and 7 percent peryear in summer.
Journal ArticleDOI
Factors affecting the detection of trends: Statistical considerations and applications to environmental data
Gregory C. Reinsel,George C. Tiao,Xiao-Li Meng,Dongseok Choi,Wai Kwong Cheang,Teddie L. Keller,John J. DeLuisi,Donald J. Wuebbles,James B. Kerr,Alvin J. Miller,Samuel J. Oltmans,John E. Frederick +11 more
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provided formulae for estimating the number of years necessary to detect trends, along with the estimates of the impact of interventions on trend detection, and the uncertainty associated with these estimates is also explored.
Journal ArticleDOI
Complex causes of amphibian population declines
TL;DR: Climate-induced reductions in water depth at oviposition sites have caused high mortality of embryos by increasing their exposure to UV-B radiation and, consequently, their vulnerability to infection, indicating the role of large-scale climatic patterns involving the tropical Pacific.
Journal ArticleDOI
Arabidopsis Mutants Lacking Phenolic Sunscreens Exhibit Enhanced Ultraviolet-B Injury and Oxidative Damage
Laurie G. Landry,Clint Chapple +1 more
TL;DR: Results demonstrate that, in A. thaliana, hydroxycinnamates are more effective UV-B protectants than flavonoids, and indicate that A.Thaliana responds toUV-B as an oxidative stress, and sunscreen compounds reduce the oxidative damage caused by UV- B.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Stratospheric sink for chlorofluoromethanes: chlorine atomc-atalysed destruction of ozone
Mario J. Molina,F. S. Rowland +1 more
TL;DR: Chlorofluoromethanes are being added to the environment in steadily increasing amounts as discussed by the authors and these compounds are chemically inert and may remain in the atmosphere for 40 to 150 years, and concentrations can be expected to reach 10 to 30 times present levels.
Journal ArticleDOI
Large losses of total ozone in Antarctica reveal seasonal ClOx/NOx interaction
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that the very low temperatures which prevail from midwinter until several weeks after the spring equinox make the Antarctic stratosphere uniquely sensitive to growth of inorganic chlorine, ClX, primarily by the effect of this growth on the NO2/NO ratio.
Journal ArticleDOI
Reduction of stratospheric ozone by nitrogen oxide catalysts from supersonic transport exhaust.
TL;DR: The projected increase in stratospheric oxides of nitrogen could reduce the ozone shield by about a factor of 2, thus permitting the harsh radiation below 300 nanometers to permeate the lower atmosphere.
Journal ArticleDOI
Total ozone trends deduced from Nimbus 7 TOMS data
TL;DR: In this article, a statistical model, including terms for seasonal variation, linear trend, quasi-biennial oscillation, solar cycle and second-order autoregressive noise has been fit to the TOMS time series of total ozone data.
Journal ArticleDOI
The mystery of the Antarctic Ozone “Hole”
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors reviewed observations of the total ozone column and its vertical profile over Antarctica, and the current status of the evidence supporting various theories of the behavior of ozone in the Antarctic is summarized.
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